Victim organisations and the politics of reparation: a case-study on Rwanda
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| 1. Verfasser: | |
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| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Antwerp [u.a.]
Intersentia
2004
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| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Klappentext |
| Beschreibung: | XVIII, 540 S. graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 9050954316 |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Victim organisations and the politics of reparation |b a case-study on Rwanda |c Heidy Rombouts |
| 264 | 1 | |a Antwerp [u.a.] |b Intersentia |c 2004 | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804143458305179648 |
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| adam_text | TABLE
OF
CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
....................................
v
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
................................. ix
INTRODUCTION
..........................................1
PART I. THE POLITICS OF REPARATION AND VICTIM
ORGANISATIONS
.........................................5
CHAPTER
1.
REPARATION IN A CONTEXT OF GROSS AND
SYSTEMATIC HUMAN RIGHTS VIOLATIONS
..................7
1.
The context of the study
..................................7
1.1
Dealing with a past of gross and systematic human
rights violations
.....................................7
1.1.1
Transitional justice
.............................7
1.1.2
Gross and systematic human rights violations
......10
1.1.2.1
Gross
................................10
1.1.2.2
Systematic
............................11
1.1.2.3
Crimes
...............................11
1.1.2.4
Human rights violations and abuses
.......13
1.1.3
Transitional justice and gross and systematic
human rights violations
........................14
1.2
Reparation for victims
...............................14
1.3
Why reparation?
....................................18
1.3.1
Legal grounds for reparation
...................18
1.3.2
Moral grounds for reparation
...................21
1.3.3
Growing importance of reparation
...............22
2.
What is reparation about?
................................25
2.1
Substance of reparation as described by the Draft Basic
Principles and Guidelines
............................27
2.1.1
Restitution
..................................27
2.1.2
Compensation
...............................28
2.1.3
Rehabilitation
................................29
2.1.4
Satisfaction and guarantees of non-repetition
......30
2.2
Other classifications of reparation measures
.............34
2.2.1
Material and non-material reparation measures
.... 34
2.2.2
Individual and collective reparation measures
......34
2.2.3
Commemorative and transformative reparation
measures
....................................35
Intersentia X1
Table
of contents
2.3
Bottom line of reparation?
........................... 36
3.
What reparation ought to achieve: four basic options
.........39
3.1
The conditio quo ante
..............................40
3.2
The hypothetical condition: as if violations never occurred
42
3.3
Economic theory of reparation
....................... 45
3.4
Seeking a new balance
.............................. 46
4.
Conclusion: a process approach to reparation
...............49
CHAPTER
2.
VICTIM ORGANISATIONS AND THE POLITICS
OF REPARATION: TOWARDS A RESEARCH QUESTION
.......53
1.
Reparation and politics
.................................. 53
1.1
Nature of the reparation process: judicial or politically
negotiated?
.......................................53
1.1.1
Judicial process
.............................. 54
1.1.2
Politically-negotiated process
...................56
1.2
Victims as party to the process
........................59
1.2.1
Victims: rising stars!?
..........................60
1.2.1.1
Rising stars!
...........................60
1.2.1.2
Rising stars?
..........................65
1.2.2
Defining victim organisations
...................67
1.2.2.1
Main criteria
..........................67
1.2.2.2
Complex realities
......................68
2.
Reparation as a political process: two theoretical approaches
... 71
2.1
Realistic process approach
........................... 71
2.1.1
Victim organisations as interest groups
........... 72
2.1.1.1
Political opportunity structure
........... 74
2.1.1.2
Representation
........................ 77
2.1.1.3
Resource mobilisation: tools 8c action
..... 81
2.1.1.4
Interaction
........................... 82
2.1.1.5
Success
.............................. 83
2.1.2
Victims, victim dynamics and politics
............. 85
2.1.2.1
Victim competition
.................... 85
2.1.2.2
Politicisation of victimhood
.............. 87
2.1.2.3
Emotional appeals and symbols
.......... 87
2.1.3
Interest group studies in developing countries
and in the domain of human rights
.............. 88
2.1.3.1
Developing countries
................... 88
2.1.3.2
Human rights
......................... 90
2.1.4
Integrated realistic conceptual framework
........ 90
2.2
Idealistic process approach
.......................... 91
2.2.1
Main principles
.............................. 92
2.2.1.1
Importance of morals and ethics
.........92
2.2.1.2
Process leading to agreement
............93
Intersentia
Table of contents
2.2.1.3
Procedural requirements
................95
2.2.2
Limitations and merits of the idealistic process
approach
....................................98
2.2.2.1
Limitations
...........................98
2.2.2.2
Merits
...............................103
3.
Towards a more detailed research question
.................105
3.1
Tying things together
..............................105
3.2
Correspondence between the realistic and the idealistic
process approach
..................................107
3.2.1
Principle of generality and concepts of
re prese
η
tati
vity
and procedural success
..........109
3.2.2
Principle of autonomy and concept of toois
and action
..................................109
3.2.3
Principle of power neutrality and concept of
political opportunity structure
..................110
3.2.4
Principle of ideal role taking and concept of
interaction
.................................110
3.2.5
Principle of transparency and concept of
tools and action
.............................110
3.2.6
Implementation and concept of substantial success 111
4.
Conclusion
...........................................
Ill
CHAPTER
3.
FROM THEORY INTO THE FIELD:
METHODOLOGICAL ISSUES
..............................113
1.
Face validity
..........................................115
1.1
Data collection
....................................115
1.1.1
Selections
..................................116
1.1.1.1
Rwanda as a case study
.................116
1.1.1.2
Units of observation
...................118
1.1.2
Instruments
.................................122
1.1.2.1
Interviews
............................122
1.1.2.2
Non-participant observations
............124
1.1.2.3
Documentary evidence
.................126
1.2
Data analysis
......................................127
1.2.1
Instrument
.................................127
1.2.2
Data display
.................................130
1.3
Dynamic process
..................................130
2.
Construct validity
......................................131
2.1
Pre-operational explication of constructs
...............132
2.2
Mono-operation and mono-method bias
...............133
2.3
Hypothesis guessing and social desirability
.............133
3.
External validity
.......................................136
4.
Conclusion
...........................................137
Intersentia
ХІІІ
Table
of contents
PART II. CASE-STUDY ON RWANDA
....................... 139
CHAPTER
4.
THE RWANDAN TRAGEDY, ITS AFTERMATH
AND ITS VICTIM ORGANISATIONS
........................ 141
1.
The Rwandan genocide
................................ 141
1.1
Brief overview of a tragic history
..................... 141
1.1.1
The
1990-1994
period
........................ 142
1.1.2
The post-1994 period
........................ 146
1.2
Dealing with the past
.............................. 148
1.2.1
At the national level
......................... 149
1.2.1.1
From a classical justice paradigm to
gacąca
.............................. 149
1.2.1.2
The mandate of transitional justice
mechanisms
......................... 152
1.2.2
At the international level
..................... 154
1.2.3
The boundaries of transitional justice
........... 156
2.
Critical features of the political opportunity structure
........ 157
2.1
National political opportunity structure
............... 158
2.2
International political opportunity structure
........... 163
3.
Victim organisations in Rwanda
.......................... 164
3.1
An overview
...................................... 165
3.2
The toolbox of victim associations
.................... 172
3.2.1
Material capacity
............................ 172
3.2.2
Non-material capacity
........................ 176
4.
Conclusion
.......................................... 177
CHAPTER
5.
VICTIM ORGANISATIONS IN RWANDA:
FOR AND BY WT1OM?
.................................... 181
1.
Organisations for whom?
............................... 181
1.1
Genocide: defining a crime or a period of time?
........ 182
1.1.1
Genocide as a crime: legal and social definition
... 182
1.1.1.1
Legal definition
...................... 182
1.1.1.2
Social definition
...................... 185
1.1.2
Genocide: denoting a period in time
............ 188
1.2
The beneficiaries of victim organisations in Rwanda
..... 190
1.2.1
Explicit reference to genocide
................. 191
1.2.2
No explicit reference to genocide
.............. 194
1.2.3
Restricting political opportunity structure for
other target groups
.......................... 195
1.3
Rescapés
and victims in Rwanda
..................... 196
1.3.1
Those who fell and those who survived
.......... 197
1.3.2
Who is
a rescapé?
............................ 200
1.3.2.1
Four parameters with variable importance
. 200
xiv
Intersentia
Table
of contents
1.3.2.2
Rescapé
in general
....................203
1.3.2.3
Taking decisions in individual cases
......206
1.3.3
Different logic
...............................216
1.4
Idiosyncrasy and lack of clear statements by the
associations
.......................................217
1.5
Interim findings
...................................220
2.
Organised by whom?
...................................221
2.1
Who are the members of the victim organisations?
.......221
2.1.1
Non-membership organisations
................222
2.1.2
Membership organisations
.....................222
2.1.2.1
Formal membership
...................223
2.1.2.2
Informal membership
..................236
2.3
The profile of the leaders
...........................247
2.4
Interim findings
...................................249
3.
Relationships between leaders, members and beneficiaries
.... 251
3.1
Elections
.........................................252
3.2
Participation
......................................254
3.2.1
Type
1:
Involving actual beneficiaries
............256
3.2.2
Type
2:
Involving local formal members
..........260
3.2.3
Type
3:
Involving informal members
............265
3.2.3.1
In general
...........................265
3.2.3.2
Observing a local Ibuka meeting
.........268
3.3
Costs and rewards of involvement
....................270
3.3.1
Non-material and material rewards
..............271
3.3.2
The FARG and victim associations: a welcome
confusion
..................................275
3.3.3
Organisational rewards and reparation
..........275
3.4
Interim findings
...................................277
4.
Conclusion
...........................................278
CHAPTER
6.
VICTIM ORGANISATIONS IN INTERACTION
.... 281
1.
Victim organisations and bonding interaction patterns
.......281
1.1
Victim organisations united: a collective
...............282
1.2
Harmony or friction?
...............................284
1.2.1
The role of the Ibuka collective
.................284
1.2.1.1
The collective as a threat
...............284
1.2.1.2
The collective: defending interests
.......290
1.2.1.3
The collective as a firewall
..............295
1.2.2
A more detailed pattern of interaction
...........298
1.2.2.1
Open collaboration
....................298
1.2.2.2
Hidden differences and tensions
.........304
1.3
Collaboration in the field of reparation?
...............309
1.3.1
FARG
......................................310
Intersentia XV
Table
of contents
1.3.1.1
A limited group of beneficiaries
.........311
1.3.1.2
Access to FARG
....................... 313
1.3.2
FIND
...................................... 314
1.4
International bonding networks
..................... 317
1.5
Interim findings
.................................. 319
2.
Victim organisations and bridging networks
................320
2.1
Poor bridging networks at national level
...............321
2.2
Poor bridging networks at international level
...........324
2.3
Interim findings
.................................. 328
3.
Victim associations and other
1994
victims
.................329
3.1
Extremism in the field of justice?
....................329
3.1.1
Protest marches
............................. 330
3.1.2
False testimonies
............................ 331
3.1.3
Opposing
gacąca
............................ 334
3.2
Differentiating victims of crime: mandatory or
unjustifiable?
..................................... 335
3.2.1
Victim associations: Uniting or disuniting?
....... 336
3.2.2
Reparation for the other victim?
.............. 341
3.2.3
The insurmountable gap
...................... 352
3.2.4
Opening to a more balanced approach
.......... 354
3.3
Interim findings
.................................. 359
4.
Conclusion
.......................................... 360
CHAPTER
7.
REPARATION POLICIES IN RWANDA
........... 365
1.
Governmental policies
................................. 366
1.1
The Rwandan government and victim associations:
a tense relationship
................................ 366
1.2
The FARG
....................................... 371
1.2.1
Genesis of the FARG
.........................371
1.2.2
FARG provisions
............................ 372
1.2.2.1
Beneficiaries
......................... 373
1.2.2.2
Type of measures
..................... 375
1.2.2.3
Contributors
......................... 377
1.2.3
Implementation
............................. 379
1.2.3.1
Victim associations: players in the field
. . . 379
1.2.3.2
Identification of beneficiaries: a
countrywide census
...................380
1.2.3.3
Identification of beneficiaries: individual
cases
............................... 382
1.2.3.4
Problematic FARG measures
............ 395
1.2.3.5
FARG causing social problems
..........399
1.2.4
Assistance as a form of reparation?
..............402
1.2.4.1
Social services as rehabilitation
..........402
xvi
Intersentia
Table
of
contents
1.2.4.2
Social services
and the renewed
balance
in society
............................407
1.2.4.3
Assistance
and reparation in Rwanda:
the
relation
between
FÄRG
and FIND
.....408
1.3
The FIND
........................................411
1.3.1
Genesis of FIND
.............................411
1.3.2
FIND provisions and their evolution
.............415
1.3.2.1
Who should benefit from FIND?
.........415
1.3.2.2
Measures proposed by FIND
............422
1.3.2.3
Contributors to FIND
..................430
1.3.3
Remarks
vis-à-vis
FIND
........................433
1.3.3.1
Gacąca
and the need for reparation
......434
1.3.3.2
Gacąca
and the identification of
beneficiaries
.........................435
1.3.3.3
Single lump sum
......................438
1.3.3.4
Role of victim associations in the
drafting and implementing process
.......441
1.3.3.5
Modifications to the
gacąca
law?
.........444
1.4
Interim findings
...................................445
2.
Judicial policies
.......................................449
2.1
Judicial policies at the national level
..................450
2.1.1
Judging reparation claims
.....................451
2.1.2
What role for victim associations in court?
........456
2.1.3
Judicial decisions and FIND
....................459
2.2
Judicial policies at the international level?
..............460
2.2.1
Victim associations and the ICTR: a tense
relationship
.................................460
2.2.2
Reparation concerns in the ICTR
...............464
2.2.3
An
obligation
of the international community
to contribute?
...............................469
2.3
Judicial policies in third countries
....................471
2.4
Interim findings
...................................473
3.
Conclusion
...........................................474
PART
Ш.
CONCLUDING PART
............................481
CHAPTER
8.
CONCLUDING CHAPTER
.....................483
1.
Findings of the Rwandan case study
.......................483
1.1
The political opportunity structure
...................485
1.2
Tools and actions
..................................486
1.3
Representation
....................................487
1.4
Interaction
.......................................489
1.5
Procedural and material success
......................490
Intersentia
xvii
Table
of contents
2.
Realism and idealism: studying the gap
.................... 493
2.1
Representatmty and the principle of generality
......... 494
2.2
Tools and actions and die principles of autonomy and
transparency
..................................... 496
2.3
Interaction and the principle of ideal role-taking
....... 498
2.4
Success and the principles of generality and autonomy
. . . 499
2.5
Political opportunity structure and the principle of
power neutrality
.................................. 501
3.
Realism and idealism: narrowing the gap
.................. 502
3.1
Suggestions to narrow the gap
....................... 502
3.2
Setting directions for further research
................ 506
4.
Real, ideal and future politics of reparation
................ 507
ANNEX
1.
VICTIM ASSOCIATIONS IN RWANDA
............. 511
ANNEX
2.
TYPE OF BENEFITS DISTRIBUTED BY THE
VICTIM ORGANISATIONS IN RWANDA
.................... 513
BIBLIOGRAPHY
......................................... 517
INDEX
.......................................... ......... 533
Interserida
Reparation
for victims of gross and systematic human rights violations
is a contemporary issue gaining increased attention in both national
and international politics. Post-conflict societies have to face the
legacies of the dark past and dealing with a large group of victims is
one of them. Transitional justice mechanisms trying to cope with the
past should not overlook the issue of reparation. This research
demonstrates how reparation for victims of gross and systematic
human rights violations differs from reparation for isolated violations.
The Rwandan case study unveils the role of victim organisations in
and the competition and politicisation of the reparation debate.
Although reparation for victims is a crucial element in transitional jus¬
tice, it becomes clear that the way in which the reparation debate
unfolds does not necessarily contribute to the peaceful future of a
post-conflict society. This study argues that remedying the process
and debate of the search for reparation will lead to an improved and
more constructive reparation policy.
Heidy Rombouts is a legal and social scientist
(1997
Master of Laws;
1999f Master in Social and Political Sciences, Catholic University of
Leuven).
In
2004
she obtained a PhD degree in Social and Political
Sciences at the University of Antwerp for her research on victim
organisations and the politics of reparation. For several years she has
been conducting research on transitional justice, human rights and
post-conflict situations, including extensive field research in South
Africa and Rwanda.
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Rombouts, Heidy |
| author_facet | Rombouts, Heidy |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Rombouts, Heidy |
| author_variant | h r hr |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV036782333 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)637005329 (DE-599)BSZ116393246 |
| dewey-full | 363.34988 |
| dewey-hundreds | 300 - Social sciences |
| dewey-ones | 363 - Other social problems and services |
| dewey-raw | 363.34988 |
| dewey-search | 363.34988 |
| dewey-sort | 3363.34988 |
| dewey-tens | 360 - Social problems and services; associations |
| discipline | Soziologie |
| format | Book |
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| geographic | Ruanda (DE-588)4076910-0 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Ruanda |
| id | DE-604.BV036782333 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T22:47:59Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9050954316 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-020698936 |
| oclc_num | 637005329 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-703 |
| owner_facet | DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-703 |
| physical | XVIII, 540 S. graph. Darst. |
| publishDate | 2004 |
| publishDateSearch | 2004 |
| publishDateSort | 2004 |
| publisher | Intersentia |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Rombouts, Heidy Verfasser aut Victim organisations and the politics of reparation a case-study on Rwanda Heidy Rombouts Antwerp [u.a.] Intersentia 2004 XVIII, 540 S. graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Bürgerkrieg (DE-588)4008784-0 gnd rswk-swf Wiedergutmachung (DE-588)4136959-2 gnd rswk-swf Kriegsopfer (DE-588)4165700-7 gnd rswk-swf Reparationen (DE-588)4177802-9 gnd rswk-swf Ruanda (DE-588)4076910-0 gnd rswk-swf Ruanda (DE-588)4076910-0 g Bürgerkrieg (DE-588)4008784-0 s Kriegsopfer (DE-588)4165700-7 s Wiedergutmachung (DE-588)4136959-2 s Reparationen (DE-588)4177802-9 s DE-604 Digitalisierung UB Bayreuth - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=020698936&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung UB Bayreuth - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=020698936&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Klappentext |
| spellingShingle | Rombouts, Heidy Victim organisations and the politics of reparation a case-study on Rwanda Bürgerkrieg (DE-588)4008784-0 gnd Wiedergutmachung (DE-588)4136959-2 gnd Kriegsopfer (DE-588)4165700-7 gnd Reparationen (DE-588)4177802-9 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4008784-0 (DE-588)4136959-2 (DE-588)4165700-7 (DE-588)4177802-9 (DE-588)4076910-0 |
| title | Victim organisations and the politics of reparation a case-study on Rwanda |
| title_auth | Victim organisations and the politics of reparation a case-study on Rwanda |
| title_exact_search | Victim organisations and the politics of reparation a case-study on Rwanda |
| title_full | Victim organisations and the politics of reparation a case-study on Rwanda Heidy Rombouts |
| title_fullStr | Victim organisations and the politics of reparation a case-study on Rwanda Heidy Rombouts |
| title_full_unstemmed | Victim organisations and the politics of reparation a case-study on Rwanda Heidy Rombouts |
| title_short | Victim organisations and the politics of reparation |
| title_sort | victim organisations and the politics of reparation a case study on rwanda |
| title_sub | a case-study on Rwanda |
| topic | Bürgerkrieg (DE-588)4008784-0 gnd Wiedergutmachung (DE-588)4136959-2 gnd Kriegsopfer (DE-588)4165700-7 gnd Reparationen (DE-588)4177802-9 gnd |
| topic_facet | Bürgerkrieg Wiedergutmachung Kriegsopfer Reparationen Ruanda |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=020698936&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=020698936&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT romboutsheidy victimorganisationsandthepoliticsofreparationacasestudyonrwanda |