Memorial album of Zrínyi: the hero of Szigetvár was born 500 years ago
Gespeichert in:
| Hauptverfasser: | , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Budapest
Hung. Official Journal Publ.
2009
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Abstract Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | 152 S. zahlr. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. |
| ISBN: | 9789639722712 |
Internformat
MARC
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| 264 | 1 | |a Budapest |b Hung. Official Journal Publ. |c 2009 | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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|---|---|
| adam_text | Table
of Contents
Hungarian foreword
.............................................. 7
Croatian foreword
................................................ 9
1.
The Life and Death of
Miklós
Zrínyi ...............................
11
The life of the hero of
Szigetvár
................................. 13
Pictures, documents and letters in connection with the biography
.. 23
Letters from Zrinyi s time as chief captain
....................... 37
2.
The siege of
Szigetvár
in
1566
and the heroic death of
Miklós Zrínyi
... 43
The short history of the siege
................................... 45
3.
Engravings
..................................................... 57
4.
Paintings
...................................................... 81
5.
Sculptures
..................................................... 99
6.
Photos of
Szigetvár
memorials
................................... 107
Appendix
........................................................ 119
A chronology of Zrinyi s life
........................................ 121
Selected bibliography on
Miklós Zrínyi
and the siege of
Szigetvár
......... 129
Picture list
...................................................... 146
Resume
........................................................ 148
-5-
Resume
According to historical accounts
Miklós
Zrínyi
was born in a Croatian aristocratic family,
500
years ago, in
1508.
This illustrated memorial book is an omnibus of the historical, literary
and artistic traditions dedicated to the memory of the Hungarian and Croatian patriot, the hero
of
Szigetvár.
No similar book has been published in Hungary yet, although
a Zrínyi
Album was
published as early as in
1587
in Wittenberg containing several articles commemorating the
siege of
Sziget
and the heroism of the defenders. The memorial album
-
staying true to its genre
-
features papers and numerous documents from Zrinyi s and later ages dealing with his life,
work and fights to bring this historical figure closer to the contemporary reader, together with
drawings and pictures. The hero of
Szigetvár
accomplished his work in a period of about twen¬
ty years, as he lived for a mere fifty years. This short career, however, produced a profuse lega¬
cy. The reasons behind this are that
Zrínyi
was an important figure in more than one country s
history and held several important functions through his life (Ban of Croatia and
Slavonia,
Hungarian treasurer, captain-general of
Szigetvár
and Transdanubia, Lord Lieutenant
[főis¬
pán]
of two counties), and, most importantly, made a fame with his fight against the Turks. As
a Croatian and Hungarian aristocrat, he protected both the Croatian and the Hungarian terri¬
tories, the interests of both the Habsburgs and the Germans. His successful fight against the
Turks made him renowned as a general throughout Europe, and his heroic death earned him a
lasting fame. Historical accounts about him and the siege of
Szigetvár
appeared as early as in
the 16th century, and today we have numerous historical and literary works, heroic poems,
poems, engravings, paintings and statues. In addition to the short historical account, the
memorial book also provides a rich selection from the documents, literary and artistic works
dealing with Zrinyi s life, heroic death and the siege of
Szigetvár
of the last
500
years.
The first part of the book deals with Zrinyi s life. The introductory part sums up the rele¬
vant past and present literature, and presents
Zrínyi,
the Croatian and the Hungarian aristo¬
crat, the fight against the Turks and Zrinyi s various functions. A short account of the
Zrínyi
family is followed by that of
Miklós
Zrinyi s upbringing, youth and his rivalry with his brother,
János
for acquiring estates. After killing Katzianer, the captain-general of
Krajina,
the brothers
earned a high reward from the King, gained power and prestige, and became members of the
high aristocracy. At the attempt for recapturing
Buda ini
542,
Zrínyi
showed his military talent
to the most famous generals, and King Ferdinand I appointed him Ban of Croatia and
Slavonia.
However,
Zrínyi
was often deprived of his regular benefits as the Ban, and was forced to gain
more estates to support his income, thus becoming one of the largest landholders of Hungary
by
1552.
Gradually, he became more attached to the Hungarians who accompanied him in his
fights and on his estates, and his rising career and power made him part of the Hungarian pub¬
lic life. His friends included Transdanubian Hungarian aristocrats, and all the six of his daugh¬
ters married Hungarian aristocrats. After
1544,
Zrínyi
led an army against the Turks who
threatened Croatia almost every single year. Despite the continuous peace talks and peace
treaties between the King and the Sultan, Turkish incursions became more and more frequent.
Although the King forbade retaliation.
Zrínyi
attacked the Turks several times. During the siege
of
Szigetvár
in
1556,
he gathered forces with
Tamás Nádasdy
and besieged the fortress of
Babócsa
to detract Turkish forces from
Szigetvár.
His plan succeeded and
АИ
Pasha gave up the
-148-
fight. On August
14, 1556,
after
14
years,
Miklós
Zrínyi
resigned from his position as the Ban.
His army s insufficient equipment, the lack of appropriate support from Vienna, his limited
powers as the Ban and his passionate and authoritative personality all played a role in making
this decision. One year later he was appointed treasurer
-
the third highest feudal position
-
which provided him with a decent status, but still left him without real power and function. In
the forthcoming years, he engaged himself in Hungarian home affairs, he even became Lord
Lieutenant (in Hungarian
főispán)
of
Baranya
and
Tolna
counties from
1560
but politics alone
did not satisfy him. After
Markó Horváth
died, he applied for the position of castellan of
Sziget,
which he received in October
1561.
His sphere of activities and authority became wider when
he was appointed captain-general of the Transdanubian territory in early
1564.
From
1565,
the
pro-war party started gaining prevalence in Suleiman s Court and it soon became obvious that
the Sultan was getting ready for a great campaign. From the spring of
1566,
Zrínyi
started to
prepare his castle for the siege. On
5
August, the Turkish ring of siege around
Sziget
closed in,
and on
7
October the defenders of
Sziget
led by
Zrínyi
broke out of the burning castle, and al¬
most all of them died a heroic death.
Zrínyi
defended the Hungarian and Croatian homeland with all his assets and by risking
and sacrificing his own life. And exactly that is what differentiated him from the noblemen of
his time. He engaged in incessant fight against the Turks without any reservation regardless of
exhaustion or the possibility of losing his life. Ever since he died, he was considered one of the
greatest countrymen in Croatia, Hungary and the
Habsburg
Empire, and even the Turks appre¬
ciated and admired his bravery and heroism.
The study ends with a list of the most important sources and a bibliography.
The volume presents biographic pictures, documents, letters, several versions of the
Zrínyi
family s coat of arms, the picture of the two
Habsburg
emperors, the last two pages from
Mik¬
lós Zrínyi s
last will and testament, and further documents and letters previously not published
in Hungarian that played an important role in
Zrínyi s
life: in his promotion as the Croatian
Ban; on swearing an everlasting fellowship and friendship with
Tamás Nádasdy;
on the resig¬
nation from his position as the Ban; on his appointment as treasurer and later captain-general
of the Transdanubian region; on his application to King
Maximñian
for receiving the captain¬
ship of the
Szigetvár
castle.
From the time of his service as captain, we can mainly get hold of King Ferdinand s and
King Maximilian s correspondence with the treasury in Bratislava, discussing mostly financial
difficulties. The letter disclosing
Zrínyi s
appointment as the captain of
Szigetvár
and defining
his allowances can also be found among these letters. After
Zrínyi s
letter of account to the King
containing a detailed description of his income, we can read
Kristóf Nádasdy
s
famous letter to
his wife, written in August
1566
reporting on the serious state of
Szigetvár:
„Only God can help
Sziget.
The second part deals with the siege of
Szigetvár
(1566)
and
Zrínyi s
heroic death.
In this summary we can get familiar with the short story of the siege. According to the
sources, an estimated
2,300
armed soldiers defended
Szigetvár
(including
150
citizens). The
soldiers family members probably added up to the same number.
20
percent of the soldiers
were Croatian, and a few Germans contributed, too. Although available data are rather contro¬
versial, the conquerors numbers probably amounted to
100,000,
though this number did not
-149-
include
only „proper and irregular soldiers but the several thousand Christian peasants as well
with their carts and horses dragged by the Turks to help them with the different operations car¬
ried out during the siege.
On
5
August the Turkish ring of siege around
Sziget
closed in. The Turks started besieging
the New Town. By the third day,
300
Sziget
soldiers had lost their lives in the continuous fight.
On
9
August
Zrínyi
had the district evacuated and set it ablaze together with the bridge leading
to the Old Town. The Turks seized the New Town and started besieging the Old Town. Between
14
and
19
August they kept bombarding the walls and bringing up reserves of fresh soldiers in
order to exhaust the defenders of the castle. The never-ceasing siege lasting for
10
days claimed
the lives of
1,200
men, so
Zrínyi
gave order for the evacuation and the burning-down of the city.
In the meantime, the Turks cut the embankment and drained the castle pond. In the ditch, they
raised two high siege banks which enabled them to attack the two keeps. The besiegers started
firing at both keeps on
24
August. Between August
26
and September
1
they carried out seven
attacks against the castle, the largest of them on August
29
(the Sultan s lucky day). That day
the Sultan joined in the battle personally and addressed his janissary soldiers with encourag¬
ing words. On
2
September the Turks started laying landmines which were exploded on
5
September. In the stormy wind the fire spread quickly, and, though
Zrínyi
and his small
group drove back the invading Turks, the peace of their midday break was disturbed by an
immense detonation. The massive quantity of gunpowder placed under the ramparts of the
Nádasdy
Bastion by the Hungarians exploded. The enemy fled the castle, and
Zrínyi
gave order
to retreat to the inner castle, which could serve as a shelter for only
200
of his soldiers. Here they
spent two nights and one day without firearms, food or water. On
7
September, the Turks were
ordered to set the inner castle on fire, and the buildings were soon in flames.
Zrínyi
realised that
his group will not be able to hold out any longer: he and his men broke out of their shelter right
into the Turks arms, and the defenders of the castle died a heroic death. Suleiman could not
live to witness their victory as he died on
6
September in his tent set up on the field of
Turbék.
The brave defenders of
Sziget
accomplished what they were ordered, namely to exhaust, weak¬
en and demoralize the Sultan s army, and they absorbed the Turks time for the campaign. By
making the most of their modest equipment, the cavalry under Zrinyi s command held out for
as long as possible, causing an extremely large number of casualties
(
approximately
25,000
sol¬
diers) to the enemy. Among Suleiman s European campaigns this was the one which cost the
most of his men s lives.
The short description of the siege is followed by a list of the most important resources and
a bibliography, illustrations of contemporary fliers and finally Matthias
Zündt s
map of Hun¬
gary depicting the military events going of the year
1566.
The thesis is followed by contemporary descriptions of the
1566
events. Concerning the
siege of the fortress of
Sziget,
we have been provided with accounts from both sides describing
the course of events with more or less authenticity. The descriptions are popular in Hungary
and other European countries, but the
Szigetvár
events are considered important by the Turks
as well. This volume contains three accounts of eyewitnesses. An account called Report and sum¬
mary made on the basis of a testimony of an extraordinary herald, relating to the occupation of
Szigetvár
on
7
September,
1566
was written on September
10
in
Győr,
where King Maximilian s relief troops
were garrisoned. These are the accounts on the heroic defence of
Szigetvár
of a Hungarian
-150-
infantryman, who was sent by the Turks to the King as a herald. This account was saved to pos¬
terity in the Dresden archives. Another eyewitness was the Croatian
Ferenc Cserenko
or
Crnko,
Zrinyi s valet, who became a Turkish captive after the fall of the fortress. After his release he
wrote his memoirs in Croatian, which were translated into Latin by a historian from Laibach
called
Sámuel
Budina.
His work, The story of
Szigetvár,
the strongest bastion of whole
Slavonia,
which
the Turkish emperor Suleiman occupied and took away from the Christians in
1566,
was published in
Vienna in
1568,
and later that year translated into German, and during the following years an
Italian translation was made as well. He made it possible for whole Europe to get an insight into
the heroic defence of
Szigetvár,
and the description was used by
János Zsámboki
for his Bonfini
publication in
1581,
by the Croatian
Karnarutič
for his epic poem published in
1584,
and by the
poet,
Miklós Zrínyi,
for his epic: The Peril of
Sziget.
The third eyewitness was the Turkish Selaniki
Mustafa, the
Rumelian
Beylerbey s Quran-reader, who was one of the Sultan s close associates.
With his diary-like work, the Description of Selaniki Mustafa about the siege of
Szigetvár,
he is regard¬
ed as the most elaborate and precise Ottoman chronicler.
The historical descriptions are illustrated with well-known European and Turkish prints
depicting the events of the siege of
Szigetvár.
These include works from famous artists like
Matthias
Zündt
or
Domenico Zenoi,
and from several well-known and lesser known Hungarian
masters.
The third part of the illustrated memorial book lists examples of literary and art works pre¬
senting the continuing presence of
Miklós Zrínyi
in the memory of later generations.
In the section entitled
Zrínyi
traditions and memories in Croatian and Hungarian literature,
Kár¬
oly
Jung, poet, university professor, and ethnographer introduces us to the rich historical and
literary heritage of the
Zrínyi
tradition among the Southern Slavs (Croatian, Serbian, Bosnian),
from the aspect of folk literature and popular literature. Most of these works are glorifications
of real people and events closely connected to the siege and the defence of
Szigetvár
and Zrinyi s
heroism. Jung provides us with another voluminous group of Balkan folk literature traditions
containing songs and epic songs featuring the hero of
Szigetvár
as the protagonist or a second¬
ary character in fictitious events. The author gives a critical account of the results of Hungarian
and Croatian
Zrínyi
researches, and examines the manuscript of the selected parts of the so-
called
Murántúli Daloskönyv
(Epic
Songbook
from Over the River
Mura),
together with the
Zrí¬
nyi
song and its different versions found in the
Mártonhelyi Daloskönyv (Mártonhely
or Martjanci
Epic
Songbook ).
Finally, Jung provides us with two Croatian epic-songs about
Zrínyi
in his own
translation: About the Siege of
Szigetvár
and A Song about the
Sziget
Strife in
1566.
The Croatian and
Hungarian versions of the above mentioned songs are to be found following the author s study.
The chapter entitled Hungarian Literary Selection contains poems and epigrams from
Miklós
Zrínyi,
the poet;
Pál Ányos; László Szentjóbi Szabó; Ferenc Kölcsey; Mihály Vörösmarty; János
Garay and Zsigmond Móricz,
as well as excerpts from
Dávid Baróti Szabó and Mór
Jókai s
tragedy. This volume presents the fifth part of
Miklós Zrinyi s
The Peril of
Sziget,
in which the
poet describes the brave defenders of
Sziget
and Zrinyi s preparation for the defence of the
fortress: the hero of
Sziget
fortress thoroughly checks and observes everything, writes a letter
to the sovereign, says farewell to his son,
György,
and finally gives a speech to his soldiers on
the motives of their fight:
-151-
„We have to fight not for any reason
But for our beloved, Christian homeland,
For our Lord, our children and wives,
For our own honour and lives.
In the same verse he defines the soldiers mission, too:
„The eyes of the great Christian world are set on us,
In our brave hands lies all the hope.
In the Portrayals of
Zrínyi
in Fine Arts section several illustrations of
Zrínyi
and depictions of
the siege of
1566
are presented.
The most famous print, which can be seen on the book s cover, is Matthias
Zündt s Zrínyi
depiction from
1566.
Apart from the works of famous European masters like
Nicolo Nelli,
Jenichen
Balthasar
and Dominicus
Custos,
the volume offers a selection of the works of sever¬
al lesser known German contemporaries and of other well-known and lesser known Hungarian
lithographers from the later centuries.
The masters of the earliest paintings are unknown. They are followed by the works of
famous masters like
Stephan Dorffmeister,
Josef Kriehuber and
Johann
Peter Kraft. Among
the Hungarian painters works, the best-known are made by
Miklós Barabás, Bertalan Székely
and Tivadar Csontvary Kosztka. The latest
portrait was painted by
Győző Somogyi
at the end of
the 20th century, placing
Miklós Zrínyi
in the Portrait Gallery of Hungarian Heroes.
There are very sculptures depicting
Miklós Zrínyi
of
Szigetvár
in Hungary. The most well-
known of them is
István Gerendái
s lion
sculpture from
1878,
which can be found at the Main
Square of
Szigetvár. József Róna s Zrínyi
sculpture from
1902
can be found at
Kodály körönd
(circus
)
in the capital, Budapest. In
Pécs, Gyula Kőszeghy
gave homage to World War I soldiers
with his
Zrínyi
bust in
1926.
József Somogyi s
statue in the Castle of
Szigetvár
from
1968,
has
always divided public opinion. The latest
Zrínyi
bust was placed next to the Turkish sculptor,
Metin
Yurdanur s Suleiman bust
(1997)
in the Park of Turkish-Hungarian Friendship near
Szigetvár.
The section ends with the photographs of the
Zrínyi
memories of
Szigetvár.
In the castle,
old and new memorial plaques, the bust of the historian,
Miklós Istvánffy,
and the foundations
of the tower excavated in the inner castle commemorate the age and heroic deeds of
Miklós Zrí¬
nyi.
The picture of the plaque at the Town Hall and the photos taken in the Park of Turkish-
Hungarian Friendship exist peacefully next to each other.
The Appendix contains the
Zrínyi
Chronology, a selected
Zrínyi
bibliography and a pic¬
ture list.
-152-
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Villám, Judit Jónás, Károly |
| author_facet | Villám, Judit Jónás, Károly |
| author_role | aut aut |
| author_sort | Villám, Judit |
| author_variant | j v jv k j kj |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV036758630 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)705946401 (DE-599)BVBBV036758630 |
| era | Geschichte gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte |
| format | Book |
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| genre | (DE-588)4145395-5 Bildband gnd-content (DE-588)4006804-3 Biografie 1508-1566 gnd-content |
| genre_facet | Bildband Biografie 1508-1566 |
| id | DE-604.BV036758630 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T22:47:27Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9789639722712 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-020675726 |
| oclc_num | 705946401 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 |
| physical | 152 S. zahlr. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. |
| publishDate | 2009 |
| publishDateSearch | 2009 |
| publishDateSort | 2009 |
| publisher | Hung. Official Journal Publ. |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Villám, Judit Verfasser aut Zrínyi-emlékalbum Memorial album of Zrínyi the hero of Szigetvár was born 500 years ago [authors of the studies ... Judit Villám] ; ; [the cronology and bibliography ... was comp. Károly Jónás] Budapest Hung. Official Journal Publ. 2009 152 S. zahlr. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Zrinski, Nikola 1508-1566 (DE-588)118808591 gnd rswk-swf Geschichte gnd rswk-swf Türkenkrieg 1545-1569 (DE-588)4289396-3 gnd rswk-swf Belagerung von Szigetvár 1566 (DE-588)4211935-2 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)4145395-5 Bildband gnd-content (DE-588)4006804-3 Biografie 1508-1566 gnd-content Zrinski, Nikola 1508-1566 (DE-588)118808591 p DE-604 Belagerung von Szigetvár 1566 (DE-588)4211935-2 s Türkenkrieg 1545-1569 (DE-588)4289396-3 s Geschichte z Jónás, Károly Verfasser aut Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=020675726&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=020675726&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Villám, Judit Jónás, Károly Memorial album of Zrínyi the hero of Szigetvár was born 500 years ago Zrinski, Nikola 1508-1566 (DE-588)118808591 gnd Türkenkrieg 1545-1569 (DE-588)4289396-3 gnd Belagerung von Szigetvár 1566 (DE-588)4211935-2 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)118808591 (DE-588)4289396-3 (DE-588)4211935-2 (DE-588)4145395-5 (DE-588)4006804-3 |
| title | Memorial album of Zrínyi the hero of Szigetvár was born 500 years ago |
| title_alt | Zrínyi-emlékalbum |
| title_auth | Memorial album of Zrínyi the hero of Szigetvár was born 500 years ago |
| title_exact_search | Memorial album of Zrínyi the hero of Szigetvár was born 500 years ago |
| title_full | Memorial album of Zrínyi the hero of Szigetvár was born 500 years ago [authors of the studies ... Judit Villám] ; ; [the cronology and bibliography ... was comp. Károly Jónás] |
| title_fullStr | Memorial album of Zrínyi the hero of Szigetvár was born 500 years ago [authors of the studies ... Judit Villám] ; ; [the cronology and bibliography ... was comp. Károly Jónás] |
| title_full_unstemmed | Memorial album of Zrínyi the hero of Szigetvár was born 500 years ago [authors of the studies ... Judit Villám] ; ; [the cronology and bibliography ... was comp. Károly Jónás] |
| title_short | Memorial album of Zrínyi |
| title_sort | memorial album of zrinyi the hero of szigetvar was born 500 years ago |
| title_sub | the hero of Szigetvár was born 500 years ago |
| topic | Zrinski, Nikola 1508-1566 (DE-588)118808591 gnd Türkenkrieg 1545-1569 (DE-588)4289396-3 gnd Belagerung von Szigetvár 1566 (DE-588)4211935-2 gnd |
| topic_facet | Zrinski, Nikola 1508-1566 Türkenkrieg 1545-1569 Belagerung von Szigetvár 1566 Bildband Biografie 1508-1566 |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=020675726&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=020675726&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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