Ulogata na živeališteto vo kulturata na živeenje niz antikata vo R. Makedonija:
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Macedonian |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Skopje
Kalamus
2009
|
| Schriftenreihe: | Edicija Kulturno nasledstvo
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract |
| Beschreibung: | PST: The role of habitat in the culture of life troughout antiquity in the Republic of Macedonia. - In kyrill. Schr., mazedon. - Zsfassung in engl. Sprache |
| Beschreibung: | 288 S. zahlr. Ill. |
| ISBN: | 9789989275845 |
Internformat
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804143442391990272 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | СОДРЖИНА
l.Boeed
.............................................................................................................................................................................. 9
2.
Историсш
u
културни рамки
............................................................................................................................... 12
3.
Изворите на уметноста на
градењето
.............................................................................................................. 16
3.1.
Почетоци на
градењето живеалишта
.................................................................................................. 17
4.
Осврт врз развитокот на живеалиштата
od
предисторијата
до доцноантичкиот период
............. 19
4.1.
Живеалиштето во
предисторијата
....................................................................................................... 19
4.1.1
Живеалиштата
во
предисторијата
на почвата
на Р.
Македонија
................................................20
4.2.
Живеалиштето
кај
древните цивилизации
.........................................................................................22
4.3.
Живеалиштето
во раноантичкиот
период
.......................................................................................... 26
4.3.1.
Основни типови
куќи
во
Античка
Грција
........................................................................................ 28
4.3.2.
Живеалиштата
во
раноантичкиот период на почвата на Р.
Македонија
.................................. 33
4.4.
Живеалиштето
во римскиот
период
.................................................................................................... 34
4.4.1.
Етрурско-римска
куќа
.......................................................................................................................... 34
4.4.2.
Основни типови на римски живалишта
........................................................................................... 35
4.4.3.
Живеалиштата
во
римскиот период на почвата на Р.
Македонија
............................................ 42
4.5.
Живеалиштето
во
доцноантичкиот период
....................................................................................... 43
4.5.1.
Живеалиштата
во
доцноантичкиот период на почвата на Р.
Македонија
............................... 45
5.
Категоризација
на
објектите
за
живеење
.......................................................................................................... 59
5.1.
Градски
куќи
и вили
................................................................................................................................. 59
5.1.1.
Раноантички период
............................................................................................................................. 59
5.1.2.
Раноримски период
............................................................................................................................... 63
5.1.3.
Доцноримски период
............................................................................................................................ 64
5.2.
Приградски вили
......................................................................................................................................78
5.3.
Полски имоти
............................................................................................................................................81
5.4.
Црковни резиденции
............................................................................................................................... 92
5.5.
Остатоци од други
објекти
за
живеење
............................................................................................... 96
6.
Локација
на
објектите
за
живеење
во
структурата на населените места
............................................ 171
6.1.
Локација
на живеалиштата
во
Античка
Грција
.............................................................................. 172
6.2.
Локација
на живеалиштата во
Римската
Империја
....................................................................... 175
6.3.
Локација
на живеалиштата во Р.
Македонија
................................................................................. 178
7.
Карактеристики на
архитектурата
................................................................................................................ 189
7.1.
Просторна и
функционална
организација........................................................................................
189
7.2.
Конструктивен систем, техники на
градење
и
употребен
градежен
материјал
....................... 208
7.3.
Подна
декорација
................................................................................................................................... 211
7.4.
Ѕидна декорација
.................................................................................................................................... 214
7.5.
Пластична
дскорација
........................................................................................................................... 217
7.6.
Подвижни археолошки наоди
............................................................................................................. 219
7.7.
Имиња
....................................................................................................................................................... 221
8.
Значењето
на живеалиштето
............................................................................................................................ 252
8.1.
Грчко домакинство
................................................................................................................................ 254
8.2.
Значењето
на грчката
куќа .................................................................................................................
255
8.3.
Римско домакинство
.............................................................................................................................. 257
8.4.
Значењето
на римската
куќа
............................................................................................................... 258
9.
Завршни
согледувања
............................................................................................................................................. 264
Summary
........................................................................................................................................................... 269
Поговор
........................................................................................................................................................... 275
Листа на кратенки
......................................................................................................................................... 277
Библиографија...............................................................................................................................................
278
Индекс
............................................................................................................................................................. 289
SUMMARY
The creation of dwellings was brought about from the
human need to take shelter, primarily as protection from
the weather conditions and wild animals, afterward from
social changes and cultural influences. During the course of
time dwellings had undergone many phases, transforming
their appearance and accepting many roles and meanings.
This synthesis, for the dwellings on the territory ofthe
Republic of Macedonia from the Antiquity is founded first
and foremost on ofthe discovered remains, known records,
archaeological finds, data, and additionally is supported by
written accounts from the writers of the Antiquity. Many
scholars in their works have addressed problems related
to dwellings, the sociological role, the development of
urbanism
through the Antiquity, and the significance ofthe
dwelling in the life of the Ancient population. The basic
conclusions for the development of the dwellings during
the period ofthe Antiquity in the Republic of Macedonia,
types of edifices, their role in man s life throughout the
period, as well as the cultural life style were complete
with many world wide scholarly references for human
dwellings, and their organization in frames ofthe inhabited
places in Antiquity.
Starting from the creation of man, from the first
dwelling, the cave, later the hut, up to the development of
the house as the basic dwelling, often resembling a palace
by its Iavishncss and size, throughout the long Antiquity
phase which embraced nearly a period of ten centuries,
followed up by different historical and cultural events these
edifices were built and lived in.
In different regions of the Mediterranean different
types of houses were accepted. In the period of the Early
Antiquity the most distinct types of homes were: the pastas
(παστός),
protas
(προστάς),
the peristyle type of house, as
well as the house known as
Herdraum ,
or a dwelling with
a central room and furnace. A specific type was accepted in
the alike Greek towns.
With the growth of the Roman Empire also spread
houses, which had different features in comparison to the
dwellings in the Early Antiquity. Later on they accumulated
influences from the eastern neighbors, adapting them
to their culture and life style. Although by origin some
of these accepted elements were part of the Hellenistic
splendor, very soon they became an integrated part of the
wealthy Roman house.
The Roman life style enforced the building of more
types of dwellings, for different classes of population, and
in accordance to the place where they were erected. The
domus
was the basic type of dwelling intended for the
middle and the high class population in the towns during the
Republican and the Early Imperial periods, while the poor
inhabitants in the towns lived in rented buildings insulae.
On every part ofthe Roman Empire, outside the towns and
in their vicinity were erected villas, while following the
domus
layout representative residences- palaces were built
for the rulers
.
Categorization of the Antique dwellings
The dwellings that existed on the territory of the
Republic of Macedonia during the period ofthe Antiquity,
according to their character, function and location can
be classified into several categories. These
are
the town
houses, namely the urban villas, the suburban villas, the
country properties with the rustic villas, and ecclesiastical
residences. The edifices have been divided chronologically
into the Early Antiquity, the Roman and the period of the
Late Antiquity. The majority of the excavated and researched
dwellings in Macedonia originate from the Roman period.
The remains from edifices ofthe Early Roman period (the
Early Imperial period) are in less numbers, while greater
are the remains originating from the Late Roman period.
The excavated edifices, houses and villas were generally
part ofthe town centers.
Remains of houses from the Early Antiquity are
found on the site
Vardarski
Rid, the settlement
Glos
near
Grchishte, on the site
Isar
near Marvinci, on the island
Golem
Grad
on Lake Prespa, on the site
Anche
near Krani,
and recent excavations have confirmed the presence of
houses on other sites as well. Remains of Roman houses
are registered at Stobi,
Scupi, Heraclea,
additionally in
the towns of Marvinci and Valandovo, at the settlement
in Golem
Grad
on Lake Prespa, as well as some lonely
buildings on different locations in Macedonia. On the
territory of the Republic of Macedonia several suburban
villas found in the outskirts ofthe Roman towns have been
269
partially researched. The research of the rustic villas is
minor and has been mainly pursued by field reviews and
trench digs, and so far verifying that there is no insulae type
of dwellings.
The remains from houses from the Early Antiquity in
the Republic of Macedonia like the House with the Tub,
the House of the Collector, the House with an Atrium,
and the remaining houses on the site of
Vardarski
Rid
near Gevgelija, and on other sites as well, demonstrate
an existence of modest housings, built in cheep materials,
with an irregular shape adapted to the grounds, irregular
street plans and older edifices that once existed on the
site. Although the closeness of
Pella
and Olynthos point
to the possibility that some of these housings followed
the examples from these towns, nevertheless for now the
modest archaeological remains can not substantiate this
possibility. These dwellings can not be classified to the
pastas or the peristyle type. The possibility for the use of
the prostas plans are ruled out, since it was used only in
Ionic towns and their colonies. Although there are some
suppositions for the pastas type of houses at the settlement
on the site
Isar
of
Marvinci,
nevertheless there are no firm
verifying arguments. On the territory of the Republic of
Macedonia also are preserved the basic characteristics of
the house from the Early Antiquity. Common features for
nearly all known dwellings was the presence of an inside
yard orientated towards the interior, the edifices were
sealed off hermetically from the exterior, as confirmed by a
minimal presence of openings which face the exterior. To
the ancient rules were also supplemented the quarters for
personal hygiene set close to the cooking complex.
The knowledge about the character of the town houses
during the Roman period in the Republic of Macedonia
is mainly based on the remains found in the Roman
Municipium Stobi.
The modest remains of early Roman houses point
to merging of features, namely the features present in
the Hellenistic world with the Roman gains. The Roman
domus
concept was adapted to the climate conditions and
the traditions of the local population and may be observed
on the Early Roman house
Casa Romana
by the river
Crna
at Stobi. Separate transformed elements which were
characteristic for the Early Roman
domus
were also present
in later date edifices, for example the suburban villa at
Stakina Cheshma in Valandovo.
The Late Roman period was distinguished by large
building activities which were carried out all over the
Empire. The peristyle house common for the Roman
provinces during the Imperial period dominated on the
territory of Macedonia. The presence of this type has been
documented on the Balkan Peninsula in all town centers,
like Abritus, Augusta Traiana, Diocletianopolis, Nicopolis
ad Nestum, Pautalia, furthermore at Sirmium,
Mediana,
Carichin
Grad, in
the provinces in North Africa in the towns
of
Volubilis,
Tipasa, Carthage, Sabratha,
Bulla Regia, as
well in the towns of the eastern provinces, like Palmyra,
Antioch, and Seleucia.
At Stobi, very often the peristyle was carried out
as
a pseudo
peristyle as result of the densely built area.
Among the spacious houses which were comprised from
a whole insulae, visible were also small groups of rooms
along side the main space assemblage that encompassed
the large peristyles, once again facing the open space
courtyard or a smaller
pseudo
peristyle, like the houses
in
Volubilis.
Smaller housing complexes intended for the
intimate family or for stay of guests, were found in the
patrician houses from the 2nd and the 3rd century
A.D.
in
the eastern provinces, like in the city of Palmyra. This type
of room assemblage which had a more intimate character
in comparison to the representative peristyles with the
neighboring rooms was identified at Stobi in the houses of
Parthenius, Peristeria, and
GR (Domus Fulonica).
At times
the presence of these rooms was related to the existence of
gynaeconitis, like in the houses of the Early Antiquity in the
Hellenistic world, and to their traditional influences which
were imbued in Macedonia. Far away from the sea coasts
in the interior it was much easier for certain customs, rales
and norms from the distant past to live on. Nevertheless,
the architectural development of dwellings on the cross
road between north and south, east and west, could not be
bypassed by modern trends in view of the fact that they
played an important role in the life of the Roman citizens.
The changes and development of the Roman dininig room,
triclinium into an apsidal oecus, intended for several
purposes, can be observed far the best at the House ofGR
(Domus
Fulonica). In most of the houses from the Late
Roman period the presence of the semi-circular shaped
stibadium was evident.
The town houses and villas erected in parts of the
town with sufficient space, and flowing water near by
had the opportunity to incorporate a bath complex in their
home, for example the house found below the Christian
basilica at
Scupi,
the House of Peristeria and the so called
Casino at Stobi, and the town house at the site Avtoremont
in Heraclea.
New values were imposed in the life of the population
with the acceptance of the new religion. In Late Antiquity
the number of poor inhabitants increased in the towns,
and it became essential for the lavish large individual
houses to be dividing into smaller, and more modest living
quarters. In preserving of the authentic appearance of the
facades special attention was paid. Some edifices or parts
of them were renovated in the contemporary style to be
used by the clergy members.
The wish of every wealthy Roman was to move
away from the town walls and obtain sufficient space to
create a place for living, work, and leisure. The crowded
towns, the wish for luxury and the gain of material wealth
resulted in building of quite a few villas in the suburbia of
Scupi,
Stobi, and Bargala, and near other settlements on
270
the territory of present day Republic of Macedonia. Some
of the suburban villas at first were erected for leisure, and
very often were connected with the exploitation of small-
gardens and plantations, which for the owner s family were
essential sources for obtaining food. The decoration of the
villas depended on the owner s economic power, his social
status, climate, practical function, local traditions, as well
as the wish for Romanization.
If we follow the development of the dwelling
architecture in the towns, furthermore its development
in the towns and suburbs in the neighboring countries, a
supposition can be drawn that the basic element in almost
all the suburban villas was the peristyle. The villas most
probably were arranged around this central space. For now
only the villa on the site Stakina Cheshma at Valandovo is
an exceptional example with an atrium that is accomplished
in the spirit of the Early Roman town dwelling architecture.
The development of luxury villas with baths, porches,
mosaics, and other decorative elements were not unknown
in the eastern provinces. The partially researched villas
in the Republic of Macedonia although small in numbers
can be supplemented to the elaborate peristyle type of
villas. The distinctive element for to the presence of baths
in the majority of the known villas was a large available
space, flow of water, as well as the bath ritual. Elaborate
decoration was very important to the owners of these
cherished residences.
In the Greek- Roman world the relations between the
town and the village were historically exceptional. They
were based on politics, social, cultural as well on economic
and trade relations.
The foundations of civilized society lay in agriculture.
Although the population in the Early Antiquity practiced
different activities, agriculture and farming were essential.
The country estates were places for living, but also places
where crops and animals were grown as food sources. For
many families the land was the only source for wealth
or basic survival. Not all rural residences had a farming
function. Some properties were used only as a place for
leisure, during a certain time of the year. The importance
of the rural estates during the Early Antiquity has also been
confirmed on the territory of the Republic of Macedonia
by the partially researched estate on the site Tekje near the
village Otovica.
During the Roman period the farm estates became
especially important. In the first centuries of the spread of
the Roman Empire, the Romanization of the new provinces
was greater and also there was a tendency for enlargement
of farm estates with the so called villa
rústicas.
As centers
of agricultural production they became an important
economic basis. Owning good farming land was not only
a source for gaining wealth, but also a possibility to climb
up in the of Roman social hierarchy. A greater number of
products from these estates were intended for the Roman
army in the province, but also to be exported to Italian soil.
The Roman rustic villas were used as a working farm,
a country residence connected with farming, a place for
relaxing and leisure where the fresh food products, the
beautiful ambience and serenity gave true pleasure. The site
Razbienica near the village Resava in the Tikvesh region is
considered an example of a middle sized estate from the
Early Roman period in the Republic of Macedonia. Here,
in the interior of Macedonia the natives were not so easily
introduced to new Roman way of building and life style in
general. The functioning of the buildings as separate units
continued in this period as well.
In the 3td century, in Roman life there was an evident
decline in erection of villas and of other activities too. In all
provinces was apparent the destruction of small and large
houses, and a large number of them were abandoned. Less
emphasis was put in luxury of the homes, and there was a
shift from comfort to an additional working function for
the villa.
After this crisis, towards the late 3rd and the 4lh
century the number of rustic Roman villas was increased as
confirmed by the intense agricultural production that lead
to economic growth. Beside the production of different
products, in some of the previous villas this way of farming
spread deeper into the province interior. The majority of
the registered rustic villas in the Republic of Macedonia
likewise belong to the Late Roman period.
The dispersion of the villas was closely related to the
towns communication system. For that reason the Roman
villas were built close to the main roads, not far from the
towns which supplied them with the essential goods. For
the wealthy citizens the farm estates were an alternative
and an additional activity base.
On the territory of the Republic of Macedonia over
50
rustic villas were registered with archaeological surveys,
and only few were researched through the protective
archaeological excavations. In the east and the west part
of Macedonia
13
rustic villas have been stated, while
approximately
24
in valley of the
Vardar
River.
The Roman aristocracy achieved a perfect fusion of
work and pleasure with the creation of the villa concept.
This country house related primarily to agricultural
functions was also suitable for resting (othim). The wealthy
owners embellished their villas with floor mosaics, fresco
paintings on the walls, and stucco decoration, whilst the
bath quarters were furnished with a floor heating system
(hypocaust). The residential part of the villas had all the
sufficient elements as the urban villas, and they were only
rural according to the location, in fact they were pseudo-
urban villas. During the long usage the villas were restored,
enlarged and improved. Towards the late 4lh century they
were divided by supplementary rustic walls, while regarding
the needs of the new dwellers the apses and the remaining
parts of the villas obtained new functions. In the late 4lh
and the early 5th century as result of protection measure
from possible attacks more common became the fortified
271
villas
and farm houses. For the security of the villas towers
and gates played an important part. Specimens of fortified
villas from the Late Antiquity are the villas found near
Markovi kuli,
close to Letcvci, and at
Pelenka
in Drachevo
in vicinity of Skopje.
On the territory of the Republic of Macedonia beside
the above mentioned rustic villas worthy of mention arc
also the registered villas: Shakalica near the v. Resava at
Tikvesh; the villa in the v.Ljuboten near Shtip; a number
of villas in Skopje and its surroundings like the villa at
Zhelezarnica, the villa at Taftalidje; in the area of Tetovo:
the villas on the site of
Dva Bresta
and Pepelovo in the
v.Leshok, Prosechnik in the v.Zhilche, Sv.Spas at the
v.Belovishte near Gostivar; in the region of Kavadarci:
Kartozov Rid and Pitranec at the v.Drenovo, Mechkin
Dol
at the v.Debreshte, Grneica and Suva cheshma at
the v.Vatasha,
Tanko patehe
at the v. Glishich; further
Krechana near Stobi; in vicinity of Demir
Kapija
Biidur
Chiflik, Ahmetov
Dol, Banja,
Bela
Zemja near Lepedina;
several villas near Negotino like
Jagniła
in the v.Veshje,
Dva groba
at
Dolni
Disan, DobrogledsX
Kurija,
Plaskachot
at the v.Besvica; in the surroundings of Sv.Nikole,
Petrilovo at the v.Ranchinci,
Domus
Bunar
at the v.Gorno
Crnilishte and Arsov
Kladence
at the v.Adjimatovo, Dolno
maulo
at Chamushevo,
Średni
Rid Minchevo Chukarche at
the v.Mechkuevci, in the region of Kumanovo: Jumerovo
at
Mlado
Nagorichane,
Majorov
Bunar
at Dolno Konjare;
Gramada
at Chelopeci near Kichevo; Kazanica and
Skrdo at v.Raklish near Radovish; Krsh
Polena
at the
v.Slivnica and Livatchinja at
Pretor
near
Resen,
the Roman
villa near the Hotel
Evropa
at Oteshevo; at Gorenci near
Ohrid;
isolated farm estates appear on several locations
in the region of
Mariovo
from the 3rJ
-
4lh century, on the
site Bonchejca.on the area of the v.
Tursko, Miov
Dab at
the v.Podvis, at the v.Gudyakovo, Carevich, Smolani,
Senokos, Rakle, Novoselani,
Dren,
Vranche and on many
other places.
On the territory of the Republic of Macedonia
residences of high church officials can be identified on
the sites Heraclea, Bargala and the House of Policharmos
at Stobi with its later phase. For the edifice on the site of
Vinichko Kale there are not enough arguments to confirm
its function.
The achievements from the Early Antiquity and
the Roman period were pursued in the Late Antiquity in
the representative buildings, like the above mentioned
residences. The already existing buildings when restored
without significant space changes approached the new
Christian life style, mainly by implementing symbols
of the Christian religion in the decoration, as is the case
with the House of Polvcharmos in Stobi. In the building
organization the peristyle as a key element continued to
be used in many variations. The main room, the dining
room (triclinium) with the supplement apse grew into a
central reception space, oecus, and is found in all the above
mentioned ecclesiastical residences. Valuable elements
were employed from the existing buildings into the new
residences which were suitable for the requirements of the
church officials.
The location of the dwellings
Judging from the finds on the site
Vardarski
Rid
near Gevgelija during the period of the Early Antiquity
in Macedonia the houses in the towns were located in
irregular shaped blocs and separated by small winding
streets. There was an attempt for a geometric regularity
during the restoring of the towns, in spite the fact that the
existing buildings made this task difficult. For the newly
built towns this was not a problem, however on the territory
of the Republic of Macedonia we have no evidence of
such a settlement. The dwellings were located below the
acropolis, outside the town core. From the insufficiently
researched sites it is difficult to speak about plan made
towns in the period of the Early Antiquity in Macedonia.
The changes in town planning came customarily with
the arrival of the Romans. The orthogonal system was
adapted to the shape of the terrain, and if an older settlement
existed on the same location, for example as the case with
Stobi it was supplemented to the older buildings. The
building regulations could be applied in the Early Antiquity
and the Roman period for the newly erected settlements.
The houses in the towns were assembled around
distinct civil regions, and moved on ward to the remote,
and less favored regions.
During the extensive building activities in the second
half of the 4th century, rustic features become visible
in the urban image which was confirmed from the town
enlargements.
There was an effort outside the towns the houses to
be situated next to the main roads. The estates had to be
connected with the town settlements, and to contain a fresh
water source nearby.
During the Late Roman period significant changes
appeared in town
urbanism
and the location of the
dwellings, within an outside the towns. The large town
houses were abandoned by their owners and in frames of
outside walls several modest dwellings were located. These
types of rustic homes were built over many public edifices,
like on theaters which were no longer in use as result of
changes in the Empire s social system, the different valuing
of human activities as well as the new religious rights. This
was the easiest way to solve the housing problem from the
inflow of dwellers from the neighboring settlements. The
inhabitants in search of better safety made efforts to locate
their dwellings as closer possible to the town walls.
The lavish houses which were located next to
ecclesiastic edifices were more fortunate. A large number of
these homes were restored and were used to accommodate
272
the ecclesiastic officials. At the twilight of the Roman
Empire dualism was created in the dwelling construction
with the rustic dwellings as an outcome of subdivision
and the fast growth of poor housing units on locations
were public buildings previous existed and in suburbs as
well, opposite to the luxury ecclesiastical residences set
alongside the basilicas. In the period of the Late Antiquity
all of this had brought about the towns to become rustic
and to be deserted, or the villas outside the towns to be
fortified.
The basic features of the dwellings
The buildings differed according to their
characteristics, however some buildings depending on
their function had features that connected them to specific
categories and were used for same purposes.
The house in the Antiquity was comprised of several
elements characteristic for the architecture of this period.
These elements were composed in such a manner so the
entire space could satisfy the needs of the dwellers. Some
specific elements distinguished the early antique house
from the Roman one, but at the same time linking it to the
Roman house. In the morphology of the houses among
other things the social differences of the population could
be recognized as well.
The yard was the basic element from which the house
in the Antiquity was comprised and resumed throughout
the period, moreover this element was also found in the
homes in the Republic of Macedonia. The consistent yard
concept as the uniting element in the houses of the Early
Antiquity in the Republic of Macedonia can be observed
through the finds on the site of
Vardarski
Rid, that resemble
other finds in smaller settlements in Ancient Macedonia,
for example in vicinity of Lerin (Fiorina). During the Early
Roman period the simple yard was transformed into an
atrium. The atrium without an
impluvium
{testudinatum)
was found in the Early Roman
villa Casa Romana
in Stobi.
Very often the yard in the Late Roman houses was enclosed
with a porch from
2-3
or
4
sides, creating a peristyle or
a pseudo-peristyle. Almost always depending on the
possibility of inflowing water the peristyle had a fountain
at the end. The fountains were elaborately decorated with
niches, adorned with glass mosaics and sculptures, which
were brought from different parts of the empire and from
different periods, like the House ofParthenius in Stobi.
The next important element was the dining room
-
triclinium. By adding an apse as an indispensable part of
the dining room for placing the stibadium, this room during
the Late Roman period and later on was transformed into an
oecus. Very often these types of dining rooms used as oeci
in the central part were adorned with an octagonal piscine-
fountain. The space known as oecarium or precarium
sometimes came first. These elements were found in the
majority of the houses in Stobi.
Beside the mentioned dining rooms also situate were
the biclinium, exedra intended for discussions, diaetae
for relaxing and for accommodating the guests, and other
rooms which were necessary for the functioning of the
Roman houses.
Some of the town houses were also furnished with
baths (thermae), while during the Early and Late Roman
periods baths were almost obligatory in the rustic villas
and the country estates. For now from the Early Roman
period only in one house a tub was confirmed on the site
Vardarski
Rid, and according to this find the house was
given its name.
In construction of the houses as building materials
were used timber, stone and bricks. Clay was used most
often as a bonding material during the period of the Early
Antiquity, while in the Roman period it was lime mortar.
The houses were roofed with clay tiles.
In the Early Antiquity the walls of the houses were
made generally from wattle and daub, like at the House
with poles at
Vardarski
Rid, and the modest dwellings at
Golem
Grad. Sun
dried bricks (adobe) were also used in
the house masonry, in the settlement
Vardarski
Rid for
example on the upper wall registers of the town houses, and
these were laid over the stone foundation, like the edifice
on the estate at Tekje, v.Otovica. These types of bricks were
also used in the Early Roman period, like at the rustic villa
in Razbienica near v.Resava.
For the Roman houses the most regularly used building
techniques were the opus incertum combined with the opus
cementicium (in Early Antiquity known as emplekton) and
mixtum. Alongside use of stone, baked bricks were also
used in the baths and the apsidal dining room. This type
of masonry is evident nearly on all the Late Roman houses
in Stobi.
In the period of the Late Antiquity the poor, quickly
built dwellings were made from stones affixed with mud.
Spolias
from the Early Antiquity and the Early Roman
period were abundantly used in the building.
The floors in the modest houses of the Early Antiquity
most frequently were made of hard-pressed earth,
sometimes covered with stone plates, or adorned with floor
mosaics. In the houses on the territory of the Republic of
Macedonia so far have not been discovered mosaic floors
from the Classic and the Hellenistic period. Generally here
the floors were made of hard-pressed earth covered by a
thin clay layer.
The Roman and the Late Roman dwellings on this
territory were decorated with elaborate floor mosaics.
The floor decorations were made from small stone or
marble tiles set in the
opus sedile
technique, as well as
mosaics in opus tessellatutn. Occasionally the technique
of opus
segmentatum,
the inserting of irregular shaped
pieces of mortar, marble or other material on a lime mortar
foundation was also found.
273
In the course of the demolishing of the edifices the
walls suffered the most. For these reasons, in comparison
to the floor decoration which has been preserved in greater
scale, very rare are the traces of house wall decoration, and
only the vault decoration can be assumed. In the houses
dating from the period of the Antiquity in Macedonia there
are pale traces from wall mosaics and frescoes. Remains
from stucco decoration were found in some Roman
houses, for example at the
Casa Romana,
and the so called
Episcopal residence in Stobi.
Greater part of the rich architectural decorative
sculpture which adorned the homes of the ancient
population is still unknown. During the archaeological
excavations were found remains from trunks, capitals,
and columns bases, decorative stone slabs from the house
fountains, architrave beams, consoles, lintels, and window
posts. These finds had a functional and decorative role. The
most impressive are the fluted and spiral winding columns,
as well as the decorative fountain bases decorated in the
manner of the large peristyle in the House of Parthenius
in Stobi.
In the edifices throughout the Antiquity sculptures
were discovered and used as decoration, like collections of
art works, or bearing religious functions, such works have
been discovered in the Republic of Macedonia as well.
Beside the remains from the building materials,
terracotta figurines, metal and marble sculptures the most
often excavated finds in the homes from the Antiquity
were pottery vessels, jewelry, coins and other household
metal objects. These finds shed light on the style of mans
life in the Antiquity, the domestic activities, beliefs and the
financial power.
The significance of the dwelling
The material culture besides the functional meaning
also bears emotional, aesthetic and
semiotic
meanings.
In order to clarify the numerous and complex dimensions
of human life it is necessary to have
multi
dimensional
approaches
.
In the Antiquity the house had strong relations with
the local community and with society in general. In ancient
Greece the term
οίκος
was equivalent of a household,
house or family, and in literature the nature of oikos was
the cornerstone of society.
The basic Latin word for a house was aedis. The term
domus
signified a family dwelling to the Is century B.C.,
and this term was used to specify a private town house,
opposite to the village house (villa), or a cottage
(casa),
summer house. The term
familia
in Roman literary works
implied also to the Roman main family residence, their
domus
or an additional family estate.
Throughout the Antiquity the house was not simply
a private unobserved space for the family unit, in a way
it was the center of social life, a symbol of the clan, the
identity of the family, and a social status symbol. The house
was encompassed with numerous symbolic meanings,
especially in the Roman period.The showing off size for
the domestic space demonstrated the crucial role of houses
in the self-promotion of the Roman aristocrats in all parts
of the Empire.
The surviving dwelling remains are verifications for
the on going life on this territory in the Early Antiquity,
through the Roman and the Late Antiquity periods. The
settlements sometimes were laid one over the other, while
on some sites after the ending of a settlement the location
was also changed to a new place or in its vicinity, and in a
way was the resuming of the settlement.
All the above stated is confirmation that throughout
the whole period of the Antiquity the houses were an
organic part of the town, and a reflection of society, but
also a silent testimony for the ancient mans spirit.
274
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Gerasimovska, Dafina |
| author_facet | Gerasimovska, Dafina |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Gerasimovska, Dafina |
| author_variant | d g dg |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV036771191 |
| ctrlnum | (gbd)0964541 (OCoLC)705963824 (DE-599)BVBBV036771191 |
| era | Geschichte 300 v. Chr.-475 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 300 v. Chr.-475 |
| format | Book |
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| geographic | Nordmazedonien (DE-588)1181214262 gnd Stobi (DE-588)4077912-9 gnd Bitola (DE-588)4088399-1 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Nordmazedonien Stobi Bitola |
| id | DE-604.BV036771191 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T22:47:44Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9789989275845 |
| language | Macedonian |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-020688047 |
| oclc_num | 705963824 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 |
| physical | 288 S. zahlr. Ill. |
| psigel | gbd_4_1012 |
| publishDate | 2009 |
| publishDateSearch | 2009 |
| publishDateSort | 2009 |
| publisher | Kalamus |
| record_format | marc |
| series2 | Edicija Kulturno nasledstvo |
| spelling | Gerasimovska, Dafina Verfasser aut Ulogata na živeališteto vo kulturata na živeenje niz antikata vo R. Makedonija Dafina Gerasimovska Skopje Kalamus 2009 288 S. zahlr. Ill. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Edicija Kulturno nasledstvo PST: The role of habitat in the culture of life troughout antiquity in the Republic of Macedonia. - In kyrill. Schr., mazedon. - Zsfassung in engl. Sprache Geschichte 300 v. Chr.-475 gnd rswk-swf Wohnkultur (DE-588)4117674-1 gnd rswk-swf Lebensraum (DE-588)4120658-7 gnd rswk-swf Ausgrabung (DE-588)4129464-6 gnd rswk-swf Nordmazedonien (DE-588)1181214262 gnd rswk-swf Stobi (DE-588)4077912-9 gnd rswk-swf Bitola (DE-588)4088399-1 gnd rswk-swf Herakleia Lynku in Makedonien [49 D2 MAC] (DE-2581)TH000009924 gbd Stoboi in Makedonien [50 A1 MAC] (DE-2581)TH000009957 gbd Nordmazedonien (DE-588)1181214262 g Ausgrabung (DE-588)4129464-6 s Wohnkultur (DE-588)4117674-1 s Lebensraum (DE-588)4120658-7 s Geschichte 300 v. Chr.-475 z DE-604 Bitola (DE-588)4088399-1 g Stobi (DE-588)4077912-9 g Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=020688047&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=020688047&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
| spellingShingle | Gerasimovska, Dafina Ulogata na živeališteto vo kulturata na živeenje niz antikata vo R. Makedonija Wohnkultur (DE-588)4117674-1 gnd Lebensraum (DE-588)4120658-7 gnd Ausgrabung (DE-588)4129464-6 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4117674-1 (DE-588)4120658-7 (DE-588)4129464-6 (DE-588)1181214262 (DE-588)4077912-9 (DE-588)4088399-1 |
| title | Ulogata na živeališteto vo kulturata na živeenje niz antikata vo R. Makedonija |
| title_auth | Ulogata na živeališteto vo kulturata na živeenje niz antikata vo R. Makedonija |
| title_exact_search | Ulogata na živeališteto vo kulturata na živeenje niz antikata vo R. Makedonija |
| title_full | Ulogata na živeališteto vo kulturata na živeenje niz antikata vo R. Makedonija Dafina Gerasimovska |
| title_fullStr | Ulogata na živeališteto vo kulturata na živeenje niz antikata vo R. Makedonija Dafina Gerasimovska |
| title_full_unstemmed | Ulogata na živeališteto vo kulturata na živeenje niz antikata vo R. Makedonija Dafina Gerasimovska |
| title_short | Ulogata na živeališteto vo kulturata na živeenje niz antikata vo R. Makedonija |
| title_sort | ulogata na zivealisteto vo kulturata na ziveenje niz antikata vo r makedonija |
| topic | Wohnkultur (DE-588)4117674-1 gnd Lebensraum (DE-588)4120658-7 gnd Ausgrabung (DE-588)4129464-6 gnd |
| topic_facet | Wohnkultur Lebensraum Ausgrabung Nordmazedonien Stobi Bitola |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=020688047&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=020688047&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT gerasimovskadafina ulogatanazivealistetovokulturatanaziveenjenizantikatavormakedonija |