Matricos nelaisvėje: Sovietmečio lietuvių istoriografija (1944 - 1989)
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Lithuanian |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Vilnius
Aidai
2009
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Klappentext |
| Beschreibung: | Zsfassung in engl. Sprache |
| Beschreibung: | 335 S. Ill. |
| ISBN: | 9789955656685 |
Internformat
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1820595834228572160 |
|---|---|
| adam_text |
turi-
nys
Pratarmé /
9
¡vadas
/13
1.
Žaidimo taisyklés Matricoje: istoriografijos charakteristika
/ 31
1.1.
Išoriné charakteristika
/ 31
1.1.1.
Istorijos mokslo
vieta ir
vaidmuo sociopolitinéje
struktüroje / 31
1.1. 2.
Istorijos mokslo pavidala formavusi
institucija sistema /
38
1. 2.
Vidine
charakteristika
/ 44
1.2.1.
Sovietmečio istoriko „darbo jrankiai"
/ 44
1.2.2.
„Klaidu"
ir
„ereziju" oficialiajame diskurse
tipologija
/
s6
2.
Mąstymo
„kaukiiţ"
formavimasis
(1944-1956) / 65
2.1.
Pozicija:
oficiahyj
diskursą
formavusieji veiksniai / 66
2.
1.1.
LKP
ек
„savanoriško jkaito" veikla
/ 66
2.1.2.
Jupiterio
ir
jaučio aksioma
/ 76
2.2.
Opozicija
i:
senosios
istoriici}
kartos
iššukis
/ 79
2.2.1. Atsiribojimas,
nedalyvavimas,
apolitiškumas /
79
2.2.2.
Sąmoningi
ir
nereflektuoti akibrokštai
/ 83
2.2.3.
Bandymas
ginčyti
schemas
„žaidžiant
pagai
taisyklés"
/ 86
2.3.
Opozicija
ii: „idéjiniq"
žmoniq laikysena
/ 89
2.3.1.
Nepavykes bandymas orientuotis
j korektiškus tyrimus
/ 89
2.3.2.
Maištininko idealisto akibrokštas
/ 93
2.4.
Opozicija ni: „pašalinis" istorijos moksle
/ 97
2.5.
Proceso raidos
lužiij paieškos: 19S6
m.
(?) / 102
3.
Matrica perkrauta: oficialiojo diskurso
slinktys
(1957-1985) /115
3.1.
Istoriici} elgsenos modellai
oficialiojo diskurso atžvilgiu
/115
3.2.
Istorikq
pastangos koreguoti
oficialujj
diskursą /
122
3.2.1.
Teorinès
refleksijos
poreikis
ir metodologinio „skurdo"
kritika
/122
3.
г. г.
Nemokšiško
santykio
su
istoriografiile
medžiaga
prevencija
/126
3.3.
Vieno žmogaus iššukiai istoriku bendrijai
ir oficialiajai
praeities
versijai
/129
3.4.
{tampa
istorikij bendrijoje
xx
a.
8-9
dešimtmetyje
/144
4.
Istorijos sintezés:
mąstymo
„kaukhţ"
išraiška
ir alternatyviţ
paieškos
/155
4.1.
Periodizacijos
modelis
lssr istorijose
/155
4.1.1.
Periodizacijos kurimas: polemika
ir
kritika
/ 156
4.1.2.
Periodizacijos ypatybés
/ 165
4.2.
Erdvinis modelis Lietuvos istorijos sovietmečio sintezése
/ 177
4.3.
Periodizacijos
ir
erdvinio modelio
alternatyviţ
paieškos
/183
4.3.1.
Bandymas
reabilituoti valstybingumo
ideją
/183
4.3. 2.
Baroko epochos koncepcijos sklaida „Lietuvos kulturos
istorijos bruožuose"
/189
5.
Matrices
(i^evoliucijos: alternatyvos feodalizmo tyrimuose
/ 197
5.1.
Baudžiavos jsigaléjimo Lietuvoje tyrimo ypatybés
/ 197
5.1.1.
Marksistiné
teorija
lemia tyrimo
objekta
/198
5.1.2.
Vakan}
Europos -
(Lietuvos)
-
Rusijos skirties nuojauta
/198
5.1.3.
Kuo marksistiné
metodologija
prisidéjo
prie geresnio
istorijos
pažinimo?
/ 202
5.2.
„Tyliai runkcionuojanti
paradigma"
ankstyvosios
LDK visuomenés tyrimuose
/ 204
5.1.1.
Lietuvos
ir
Rusijos tipologinés skirtybés
/ 205
5.2.2.
Alodo problematikos
aktualizavimas
/ 209
5.2.3.
Alodizacija
=
europinis feodalizmas
/ 211
Išvados
/215
Santrumpos
/ 220
NuorodoS
/ 221
Šaltiniai
/ 297
Literatura
/ 311
Summary
/ 319
Rodyklé
/ 327
sum¬
mary
In Lithuanian tradition of history science the academic auto-reflec¬
tion of the earlier researchers is still a rarity, while the phenomenon
of Soviet Lithuanian historiography is still to be closely analysed.
Therefore, it was necessary for the historians' establishment, which
appeared in Lithuania after
1990
and the general public to examine
texts by Soviet researchers in order to get a picture of the recent experi¬
ence and the forms of the present it created. Attempts are made by the
author of the book "Imprisoned within the Matrix: Soviet Lithuanian
Historiography
(1944-1985)"
to discuss Soviet-time Lithuanian his¬
toriography from an axiological and phenomenological perspective
employing the latest Western and post-Soviet research and informa¬
tion provided by numerous archival documents and oral history.
The book consists of five parts. Part one "The Rules of the Game
in the Matrix: A Characteristics of Historiography" defines the place
and role of history science in the Soviet state and society. The instituti¬
ons, which formed official historic discourse
ofthat
time and ensured
its vitality, are discussed, and the working methods, which allowed
historians to simulate a reconstruction of Lithuania's past, are descri¬
bed. A typology of the most important "mistakes" and "heresy" of a
methodological and ideological character, which destroyed official
discourse, is suggested.
Part two "Formation of Masks'" analyses the ideological-method¬
ological tension and critical campaigns, which built up in the histo¬
rians' establishment between
1944
and
1956,
presents the persons who
caused it and discusses the causes, which conditioned the tension.
In part three "The Matrix Reloaded: The Development of Official
Discourse" the post-Stalinist period between
1957
and
1985
and the
process, which took place, are discussed in the same way.
Part four "Historical Syntheses: The Expression of the Simulation
of Thinking and Search for Alternatives" analyses academic works of
32O
Summary
Lithuanian history. Two elements of historical syntheses, those of
time and space models, are given most attention. Besides these texts,
which reflected Lithuania's history and falsified it at the same time, few
attempts were taken by historians to search for alternatives for official
images of Lithuanian history.
In part five "The (Revolutions of the Matrix: Alternatives to
Research into Feudalism" cases of creative application of the ideas of
Carl Marx and
Friedrich Engels in
Soviet Lithuanian historiography
are analysed.
These five steps
-
five parts of the book
-
recreate a collective pic¬
ture of the historians' establishment who worked under very compli¬
cated conditions.
Part One. Defining the role of history in the Soviet social and po¬
litical structure it is necessary to distinguish clearly between history
as academic research and history as an ideology. The latter had an ex¬
ceptional status under the Soviets. The importance of historians was
determined by their willingness to explain, develop and to illustrate
on an empirical background the past and present of Lithuanian his¬
tory formulated by the Party leaders.
In Soviet times, history's main role was determined by a long-term
and the present political situation. In the first case, history was em¬
ployed to "solve" the secrets of the meaning, the development plan
and the end of the world. In the second case, historical research was
an instrument, which allowed them to "embellish" the present reality.
In order to carry out these tasks historians had to resort to the falsifica¬
tion of the time and space models of Lithuania's history as well as the
distortion of concrete past events. In the Soviet socio-political space,
history as a sphere of research and function was often considered
an unnecessary but unavoidable "addition" to the ideological tasks.
Under the Soviets, the conception of history as an "ideological
weapon" determined the formation of a specific system of institutions,
which created official discourse and maintained its vitality. The Central
Committee of the Lithuanian Communist Party played a decisive role
in the formation of this discourse. The Institute of the Party History
and Party cells at the offices, which united historians, became the most
important supporters of this institution. The Institute of History had
the greatest influence and responsibility in terms of research. Most of
the historians who produced the greatest quantity of "scientific output"
Summary
321
worked there. The Institute's scholars were the main authors of aca¬
demic publications on the history of the Lithuanian Soviet Socialist
Republic. Their behaviour and texts caused almost all "ideological
methodological" tension and critical campaigns of historians.
The permanent pressure, which the highest echelons of a totali¬
tarian state power exerted on research and pedagogical institutions,
determined the peculiarities of historians' work. Working methods
were looked upon as a class
/
party attitude towards a concrete his¬
torical personality, event or a process. This identified methodology
with ideology and determined the following peculiarities of Soviet-
time historians:
♦
The concepts of "theory" and "methodology" did not describe
certain scholarly solutions to reconstructing history, but an all-out
use of ideological postulates under the universal "label of Marxism-
Leninism".
«
The subordination of methodology to ideology led to the situation
when Marxism was understood by Soviet historians as an unavoid¬
able evil, but not as a theory, which could enrich knowledge.
♦
The approach to Marxist theory as an unavoidable evil promoted
"inner emigration" in Soviet Lithuanian historiography, which meant
to "hide" oneself in research of the earliest possible history or to
limit oneself to a narrow list of issues to be researched, which no
threat of theoretical generalisation could reach.
♦
In order to avoid ideology and censorship, historians constantly
applied auto-censorship.
♦
The Soviet authorities forcibly implemented the principles of
planned and collective work trying to alleviate the activities of
the censor which manifested by various stages and levels of edit¬
ing and reviewing concrete scholarly text.
♦
Because of the "monopoly of truth" which the Communist Party
held and the activities of various control mechanisms official dis¬
course was often formed not by correct scholarly polemics, but
the struggle against definite "methodological and ideological
mistakes."
The mentioned peculiarities of Soviet Lithuanian historiogra¬
phy determined that historiography schools were not formed in the
Summary
historians' establishment in Vilnius: they were only in their embry¬
onic stage, which were hidden under the "masks" of unified thinking
and speaking.
After the Party watchdogs had perceived "symptoms" of independ¬
ent thinking in the writings of a concrete historian, which contradicted
official discourse, repressive mechanisms were at work. When waves
of criticism arose historians were most often accused of fawning over
the West, objectivity, extolling the feudal past (idealising the past) and
nationalism. The charges were rather abstract and their content could
differ depending on the political situation. There was no clear system
of indexes, which would enable one to say whether historic text was
good or bad. Everything depended on the will and imagination of the
Party bosses in Vilnius or Moscow.
Part Two. The greatest ideological tension and the worst criti¬
cism of historians arose at the time of the formation of official dis¬
course
(1944-1956).
It marked active efforts taken by the historians
to oppose the compulsory implementation of the scholarly model,
which had been tested in the USSR. The greatest opponent to the
dissemination of official discourse (for which Juozas
Žiugžda
was re¬
sponsible) was the stand taken by the representatives of the genera¬
tion of the pre-war historians (Ignas Jonynas,
Augustinas
Janulaitis,
Konstantinas Jablonskis),
as well as the attitude taken by the "ideo¬
logically oriented people" (Povilas Pakarklis, Stasys Matulaitis), and
the activities of the "stranger" in history science
-
the communist
functionary
Justas
Paleckis.
A decisive factor in the formation of official discourse was the rejec¬
tion of the empirical strategy of research into Lithuanian history sug¬
gested by Pakarklis (who headed the Institute of History from
1946
to
1948).
It gave the chance for the development of an openly conformist
policy in science formed by
Žiugžda
(director of the Institute from
1948
to
1970),
as well as giving rise to a caricature-like picture of the
past.
Žiugžda
was highly instrumental in opposing the second im¬
portant historic discourse created by the texts by Jablonskis, Jonynas
and Janulaitis.
Creating the image of Lithuanian historiography to meet the
Communist Party political demands,
Žiugžda
spared no effort to
achieve the following:
Summary
323
a) To highlight the process of the development of the productive
forces and production relations in the history of Lithuania and to
belittle the accents of statehood.
b) To underline class struggle in all periods of Lithuanian history.
c) To stress the negative role of Christianity as an ideological cover
for the Eastern expansion of western feudal lords.
d) To emphasise the importance of the Russian factor for Lithuanian
history (employing positive factors of cultural cooperation be¬
tween peoples, the "reactionary policy" of Lithuanian feudal lords
in order to keep Russian lands in the structure of their state, and
Lithuania's incorporation into Imperial Russia at the end of the
eighteenth century).
e) To show the Unions between Lithuania and Poland as the outcome
of the "conspiracy" of Lithuanian and Polish feudal lords.
f) To strengthen the concept of the
1918
"proletarian revolution" in
Lithuania.
Part Three. At the end of the
1950s,
a comparative calm replaced
the tension between the conflicting opinions, polemics and criticism
of nonconformists from the highest Party platforms in public space.
The historians realised that it was impossible to change the "rules of
the game" by open confrontation with the Central Committee of the
Lithuanian Communist Party and those who implemented the Party
policies. A Soviet version of Lithuania's history was written and con¬
solidated, "rebels" intimidated and silenced between
1944
and
1956,
while from time to time recurring tension was caused only by the
independent attitude taken byjuozas Jurginis and isolated instances
of his provocative behaviour. Therefore, the year
1956
and the 20th
congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union were for his¬
torians not so much the beginning of the Khrushchev Thaw but the
formation of the status quo. The situation changed together with the
system: as the general intellectual atmosphere was getting more re¬
laxed historians either received or won increasingly more "freedom
for manoeuvres."
The dynamics of the most important events in
1956
linked directly
to the historians (meetings at the Bureau of the Central Committee
of Lithuanian Communist Party, at Vilnius University, the Institute
of Party History, and the Academy of Sciences) reveal that the leaders
Summary
of the LCP impeded the development of history science by giving
their unflagging support to
Žiugžda.
Scholars who tried to oppose
him openly were consigned to the margins of bourgeois nationalism.
Part Four. Syntheses of Soviet Lithuania's history fully demonstrate
the peculiarities of official discourse of Lithuanian historiography.
Analysis of general images of Lithuania's history in terms of the models
of time and space demonstrated that the
"façade"
of a formative theory
hid mechanical and ideological solutions, which were not based on
factual material. In the Soviet division of history into periods accents
placed on Lithuania's statehood often were independent "foreign bod¬
ies" which were difficult to integrate into a picture of social economic
processes. The spatial model of Lithuania's history was distorted by the
ideology of Russian chauvinism, removing Lithuanian or European
elements. At the same time, the following happened:
•
The importance of the Russian factor in all periods of Lithuania's
history was emphasised;
•
The strengthening of the Polish and also Western factor in Lithuania's
history, as a result of the activities of the feudal lords as "actions
against the interests of the people" was described;
•
Lies were told about the consistent opposition of the Lithuanian
people to the geopolitical aims first of the feudal and later bour¬
geois elite to gravitate to the West and permanent orientation to¬
wards the East;
•
The selfish manipulations of the European elite in the formation of
foreign policy of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, as well as interwar
Lithuania were described;
•
A pro-Russian attitude towards the confrontation between the
Grand Duchy of Lithuania and Russia because of geopolitically
important spaces was imposed.
The role of Lithuania as a historic subject or typological closeness
to Western civilisation was postulated only when socio-cultural phe¬
nomena and processes were investigated.
The changes that took place in Lithuanian historiography under the
Soviets (the process of the spread of "heresies" and the appearance of
the "erosions" in the unified discourse) were reflected in the syntheses
ofthat
time rather scantily. Despite that, some individuals managed
Summary
325
to introduce alternatives. Jurginis was the first to offer an alternative
to the model of Soviet division into periods consolidated in official
discourse in the article, which was written in
1950
and in the textbook
"History of the Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic" in
1957.
His at¬
tempt to give more importance to the factor of statehood as decisive
in Lithuania's history was obviously linked to the works of pre-war
historians. Jurgini's model was unequivocally rejected. The second at¬
tempt to disregard the rules of the social economical formation can be
seen in the model of Lithuanian cultural periods constructed by his¬
torians, which was applied in the synthesis "Features of the History of
Lithuanian Culture" published in
1981.
Here the picture of the spread
of Baroque in the early seventeenth-the first quarter of the eighteenth
century created by Inge
Lukšaité
was important.
Part Five. The "splitting" of Lithuanian official historiography during
Soviet times or efforts to apply Marxist theory in a creative way, first
of all, can be found in the research into feudal relations. There the idea
that Lithuania, in terms of the socioeconomic processes, was closer to
Western Europe than to Russia was subtly expressed. Those attempts
were few as the absolute majority of historians identified Marxism
with its Soviet caricature-style version. Those historians who chose
to apply Marxist theory in a creative way risked as much as those who
chose "inner emigration." Such relationship with Marxism provoked
the scepticism of colleagues who were faithful to the methodology of
historism and pre-war Lithuanian ideology. It also was criticised by
Soviet-type Marxists. In research into the period of feudalism, isolated
erForts
were taken by Jurginis and Edvardas
Gudavičius
to oppose of¬
ficial schemes. In this respect Jurginis' work "The Establishment of
Serfdom in Lithuania" which was published in
1962
and four research
papers by
Gudavičius
published between
1979
and
1983
were important.
In these texts the virtuoso abilities to apply Marxist theory are clearly
seen, which let the historians adjust the "Lenin-Stalin type" postulates
about the place of Lithuania between Russia and the West. |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Švedas, Aurimas 1974- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)1071688839 |
| author_facet | Švedas, Aurimas 1974- |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Švedas, Aurimas 1974- |
| author_variant | a š aš |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV036783834 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)705979432 (DE-599)BVBBV036783834 |
| era | Geschichte 1944-1985 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1944-1985 |
| format | Book |
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| geographic | Litauen (DE-588)4074266-0 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Litauen |
| id | DE-604.BV036783834 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2025-01-07T13:11:27Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9789955656685 |
| language | Lithuanian |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-020700383 |
| oclc_num | 705979432 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 |
| physical | 335 S. Ill. |
| publishDate | 2009 |
| publishDateSearch | 2009 |
| publishDateSort | 2009 |
| publisher | Aidai |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Švedas, Aurimas 1974- Verfasser (DE-588)1071688839 aut Matricos nelaisvėje Sovietmečio lietuvių istoriografija (1944 - 1989) Švedas Aurimas Vilnius Aidai 2009 335 S. Ill. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Zsfassung in engl. Sprache Geschichte 1944-1985 gnd rswk-swf Geschichtsschreibung (DE-588)4020531-9 gnd rswk-swf Litauen (DE-588)4074266-0 gnd rswk-swf Litauen (DE-588)4074266-0 g Geschichtsschreibung (DE-588)4020531-9 s Geschichte 1944-1985 z DE-604 Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 2 application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=020700383&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 2 application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=020700383&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Klappentext |
| spellingShingle | Švedas, Aurimas 1974- Matricos nelaisvėje Sovietmečio lietuvių istoriografija (1944 - 1989) Geschichtsschreibung (DE-588)4020531-9 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4020531-9 (DE-588)4074266-0 |
| title | Matricos nelaisvėje Sovietmečio lietuvių istoriografija (1944 - 1989) |
| title_auth | Matricos nelaisvėje Sovietmečio lietuvių istoriografija (1944 - 1989) |
| title_exact_search | Matricos nelaisvėje Sovietmečio lietuvių istoriografija (1944 - 1989) |
| title_full | Matricos nelaisvėje Sovietmečio lietuvių istoriografija (1944 - 1989) Švedas Aurimas |
| title_fullStr | Matricos nelaisvėje Sovietmečio lietuvių istoriografija (1944 - 1989) Švedas Aurimas |
| title_full_unstemmed | Matricos nelaisvėje Sovietmečio lietuvių istoriografija (1944 - 1989) Švedas Aurimas |
| title_short | Matricos nelaisvėje |
| title_sort | matricos nelaisveje sovietmecio lietuviu istoriografija 1944 1989 |
| title_sub | Sovietmečio lietuvių istoriografija (1944 - 1989) |
| topic | Geschichtsschreibung (DE-588)4020531-9 gnd |
| topic_facet | Geschichtsschreibung Litauen |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=020700383&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=020700383&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT svedasaurimas matricosnelaisvejesovietmeciolietuviuistoriografija19441989 |