Episcopia Greco-Catolică de Făgăraş în timpul păstoririi lui Ioan Lemeni: 1832 - 1850 2 Episcopul Ioan Lemeni şi biserica sa în vâltoarea vremurilor
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Cluj-Napoca
Argonaut
2008
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| Schriftenreihe: | Documente, istorie, mărturii
Documente, istorie, mărturii |
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| ISBN: | 9789731091822 |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Episcopia Greco-Catolică de Făgăraş în timpul păstoririi lui Ioan Lemeni |b 1832 - 1850 |n 2 |p Episcopul Ioan Lemeni şi biserica sa în vâltoarea vremurilor |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804143388334751744 |
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| adam_text | CUPRINS
VOLUMUL
2
EPISCOPUL IOAN LEMENI ŞI BISERICA SA
ÎN VÂLTOAREA VREMURILOR
CAPITOLUL
VI
BISERICA UNITĂ ÎN MIJLOCUL DISPUTELOR POLITICE DIN
DECENIILE PREPAŞOPTISTE
................................................................7
1.
Biserica Romano-Catolică în timpul pontificatului lui Grigore XVI
......7
1.1.
Aspectele politice
........................................................................8
1.2.
Problema naţională şi relaţia biserică-stat
.............................13
1.3.
Problema catolicismului în Rusia
.............................................16
2.
Poziţia statului austriac faţă de Biserica Catolică
............................17
3.
Relaţia stat
—
biserică: cazul diecezei unite de Făgăraş
...................20
4.
Implicarea episcopului Lemeni în viaţa politică până la Revoluţia
din
1848............................................................................................29
4.1.
Problema limbii şi ideea naţională
...........................................40
4.2.
Ideea transformării soborului diecezan în congres naţional
.... 50
CAPITOLUL
PROCESUL
LEMENIAN
______________________...........................61
1.
Poziţia Bisericii Romano-Catolice faţă de indiferentismul religios şi
teoriile liberale. Faţă în faţă:
Lamennais
şi Grigore XVI
................61
2.
Preliminariile procesului
lemenian
..................................................68
3.
Constituirea celor două tabere
..........................................................80
3.1.
Tabăra protestatarilor: radicali şi moderaţi
...............................80
3.2.
Tabăra pro-episcopală
.............................................................128
4.
Acuzaţiile formulate la adresa conducerii episcopiei de Făgăraş
.....148
4.1.
Aspectele financiare
................................................................149
4.2.
Problema şcolară
.....................................................................157
4.3.
Problema ideologică şi a sistemului de conducere a bisericii...
.166
4.3.1.
Sinodul diecezan
..........................................................184
4.3.2.
Subordonarea faţă de arhiepiscopia de
Esztergom
......189
4.3.3.
Problema autorităţii episcopului
..................................190
4.4.
Problema morală
.....................................................................196
5.
Dieceza de Făgăraş la sfârşitul „războiului civil
..........................216
CAPITOLUL
МП
DIECEZA DE FĂGĂRAŞ ÎNTRE
1848
ŞI
1850.
SFÂRŞITUL
PĂSTORIRII LUI IOAN LEMENI
.......................................................224
1.
Poziţia papei
Pius
IX
faţă de curentele ideologice ale vremii şi faţă de
Revoluţie. Observaţii teoretice
...........................................................224
2.
Poziţia lui
loan
Lemeni în timpul Revoluţiei de la
1848-1849......228
3.
Demiterea episcopului
loan
Lemeni
...............................................285
4.
Funcţionarea diecezei de Făgăraş între
1848
şi
1850.
Aspecte ale
vieţii bisericeşti
...............................................................................302
5.
loan
Lemeni în exil
.........................................................................335
6.
Moartea episcopului
loan
Lemeni şi aducerea osemintelor sale la
Blaj
..................................................................................................348
CAPITOLUL
IX
PORTRETUL EPISCOPULUI IOAN LEMENI
.................................350
CONCLUZII
.............................................................................................372
ABSTARCT
................................................................................................378
BIBLIOGRAFIE
.......................................................................................382
INDICE GENERAL.....
.....................„......................................................400
CUPRINS GENERAL
..............................................................................428
6
ABSTRACT
The period
1832-1850
was characterized by the existence of numerous
elements of continuity compared to the previous one, being marked by the
stronger and stronger affirmation of new political and national ideologies,
which prepared the outbreak of the great revolution. It turned into a reference
point both in the history of Transylvania and in the history of the
Uniate
Church, a terminus post quern, a temporal milestone for the evolutions that took
place in any field of the political or church life. That is why the expressions
before
1848 -
prepaşoptist ,
respectively after
1848 -
postpaşoptist
tend to become criteria of separation and comparison of the way the church
institution evolved during the nineteenth century. This tendency, visible in the
history analyses, can be misleading, because the years
1848,1850
or
1853
do
not mark a new beginning in the history of the Greek-Catholic Church of
Transylvania, but just another step in its evolution along its existence. The
realities that characterized the functioning of the church in the first half of the
nineteenth century do not disappear suddenly with the revolution, but continue
afterwards, adjusting gradually to a new context, to new challenges. The
foundation of the
Uniate
Metropolitan Seat did not lead to an internal
revolution in the church and did not shatter institutional structures that had
reached maturity and an obvious functionality. It modeled them, acting in view
of uniformization in the conditions of binding the traditions from the
environment of
Blaj, Oradea
or the diocese of Munkacevo. The church is an
institution that evolves and modernizes in a long time, and this is obvious after
the global analysis of the state of the
Uniate
Church during the pastoral office
of loan Lemeni, after
130
years of evolution.
This is the main purpose of mis work: the analysis of the state of the
Uniate Church of Transylvania in the mid-nineteenth century, following
institutional, pastoral, ritual, canonic, jurisdictional, cultural, economic,
interconfessional, political and ideological aspects. The documentary material
determined the complex structure of the book, divided in
2
volumes, the first
one (chapters I-V), dedicated to issues related to the religious and cultural life
of the diocese of
Făgăraş,
and the second one (chapters VI-IX), following the
matters related to the involvement of the Uniate clergy in the political and
national fight, in the decades before
1848
and during the revolution, and
regarding the
nial
carried out at
Blaj
between
1843
and
1846
between the
bishop Lemeni and the group of professors and students supporters of Simion
Bărnuţiu.
377
Therefore, a characterization of the different fields of activity of the
church could be done starting from the following key words: continuity,
discontinuity, conservative, modern (not revolutionary), effective, faulty.
So, from an institutional point of view, the
Uniate
Church had finally
reached a stable and unitary system that covered the whole territory of the great
diocese. The period of searches and great transformations of the eighteenth
century, chaotic and strongly influenced by the convulsions caused by
confessional struggles, the decisive intervention of the state in the church life
with an intensity unseen so far, the acute lack of staff, was over in time, and the
problems dissolved gradually with the very long pastoral office of loan Bob.
Forced by circumstances and major deprivations, he managed to overcome the
institutional crisis that the
Uniate
Church entered with the collapse of
traditional institutions: the diocese synod, respectively the monastery. His
reforms, that were based on Latin institutional models adjusted in the concrete
cases of the other Greek-Catholic dioceses of the time
-
Oradea
and
Munkacevo
-
brought back slowly, but safely, the coherent functioning of a
whole organizational, institutional and administrative system. It was
perpetuated without other shakings in the years of pastoral office of loan
Lemeni, which proved to be a consolidation, settlement stage. Such a system
needs to get into the routine to become effective. We still see deficiencies and
delays, but they are owed to the lack of effectiveness or interest of different
persons or categories of persons involved.
The institutional system was a pyramidal one, centralized, but without
taking the whole authority of the local church feujms. It is modern and
conservative at the same time. Modern because it reached a standard that
proved functional overtime, managing to resolve a huge number of problems;
conservative because once it reaches a certain level, the system tends to
stabilize and become more and more reluctant to other changes. In the period of
Lemeni, he is still at the beginning of this stage of entering the routine . There
are not many people trained at all management levels, and the focus of a too
big a number of problems in the hands of a small number of persons inevitably
led to blockage, unallowed delays or wrong decisions. Lemeni was not an
innovator in the institutional field, although he had contributed to the reform
carried out by loan Bob. He knew well that this basis had been created and it
needed time to evolve better and better. This achievement from the previous
time allowed Lemeni to focus on other fields of activity that had been
neglected in an inevitable way by his predecessor: constructions and
renovations, pastoral activity, reform in education.
The new structure implied the existence of a centralized leading
system, as we already mentioned. In the conditions of those times, for its good
functioning, it needed that at central level the authority of the church
378
government should be uncontested to impose in front of the centrifugal
tendencies or in front of neglect and lack of reaction of the lower levels. At this
point, things did not evolve too well during the pastoral office of Lemeni. He
did not manage to effectively control the clerical elite of
Blaj,
which divided
starting from different personal conflicts that remained unpunished or from the
radicalization of the positions of some of these leaders in matters regarding the
political and national activity, which led to numerous controversies and
dissensions. These problems inevitably affected the functioning of the central
institutions, capitulum cathedralis and the consistory, just in a period when
unitary action was more needed. The lack of authority of the bishop was one of
the main causes that led to the trigger of Lemeni trial and many delays by
which replied the believers, the vicars and some archpriests to the repeated
requests coming from the bishop s office: see the delays and the neglect with
which were regarded the measures taken in the school matter, for example, or
in the internal organization of parishes.
From the pastoral point of view, the episcopacy of Lemeni brought a
sudden change of canonic visitations, of preaching and catechization. It was
based on the action of Lemeni, and the activity of clerical elite or Romanian
intellectual elite that was actively involved in the process of education of the
population including at moral level. The fight against
tibe
consumption of
alcohol or superstitions is eloquent. An essential role was the improvement of
education of the priests from the seminar after the reform of the system carried
out before the beginning of the pastoral office of Lemeni and the revigoration
of the activity of the typography of
Blaj
and the appearance of the first
Romanian journals.
From the financial point of view, the system has important lacks.
However, Lemeni was capable of finishing the great part of constructions he
started, although the expenses were enormous. This feet had
paradoxal
consequences, because it roused the reactions of the clergy confronted with
major material problems. At practical level, a parish priest saw with good eyes
the transfer of new amounts of money into the fund of Bob (the fund created by
bishop Bob with the purpose of offering material support to the clergy) or into
the fund of the deficient priests or widow clergymen s wives, but the
renovations done at the bishop s palace or even at the cathedral. However, the
central funds were fed with difficulty, and their administration posed numerous
questions and tensions. At local level, the material problem remained a
constant source of dissatisfactions, in spite of the fact that official actions were
taken and were obtained, for example, many new canonic portions. There were
still serious problems created by the administration of parochial funds, and the
guilty persons here were the parish priests, the curators or the archpriests that
had to supervise them.
The Uniate
Church normalized its external relations in the first half of
the nineteenth century: with Rome, through the nunciature of Vienna; with the
archiépiscopal
office of
Esztergom,
his metropolitan seat
-
but these relations
did not become excessive or the archbishop did not get actively involved and
without an express request in the internal problems of the diocese of
Făgăraş;
with the Latin Episcopal offices of Alba-Iulia and
Oradea,
treated as equal;
with the non-uniate Episcopal office of
Sibiu
-
towards which it held a superior
status, generated by the position of the state that advantaged the Union and by
the lack of a very prompt reaction of the hierarch of
Sibiu, Vasile
Moga,
who
was less effective in totally counteracting the advance of the Union. These
relations were determined by the attitude of the state towards the church, in the
parameters and limits imposed by him. Towards the Orthodox, the Union
preserved in this interval an advantage that was visible if we take into account
the number of communities that passed to Union until
1848.
From here started
numerous confessional conflicts in these communities, resolved most of them
in favour of the Greek-Catholics, benefiting from the assistance of the state.
At the level of the political and national straggle, the church institution
cannot be but conservative and reluctant to any revolutionary or violence
generating initiative. We are in a period of great ideological enthusiasm, of
revolt towards a political system that was opposed to any change. All these
reactions that found enthusiastic supporters inside the intellectual elite of
Blaj
were sustained by the principle of liberalism or other theories with which the
church could not entirely agree. The position of the pope Pius IX in
1846
or
1848
is relevant. At
Blaj,
things got out of hand, and the positions and
pressures made by
Bărnuţiu s
group could not be counteracted. The bishop
proved lack of tact and diplomacy, starting from the principle of defence of his
authority. The disillusionment of the youth regarding the weak involvement of
Lemeni in the national fight was fierce, and their dissatisfaction, amplified by
the recording of all disfunctionalities from the institutional system of the
church, caused the painful conflict during the period
1843 -1846.
We ve seen a
blind fight of egos, amplified by rush and regrettable decisions, founded
accusations combined with slander, obstinacy and lack of communication. The
very long extension of this conflict was owed partially to the lack of authority
of the bishop, who reacted slowly, indecisively and Waited to be covered by the
decision of a superior forum. The main trial of this type in the history of the
Uniate
Church was managed almost entirely by the archbishop of
Esztergom.
Although canonic, this involvement caused new reactions and dissatisfactions,
especially in the conditions of a political atmosphere full of the conflict
regarding the problem of the national languages and the observance of national
and church rights.
380
All these principles were applied by the church rulers during the
Revolution of
1848:
legalism, extreme loyalty towards the official and
legitimate authority, rejection of revolution, of violent path. However correct
they would be from the point of view of the church, they hide an enormous
risk: alienation from the nation, from the believers, loss of their trust and strong
negative reactions. Lemeni took this risk and was inevitably perceived as an
enemy, as a tool of the traditional enemies. However, the abovementioned
considerations do not totally explain the attack at the bishop, ended with his
suspension and from here, with resignation and departure in the exile
(1850).
At the basis of the tragic destiny of Lemeni stood all these personal conflicts,
hard feelings that could not be overcome of those who lost the fight of
1843-
1846
and of the bishop himself. All this cost Lemeni the Episcopal seat, turning
him into one of the most contested characters in the history of Transylvanian
Romanians.
Taken as traitor, accused of homosexuality, Lemeni was a character
with a tragic destiny that lived humiliation to the end, being the victim of his
own weaknesses and fears. He was though an active and effective bishop in the
problems aimed at the life of his church: pastoral office, education, effort to
improve the material condition given those times, constructions that still live
today. Nobody imagined that his authority and person could be contested by
someone, especially by the clergy, just because he did not follow a line of very
high expectations in that age to act in favour of the nation such as Inochentie
Micu Klein at mid-eighteenth century, against all and any chances of success.
|
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| id | DE-604.BV036733869 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T22:46:52Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9789731091822 |
| language | Romanian |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-020651472 |
| oclc_num | 705920914 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 DE-Re13 DE-BY-UBR |
| owner_facet | DE-12 DE-Re13 DE-BY-UBR |
| physical | 429 S. |
| publishDate | 2008 |
| publishDateSearch | 2008 |
| publishDateSort | 2008 |
| publisher | Argonaut |
| record_format | marc |
| series2 | Documente, istorie, mărturii |
| spelling | Ghişa, Ciprian Verfasser aut Episcopia Greco-Catolică de Făgăraş în timpul păstoririi lui Ioan Lemeni 1832 - 1850 2 Episcopul Ioan Lemeni şi biserica sa în vâltoarea vremurilor Cluj-Napoca Argonaut 2008 429 S. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Documente, istorie, mărturii Zsfassung in engl. Sprache (DE-604)BV036728572 2 Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=020651472&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=020651472&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
| spellingShingle | Ghişa, Ciprian Episcopia Greco-Catolică de Făgăraş în timpul păstoririi lui Ioan Lemeni 1832 - 1850 |
| title | Episcopia Greco-Catolică de Făgăraş în timpul păstoririi lui Ioan Lemeni 1832 - 1850 |
| title_auth | Episcopia Greco-Catolică de Făgăraş în timpul păstoririi lui Ioan Lemeni 1832 - 1850 |
| title_exact_search | Episcopia Greco-Catolică de Făgăraş în timpul păstoririi lui Ioan Lemeni 1832 - 1850 |
| title_full | Episcopia Greco-Catolică de Făgăraş în timpul păstoririi lui Ioan Lemeni 1832 - 1850 2 Episcopul Ioan Lemeni şi biserica sa în vâltoarea vremurilor |
| title_fullStr | Episcopia Greco-Catolică de Făgăraş în timpul păstoririi lui Ioan Lemeni 1832 - 1850 2 Episcopul Ioan Lemeni şi biserica sa în vâltoarea vremurilor |
| title_full_unstemmed | Episcopia Greco-Catolică de Făgăraş în timpul păstoririi lui Ioan Lemeni 1832 - 1850 2 Episcopul Ioan Lemeni şi biserica sa în vâltoarea vremurilor |
| title_short | Episcopia Greco-Catolică de Făgăraş în timpul păstoririi lui Ioan Lemeni |
| title_sort | episcopia greco catolica de fagaras in timpul pastoririi lui ioan lemeni 1832 1850 episcopul ioan lemeni si biserica sa in valtoarea vremurilor |
| title_sub | 1832 - 1850 |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=020651472&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=020651472&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV036728572 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT ghisaciprian episcopiagrecocatolicadefagarasintimpulpastoririiluiioanlemeni183218502 |