Resolving ecosystem complexity:
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Princeton [u.a.]
Princeton Univ. Press
2010
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| Schriftenreihe: | Monographs in population biology
44 |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | XVI, 173 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 9780691128481 9780691128498 |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804143397752012800 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Titel: Resolving ecosystem complexity
Autor: Schmitz, Oswald J.
Jahr: 2010
Contents
List of Illustrations ix
List of Tables xiii
Preface xv
1. Introduction 1
Philosophical Musings 2
Explaining Contingency: A Worldview 4
Contingency and Emergence 5
Preparing the Mind for Discovery 7
Structure of the Book 8
2. Conceptualizing Ecosystem Structure 10
Abstracting Complexity 11
Whole System vs. Building Blocks Approach 13
Defining Species Interaction Modules 15
Identifying Interaction Modules in a Grassland Ecosystem 16
Conception of Ecosystem Structure 20
3. Trophic Dynamics: Why Is the World Green? 23
Trophic Control as an Emergent Property of Resource
Limitation 24
Explaining Contingency in Trophic Control of Ecosystem
Function 26
The Nature of Resource Limitation and Trophic Control of
Food Chains 28
The Mechanism Switching Hypothesis of Trophic Control 32
Effects of Herbivore Feeding Mode 36
Collective Effects of Herbivore Species with Different
Feeding Modes 38
Plant-Antiherbivore Defense and Strength of Trophic Control 39
Herbivore Resource Selection and Ecosystem Function 41
Stoichiornetry and Herbivore Resource Use 42
vi CONTENTS
Resource Selection and Ecosystem Function 43
Herbivore Indirect Effects and Engineering of Green Worlds 46
Herbivore-Mediated Carnivore Indirect Effects on Ecosystems 47
Carnivore Indirect Effects on Plant Diversity 47
Carnivore Indirect Effects on Ecosystem Function 50
4. The Green World and the Brown Chain 55
Conceptualizing Functions along Detritus-Based Chains 56
Resource Limitation and Trophic Control 57
Trophic Control of Decomposition 59
Trophic Control of Mineralization 61
Mechanisms of Top-Down Control 62
Trophic Coupling between Detritus-Based and
Plant-Based Chains 64
5. The Evolutionary Ecology of Trophic Control in Ecosystems 68
Carnivore Species and the Nature of Trophic Interactions
in an Old-Field System 69
Carnivore Hunting Mode and the Nature of Trophic Interactions 74
The Evolutionary Ecology of Trophic Cascades 86
6. The Whole and the Parts 99
Developing Predictive Theory for Emergence 100
Contingency and Carnivore Diversity Effects on Ecosystems 101
Carnivore Diversity and Emergent Effects on Ecosystem
Function 106
Shifting Down One Trophic Level: Intermediate Species
Diversity and Ecosystem Function 110
Herbivore Diversity and Mediation of Top-Down Control
of Ecosystem Function 112
Detritivore Diversity and Mediation of Top-Down Control
of Ecosystem Function 117
The Basal Trophic Level: Plant Diversity and Ecosystem Function 118
Functional Classifications 119
Resource Identity Effects on Trophic Interactions 121
Moving Forward on Functional Diversity and Ecosystem Function 122
7. The Ecological Theater and the Evolutionary Ecological Play 125
Phenotypic Variation and State-Dependent Trade-Offs 127
Attacked Plants Attract Predators 129
CONTENTS vii
Predators That Avoid Predation 130
The Nonconsumptive Basis of Trophic Transfer Efficiencies 132
Trophic Interactions in a Changing Theater 133
Rapid Change in Hunting Strategy 135
Landscapes of Fear and Ecosystem Management 135
Closing Remarks 139
References 143
Index 167
List of Illustrations
Figure 1.1. Hypothetical case in which the relationship between a 3
treatment and response variable is deduced by identifying
an average trend among data compiled from numerous, local
experiments.
Figure 2.1. Generic conceptualization of ecosystem structure depicting 12
the live plant-based food chain and the detritus-based food
chain that are common aboveground components of all
ecosystems.
Figure 2.2. Hypothetical food web comprised of species of carnivores, 17
herbivores, and plants illustrating the idea that envisioning
the whole system as a collection of food chain subsystems
might reduce complexity.
Figure 2.3. Results from field experiments examining the interplay 18
among carnivore, focal herbivore species and plants to
illustrate how quantifying interaction strengths of carni-
vores on herbivores and carnivores on plants can lead to
identification of a dominant interaction web that is amenable
to experimental analysis of ecosystem functioning in the field
Figure 3.1. Extending classic HSS theory to explain ecosystem 25
function. Carnivore indirect effects on plant community
composition and on ecosystem functions determined by the
direct causal chain running from predators, through herbi-
vores, through plant community composition.
Figure 3.2. Qualitative predictions generated from mechanistic 31
theory of food chain interactions in which herbivores
face relative and absolute resource limitation.
Figure 3.3. Results of an experiment that manipulated abiotic con- 33
ditions and trophic structure to reveal the nature of trophic
control of a grassland ecosystem comprised of herbaceous
vegetation, a generalist grasshopper herbivore, and a wolf
spider carnivore.
list of illustrations
Figure 3.4. Locations of the three grassland ecosystems that were the 34
subject of experiments testing for trophic cascades.
Figure 3.5. Relationship between the magnitude of direct effects of 37
carnivores on herbivores and indirect effect of carnivores
on plant biomass.
Figure 3.6. Results of an experiment demonstrating the effects of 40
manipulating trophic structure (2-level plants and herbi-
vores vs. 3-level plants, herbivores, and carnivores) and
plant antiherbivore defense (Undefended and Defended)
on the strength of top-down control.
Figure 3.7. Effects of elk herbivory on Yellowstone National Park 45
grassland ecosystem properties and functions.
Figure 3.8. Effects of moose herbivory on Isle Roy ale National Park 46
forest ecosystem properties and functions.
Figure 3.9. Examples of indirect effects of top carnivores on plant 49
diversity.
Figure 3.10. Effects of trophic level manipulations on composition of 52
the plant community, plant diversity (evenness), and eco-
system functions (nitrogen mineralization rate, net primary
productivity).
Figure 4.1 Conceptualization of the way carnivore trophic effects 58
may propagate in detritus-based food chains to affect
important ecosystem functions such as decomposition
and elemental mineralization.
Figure 4.2. Relationship between the magnitude of direct effects 60
of carnivores on detritivores and indirect effect of
carnivores on detrital decomposition rates.
Figure 5.1. Habitat use by grasshoppers in the New England meadow 70
ecosystem in the presence and absence of different spider
species.
Figure 5.2. Top: Effects of spider carnivore identity on the cage 72
density of grasshoppers in experimental old-field inter-
action webs relative to a no-predator control. Lower:
Effects of trophic level manipulations on grass and herb
biomass in experimental field mesocosm cages.
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS xi
Figure 5.3. Demonstration of movement measurements needed to 82
calculate predator species habitat domain.
Figure 5.4. Illustration of the habitat domain concept. Prey habitat 84
domain is depicted as a vertical rectangle; predator habitat
domain is depicted as a horizontal ellipse.
Figure 5.5. Synthesis of prey antipredator responses in relation to 85
prey and predator habitat domain and predator hunting
mode.
Figure 5.6. Nature of emergent top-down cascading effects cases 87
involving different prey behavioral responses to predators
with different hunting modes and habitat domains.
Figure 5.7 Food web topologies and indirect effects resulting from 88
consumptive and nonconsumptive effects of carnivores on
herbivores.
Figure 5.8. Relationship between the magnitude of direct effects of 90
carnivores on herbivores and indirect effect of carnivores
on plant biomass.
Figure 5.9. Hypothesized predator indirect effects on plant community 92
composition and on ecosystem functions. Predators can
influence ecosystem function via the direct causal chain
running from predators, through herbivores, through plant
community composition.
Figure 5.10. Effects of manipulating predator hunting mode on the 94
composition of the meadow plant community.
Figure 5.11. Effects of manipulating predator hunting mode on three 96
key ecosystem functions.
Figure 6.1. Working hypothesis for four contingent multiple carnivore 105
effects on a common prey species derived from an empiri-
cal synthesis of multiple carnivore experiments.
Figure 6.2. Effect of experimentally manipulating the relative abun-
dance of two species of spider carnivores with different
functional iden-tities (active hunting, sit-and-wait) on
ecosystem properties and functions in a New England
grassland.
108
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
Figure 6.3. Indirect effects of carnivorous fish diversity on two 111
stream eco-system attributes: detrital accumulation
and algal production.
Figure 6.4. Effects of trophic manipulations and herbivore diversity 114
on the strength of top-down control in an old-field ecosys-
tem comprised of plants, a generalist grasshopper herbi-
vore whose habitat domain is the entire vegetation canopy,
a grass specialist grasshopper whose habitat domain is the
grass portion of the canopy, and the sit-and-wait spider
predator that resides in the upper canopy.
Figure 6.5. Effects of trophic manipulations and herbivore identity 116
and diversity on the strength of top-down control in an
experimental eelgrass community comprised of eelgrass,
algae, and epiphytic plants, various species of isopod and
amphipod herbivores, and the blue crab.
List of Tables
Table 5.1. Summary of studies that explicitly explored the effects of 76
multiple predator species with different hunting modes
and habitat domains on the antipredator behavior of a
single prey species.
Table 5.2. Summary of studies that explicitly explored the responses 78
of different prey species with different habitat use to the
same predator species.
Table 5.3. Predicted predator indirect effects on ecosystem properties 97
and functions precipitated either by predator-caused changes
in herbivore density (a consumptive effect) or changes in
herbivore adaptive foraging (a nonconsumptive effect).
|
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| isbn | 9780691128481 9780691128498 |
| language | English |
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| physical | XVI, 173 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| publishDate | 2010 |
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| publisher | Princeton Univ. Press |
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| series | Monographs in population biology |
| series2 | Monographs in population biology |
| spelling | Schmitz, Oswald J. 1959- Verfasser (DE-588)1120709679 aut Resolving ecosystem complexity Oswald J. Schmitz Princeton [u.a.] Princeton Univ. Press 2010 XVI, 173 S. Ill., graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Monographs in population biology 44 Biotic communities Ecosystem management Biodiversity conservation Biodiversität (DE-588)4601495-0 gnd rswk-swf Ökosystem (DE-588)4043216-6 gnd rswk-swf Biodiversität (DE-588)4601495-0 s Ökosystem (DE-588)4043216-6 s DE-604 Monographs in population biology 44 (DE-604)BV000002837 44 HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=020658088&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Schmitz, Oswald J. 1959- Resolving ecosystem complexity Monographs in population biology Biotic communities Ecosystem management Biodiversity conservation Biodiversität (DE-588)4601495-0 gnd Ökosystem (DE-588)4043216-6 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4601495-0 (DE-588)4043216-6 |
| title | Resolving ecosystem complexity |
| title_auth | Resolving ecosystem complexity |
| title_exact_search | Resolving ecosystem complexity |
| title_full | Resolving ecosystem complexity Oswald J. Schmitz |
| title_fullStr | Resolving ecosystem complexity Oswald J. Schmitz |
| title_full_unstemmed | Resolving ecosystem complexity Oswald J. Schmitz |
| title_short | Resolving ecosystem complexity |
| title_sort | resolving ecosystem complexity |
| topic | Biotic communities Ecosystem management Biodiversity conservation Biodiversität (DE-588)4601495-0 gnd Ökosystem (DE-588)4043216-6 gnd |
| topic_facet | Biotic communities Ecosystem management Biodiversity conservation Biodiversität Ökosystem |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=020658088&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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