Pećina Vranjaj: preistorijsko stanište iznad Herceg-Novog
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Podgorica
1999
|
| Schriftenreihe: | Posebna izdanja / Crnogorska Akademija Nauka i Umjetnosti : Odjeljenje Društvenih Nauka
10 Posebna izdanja / Crnogorska Akademija Nauka i Umjetnosti 38 |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract |
| Beschreibung: | PST: Vranjaj Cave. - Zsfassung in engl. Sprache Literaturverz. S. [79] - 82 |
| Beschreibung: | 132 S. Ill. |
| ISBN: | 8672151062 |
Internformat
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| 246 | 1 | 3 | |a Vranjaj Cave |
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| 490 | 1 | |a Posebna izdanja / Crnogorska Akademija Nauka i Umjetnosti |v 38 | |
| 500 | |a PST: Vranjaj Cave. - Zsfassung in engl. Sprache | ||
| 500 | |a Literaturverz. S. [79] - 82 | ||
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804143387966701568 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | SADRŽAJ
I UVOD
..............................................................................................................5
II
POLOŽAJ I OPIS NALAZIŠTA
....................................................................7
III METODOLOGIJA ISTRAŽIVANJA
.........................................................10
IV
STRATIGRAFIJA
.......................................................................................13
V
ARHEOLOŠKI OBJEKTI I CJELINE
.........................................................19
VI
POKRETNI ARHEOLOŠKI NALAZI
.......................................................22
VII
VRANJAJI
................................................................................................38
1.
STRATIGRAFIJA
......................................................................................38
2.
ARHEOLOŠKI OBJEKTI I CJELINE
......................................................39
3.
ARHEOLOŠKI NALAZI
..........................................................................39
4.
VRANJAJ Ia
..............................................................................................41
5.
VRANJAJ lb
..............................................................................................41
VIII
VRANJAJ
II
.............................................................................................44
1.
STRATIGRAFIJA
......................................................................................44
2.
ARHEOLOŠKI OBJEKTI
1
CJELINE
......................................................46
3.
VRANJAJ Ha
-
GRNČARIJA JADRANSKOG TIPA LJUBLJANSKE
KULTURE
.................................................................................................46
4.
VRANJAJ
lib
-
GRNČARIJA CETINSKE KULTURE
...........................51
5.
ALATKE
1
DRUGI PREDMETI PRIPADNIKA JADRANSKOG TIPA
LJUBLJANSKE KULTURE I CETINSKE KULTURE
............................54
6.
HRONOLOGUA
........................................................................................55
7.
ETNO-KULTURNA PRIPADNOST
.........................................................57
IX
VRANJAJIÍÍ
...............................................................................................61
1.
STRATIGRAFIJA
......................................................................................61
2.
ARHEOLOŠKI OBJEKTI I CJELINE
......................................................61
3.
ARHEOLOŠKI NALAZI
..........................................................................63
4.
HRONOLOGUA
........................................................................................65
5.
ETNO-KULTURNA PRIPADNOST
.........................................................68
X
ZAKLJUČAK
...............................................................................................71
XI
LITERATURA
............................................................................................79
CAVE
VRANJAJ
-
PREHISTORIC HABITATION ABOVE
HERCEG NOVI
(Summary)
......................................................................83
ILUSTRACIJE
..................................................................................................99
CAVE
VRANJAJ
-
PREHISTORIC HABITATION
ABOVE
HERCEG
NOVI
(s u m m a r y)
The cave
Vranjaj
is situated on southern slopes of Orijen
(1893),
high
above Topaljski Bay and
Herceg
Novi
in
Boka Kotorska.
It is situated in the
foothill of steep and rocky crags on hardly accessible slopes, under the peak
Radoštak
(1445
m),
in the area of village
Žlijebi.
Rocky massif in which the
cave is situated rises as a high and steep section,
900
m
above the sea. The
cave may be reached only from the eastern side
-
the western one is steep
with cliffs and vertical surfaces under the scree. The only path towards the
cave leads through the curve on
Radoštak
mount, towards the plateau Subra
(1679
m) and
Krivošije
(Map
1).
Rocky surrounding of the cave, with steep surfaces is covered with scree
and limestone debris, overgrown by Mediterranean bushes and shrubs
(macchia),
and on spots by deciduous and conifer trees. Immediately in front of the cave
there is a scree deposited in a slight slope, and some hundred meters eastward,
blow the narrow and steep path leading towards the cave, there is an inexhaust¬
ible source Dizdarica. The cave is known as a meeting place of shepherds, who
bring their herds here to hide during the storms and heat.
The entrance to the Vranjaj Cave, southeasterly oriented, is
4.5
m
high,
and
12
m
wide (Figure
1).
The entrance and part of the interior of the cave
are insolated a few hours every day in summer, while in winter the cave is
insolated during the entire day. In front of entrance a narrow soil plateau
wide between
2.0
and
5.0
m
was created. At the entrance the cave has a
monolithic appearance, whereas in its interior one may observe the layers of
limestone,
0.10
to
0.50
m
thick, northeasterly inclined. This cave is oriented
in direction northwest-southeast and its length amounts around
30
ra. The
interior of the cave is covered by dusty gray colored soil and numerous blocks
84
Ilija Pušić
of limestone, diameter of
0.20
to
2.00
m. Moving towards the inside, width
of the cave decreases. In its bottom, towards the northeast there stretches a
narrow, high, moist and completely dark gallery with three short surfaces,
the length of which is around
30
m. The basis of the cave is inclined towards
the inside, what might be the consequence of paleorelief on which the upper
(soil) sediments were formed.
The Vranjaj Cave was investigated in two research campaigns in
1982
and
1983.
The investigations were performed in four trial excavations of different
dimensions of total surface of
63
m2. In all trial excavations there was regis¬
tered a cultural layer of average depth between
1.30
and
1.0
m. It is made of six
successively formed layers, which differ for their thickness, colour and con¬
tents. They are mainly horizontal and preserved on better part of investigated
surface area, although there are sectors in which they are mixed and disturbed
by digging in from various nivelettes. The basic distribution and characteris¬
tics of all the layers in scope of Vranjaj Cave s cultural stratum is best illus¬
trated by the northern profile of trial excavation III (Sketch
1).
The oldest
cultural stratum (I) in that trial excavation is a loose brown-gray soil with
lower concentration of scree the total thickness of which amounted around
0.20
m. It was created on a compact yellow-brown debris by which the sterile
layer starts. The following cultural layer (II), of average thickness
0.25
cm, is
composed of loose yellow-brown soil with remainders of hearth and sub-strata
of soot,
0.02-0.03
cm thick. Above it there was created a layer (III), of average
thickness
0.25
m, composed of loose brown soil mixed with rather big quan¬
tity of crushed stone and some soot. The next cultural layer (IV), the average
thickness of which ranges around
0.30
m, was formed of yellowish clay soil
and in it one can observe the thin layer of ashes the thickness of which ranges
around
0.05
m. Above that layer there is a thin layer of brown loose soil mixed
with less crushed stone and with traces of soot (V). Its average thickness is
about
0.12
m. In all parts of the cave there spreads a recent
surfacial
layer with
average thickness of around
0.10
m
(VI). It is composed of gray, loose soil
(dust), with a lot of various size stones, in which at some places there is a soot
with ash (Sketch
1).
Stratigraphy, illustrated by six layers of various character¬
istics discovered in trial excavation III, is essentially repeated in other trial
excavations. However, it is important to point out that the colour, depth and
contents of some layers in those trial excavations are modified to some extent
due to different activities of cave inhabitants.
In all cultural layers (from I to VI) various archeological findings are
presented. Those are the remains of stoves, fireboxes, ash-pans, pottery, bone
and flint items, parts of jewelry, snail and shell-fish shells, as well as
un-
Pećina Vranjaj
85
treated animal bones. They may be classified into three various ethno-cul-
tural and chronological horizons designating development of various com¬
munities which were settling the Vranjaj cave. To the oldest phase (Vranjaj I)
there belong those cultural strata with rare findings from Neolithic period,
which were found on depths from
1.30
m
respectively
1.50
m
to
0.80
m.
They originate from upper and lower Neolithic, so that the first phase in
settling the cave may be divided into two stages
-
Vranjaj la which would
reflect older and middle Neolithic and Vranjaj Ib with findings in its upper
(younger) Neolithic period. The next phase, Vranjaj II is presented by pot¬
tery and other findings from the period of transition from eneolithic period
to early the Bronze Age and those from early the Bronze Age were found on
depths between
0.50
and
0.80
m. Bearing in mind that for that stage in set¬
tling of the cave pottery of Adriatic type of Ljubljana s and
Cetina
s
culture
were characteristic, Vranjaj II period may, also, be divided into two stages:
Vranjaj Ha and Vranjaj lib. Findings of Adriatic type of Ljubljana s culture
correspond to stage Vranjaj Ha, whereas the findings of Cetina s culture be¬
long to Vranjaj lib stage. Upper layers, to depth of
0.50
m, belong to the
youngest stage Vranjaj III, with pottery and findings which emerged at the
end of early and during the developed the Bronze Age.
VRANJAJ I
Stratum with findings from neolithic period in Vranjaj was formed on a
subsoil which was found at average depth of
1.30
m, respectively
1.50
m
in
some parts of the cave. The older stratum, with average thickness of
0.20
m,
is formed of loose brown-gray soil with scree, whereas the younger one,
with average thickness of around
0.25
m, was formed of loose yellow-brown
soil and sublayers of soot,
0.02-0.03
cm.
A small number of items from Neolithic period, compared to number of
findings from later epochs, allows the presumption that the Vranjaj cave was
used during the Neolithic period only as an occasional or temporary habita¬
tion to the groups with not as many members. In accordance to this presump¬
tion is the fact that in stratum from that period only one hearth used for a
longer period of time was recorded. That is a smaller surface area of almost
ellipsoid form, with dimensions
0.50
m x
0.35
m,
with brown-yellow burned
soil and ash. Somewhat increased concentration of archeological findings
was recorded on the same depth. A dozen of fragments of various ceramic
receptacles were found here, as well as animal bones and a goat horn; there
were also found three fully preserved bone awls.
86
IliJa Pušić
Neolithic pottery found in Vranjaj is not numerous. It is presented with a
dozen of smaller parts of various receptacles. It seems that the found frag¬
ments belong to common ceramic types, both smaller vessels of better qual¬
ity workmanship and rougher receptacles of larger dimensions. Preserved
fragments of better workmanship belonged to receptacles of biconical or
ball-shaped
profilation
(dishes and amphorae), whereas the fragments of
rougher fracture and outer treatment most probably belonged to bigger
amphorae, pots and pitoses. The vessels of better quality workmanship were
made of pure clay or clay mixed with fine sand, whereas for making of
rougher vessels of larger dimensions clay mixed with coarse sand was used.
Better part of the vessels was baked in orange-tawny, tawny-red, tawny-
brown and brown-gray tones.
Vessels of better quality workmanship were decorated by carving in, punc¬
tuating, painting and plastic strips (T. XI,
3,
T. XX,
7, 8,
T.
XXI, 3, 4).
Larger
vessels were decorated by
impresso
technique and by plastic ornamental strips
(T. X,
6,
T.
XIV, 9).
Three completely preserved awls, as well as one pendant
(T. X,
7-9,
T. XI,
4)
in Vranjaj, also belong to Neolithic strata.
Part of the receptacle decorated by impressing of nail or a tool (T. X,
6)
was designated to older Neolithic, so that it may be assumed that Vranjaj was
inhabited for the first time during
VII or
at the beginning of VI millennium
ВС. То
the next stage of settling the Vranjaj cave belong the fragments of
vessels decorated by carving in (T.
XXI, 3,4),
which were designated to
younger Neolithic of Montenegro or period between the years
4000
and
3500
ВС.
Part of the vessel decorated by painting (T. XX,
8),
most probably, origi¬
nates from the same period.
Origin and ethnic belonging of the communities that stayed in
Boka
Kotorska
and its hinterland during the older Neolithic are insufficiently known.
It is known that occasionally they contacted the members of cultural group
of impresso-cardium. Findings from younger Neolithic indicate that in this
period Vranjaj was visited by the communities allied to inhabitants of the
cave Spila,
for which it is presumed to have been closely connected with
holders of
Hvar-Lisičić
cultural group.
VRANJAJ II
Findigs from period of transition from eneolithic period to early the Bronze
Age and from earlier stages of early the Bronze Age development, which, in
ethno-cultural respect may be connected with Adriatic type of Ljubljana s
culture and
Cetina
s
culture belong to this stage in settling of the cave Vranjaj.
Pećina Vranjaj
87
Archeological
findings and objects from his
period
were mainly found on
depths between
0.50
and
0.80
m, to which there corresponds the stratum of
loose tawny soil mixed with larger quantity of crushed stone in some soot
(stratum II in stratigraphy of Vranjaj). Average thickness of this stratum in
all trial excavations, amounts between
0.30
m
and
0.25
m.
The remains of immobile archeological objects from this period are not
numerous. With the exception of a few parts of various ceramic vessels and
tools of bone and flint, discovered in trial excavations I, II and III, there was
investigated only one hearth in trial excavation I and one ash-pan in trial
excavation III. Distribution of findings from this period, does not offer enough
data for a reliable assessment of the way in which the cave space was used at
that time, but it does allow for presumption that that time s inhabitants of the
cave stayed more frequently in its central and inner parts. The fact that only
one hearth hedged in stone and one free firebox were found in the stratum,
demonstrates that the place at which the fire was started was not paid par¬
ticular attention at that time. The fire was started also on the other spots in
the cave, as indicated by a rather big quantity of scattered soot and ash dis¬
covered in stratum from that period.
In cultural stratum II of Vranjaj cave, which was formed by the end of
Neolithic period and the beginning of early the Bronze Age, there were a few
hundreds of findings. Pottery is the most numerous, but out of a few hun¬
dreds of fragments of various vessels only a smaller portion may be typo-
logically determined. Fmdings of Adriatic type of Lubljana s culture may
not be stratigraphically clearly divided. Only on basis of number of frag¬
ments of characteristic ceramic forms one may conclude that the findings of
Cetina s type are more numerous in higher unearthed strata, whereas the
pottery of Adriatic type of Ljubljana s culture significantly predominates in
lower unearthed strata (Table
1).
In stratum designated as Vranjaj II with pottery of Adriatic type of
Ljubljana s culture and Cetina s culture by which the most important achieve¬
ments of Vranjaj inhabitants in material culture were designated during the
final eneolithic and the beginning of early the Bronze Age, some other ob¬
jects from that period were also found; they witness the every day activities
of the communities which settled the Vranjaj cave in that period. The follow¬
ing items belong here: four awls made of bone, one flint knife, one ceramic
dish
(pršljenak),
as well as many animal bones and snails shells (T. VI,
5,
T.
IX,
5,8,
T. X,
5,
T.
XXIV, 2).
One discoid ceramic dish
(pršljenak)
(Τ. Χ,
3)
also witnesses every day activities of the inhabitants that settled Vranjaj cave
by the end of eneolithic period and beginning of early the Bronze Age.
gg
_________
Ilija Pušić
VRANJAJ
Ila
Pottery of Adriatic type of Ljubljana s culture is represented by a few doz¬
ens of pieces of various kinds and types of receptacles. Various amphorae may
be recognized among them (T.
VII,
3,
T. XIII,
5,
T. XIV,
6, 7,
T.
XIX,
2,
T.
XX„
3, 4).
For majority of amphorae it is only possible to state the
profilation
of the edge, respectively modelation of upper part, since they have not been
preserved to the extent which provides for full reconstruction of the shape (T.
VI,
2,
T.
VIII, 2, 3,
T. IX,
6,
T.
XIX, 1,
T. XX,
2).
Except amphorae, various
dishes are represented in Vranjaj (T. VI,
4,
T.
VIII, 1,
T. IX,
1,
T. X,
1,
T. XI,
1).
Other ceramic forms of Adriatic type of Ljubljna s culture from Vranjaj may
not be reliably reconstructed, so that their belonging to Adriatic type of
Ljubljana s culture is determined by the way they were decorated.
Pottery of Adriatic type of Ljubljana s culture, found in Vranjaj, was made
of well purified clay to which a very fine sand was occasionally added. All
vessels are well baked, and their colour varies in various nuances. Majority
of vessels was baked in brown-gray tones. The vessels were baked in tawny-
brown, tawny-gray, gray and ochre nuances. Different baking intensity may
be observed on some fragments, so that sometimes brown-gray colour is
turned into black or bright-brown. For some vessels it may be assumed that
they were subsequently exposed to fire, as their colour varies in orange-
brown or orange-ochre nuances.
The pottery of Adriatic type of Ljubljana s culture was decorated by vari¬
ous ornamental techniques. On preserved fragments one may observe the
decorations made by carving in (T.
XIII, 2,
T.
XIX, 4),
furrow like carving in
or grooving (T.
XIV, 6, 7,
T.
XIX, ,
T. XX,
4)
impressing and continuous
hacking (T.
VIII, 3,
T. IX,
6,
T.
XIX, 1)
or stamping (T.
VII,
3),
carving (T.
XIV, 3, 5)
and continuous hacking (T. T.
VII,
4,
T. VIII,
4,
T.
XIII, 1, 5, 6,
T.
XIX,
5,
T.
XX,
2, 3,6,
T.
XXI,
2,
T.
XXIII,
1).
Sometimes, the decoration on
the vessels was performed by combination of mentioned ornamental tech¬
niques (T.
XXII, 1).
Larger vessels of rougher craftsmanship were decorated
by the edge with plastic ornamental tapes (T. X,
2),
and on one ceramic
fragment also the ornament performed in pseudobarbotine technique (T. X,
4)
was preserved. The dishes of Ljubljana s type in Vranjaj are not deco¬
rated, except that on some vessels, one next to the other (in couple), warty
additions were modeled (T. IX,
1).
Outer surface of majority of receptacles
was polished or finished off with high standard workmanship.
Majority of receptacles of Adriatic type of Ljubljana s culture from Vranjaj
fits in ceramic production of the communities which settled northern and
Pećina
Vr
a nj
aj
89
central Dalmaţia,
Herzegovina,
South
Adriatic region and hinterland of those
areas by the end of eneolithic period and beginning of the Bronze Age. Simi¬
lar pottery was also found in
Ravaljića
cave, funnel-shaped hole
Otošić
-
Vlake, in Hateljska cave, on remains of Guvnina and Varvari, in
Grapčeva
špilja
(cave) and Vilina
pećina
(cave), also in stratum VI of Odmut cave ad
caves
Spila
and Nezir. On the other hand, some findings of Adriatic type of
Ljubljana s culture from Vranjaj may be considered rare. This, primarily,
relates to the receptacles decorated by bundles of furrow like carved lines (T.
VII,
3,
T. VIII,
4).
Besides in Vranjaj, they were found only in
Lazaruša
cave
in the surrounding of
Stolac
and in settlement on remains of
Varvar.
Among
the rare phenomena in Adriatic type of Ljubljana s culture from Vranjaj there
are ceramic forms connected with nearby finding places (caves
Spila,
Odmut,
hursts in
Rubež
and finding places
Kenete
and
Gajtan)
in southern coastal
zone and its hinterland (T. VI, 9,T. IX,
6),
T. X,
2,
T.
XIII, 2,
T.
XXIII, 1).
In
ceramic production of Adriatic type of Ljubljana s culture from Vranjaj also
represented are the forms which have no direct analogies in other finding
places of the same ethno-cultural and chronological belonging (T. VI,
2,
T.
IX, 1,T.
XXII, 1).
Basic typological characteristics and way of decorating of pottery of
Adriatic type of Ljubljana s culture from Vranjaj cave indicate that it fits
with only one part in characteristic ceramic production of majority of hold¬
ers of Adriatic type of Ljubljana s culture in its basic areas. Parallel with that,
Vranjaj mainly lacks the typical ceramic forms of Adriatic type of Ljubljana s
culture found in a number of finding places along the eastern Adriatic coast
and in its hinterland. This especially regards the conical dishes of leveled or
unprofiled
edge and cone on a tall hollow support which belong to a series of
more common ceramic forms in production of holders of Adriatic type of
Ljubljana s culture. It should be pointed out that the pottery of Adriatic type
of Ljubljana s culture from Vranjaj differs to some extent also for its way of
decorating from the ceramics from other finding places of that culture. In
Vranjaj, for example, decoration by a little wheel and impression of fibers,
what is one of essential characteristics of ceramics production in Ljubljana s
culture, is unknown. These ornamental techniques were replaced by groov¬
ing and stamping which frequently seem rough, while the ornamental mo¬
tifs, which create an extremely rich decoration on pottery in other findings of
Adriatic type of Ljubljana s culture, are made poor an limited to some parts
of the receptacles. It seems that in harmony with these specific traits in pot¬
tery of Vranjaj is the occurrence of new ceramic forms which are unknown
in other findings of Adriatic type of Ljubljana s culture. Bearing that in mind,
90 _______
Ilija Pušić
____________________________________
it is clear that Vranjaj may not be listed in typical localities of Adriatic type
of Ljubljana s culture discovered in central and southern
Dalmaţia
and
Herzegovina. In harmony with that, it is also clear that the cave Vranjaj should
be included in group of localities with Ljubljana s type pottery
(Spila,
tumuli
in
Rubež
and
Рас
-polje,
Mala
gruda, Velika gruda,
and
Odmut
cave), which
point out regional characteristics in development of late eneolithic commu¬
nities in the region of southern Adriatic and its hinterland.
VRANJAJ lib
Findings of Cetina s type in Vranjaj are not numerous. Those are smaller
pieces of a dozen of various receptacles, so that their shape may not be fully
reconstructed. Pieces of receptacles of type Kotorac (T. VI,
7,
T. IX,
4)
were found, as well as pieces of characteristic goblets (T.
XVIII, 6),
various
dishes (T. IX,
2,
T.
XII, 5,
T. XX,
5,
T.
XXIV, 6),
big receptacles of conic
neck with a couple of striped handles (T.
XIX, 3)
and a number of types of
amphorae (T.
VII,
7,
T- XIII,
4,
T.
XVII, 5).
Majority of receptacles of Cetina s
culture were made of well purified clay. For making of some receptacles
clay with added sand was also used. The receptacles of Cetina s culture were
most frequently polished and leveled and they were baked in various nu¬
ances of brown colour. The most numerous are the receptacles baked in brown-
gray and bright-brown nuances. Some receptacles were also baked in brown-
orange tones, and special way of baking was employed on amphorae of un¬
covered and wavy edge which were baked so that their edge is in orange-
reddish, and neck in tawny-gray tones. The pottery of Cetina s culture in
Vranjaj, besides being polished, is also decorated by carving in (T.
XVIII, 6,
T.
XIX, 3,
T. XX,
1, 5
T.
XXIII, 2),
encrustation (T.
VII,
5.,
T.
IX,
3,
T.
IX,
4),
punctuation, grooving, stamping
(T.
VI,
7, 10,
T.
VII,
7,
T.
IX,
4,
T.
XII,
5,
T.
XIII, 7
T.
XVII, 6,
T.
XX,
1),
plastic
strips
(T.
XIV, 1)
or combination of
mentioned ornamental techniques by which there were formed simple or
somewhat more complex ornamental motifs. Unfortunately, they may be only
partially reconstructed on basis of smaller parts of various receptacles.
Although the pottery of Cetina s type from the Vranjaj cave is insuffi¬
ciently preserved, what aggravates reliable reconstruction of its shapes, manner
of decorating presented in some fragments allows it to be connected with
ceramics discovered in numerous findings of Cetina s culture in the
Cetina
valley,
Dalmaţia
and Herzegovina (localities in
Rudine
and
Čitluk,
cave
Škarin
samograd).
In group of findings from Vranjaj which are not frequent in other
findings of Cetina s culture there belongs the part of the paunch of the recep-
Pećina Vranjaj
tacle
decorated by carving in and encrustation of a number of parallel lines
which in preserved part create the motif of cross (T. IX,
3).
Decoration of
receptacles by caving in of the three fold lines in southern coastal region
originates, most probably, from the adjacent regions in northern Albania.
Motif carved in the cup discovered in hurst
6.
from the necropolis Shtoj
leads to that conclusion.
The age of stratum with pottery and other findings of Adriatic type of
Ljubljana s culture and Cetina s culture which was explored in Vranjaj and its
chronological relation towards the other finding places with similar findings
may be determined on basis of already presented observation that the findings
of Ljubljana s type from Vranjaj may be connected with well stratified and
precisely dated ceramics of Adriatic type of Ljubljana s culture from Varvara
(stage
Al), Spila
(stratum He),
Ravaljića
cave
(stratum
Illa) and cave
Odmut
(stratum VIb),
whereas the findings of Cetina s type with pottery from a num¬
ber of finding places of Cetina s culture (hursts in
Ograde
and
Čitluk,
cave
Skarin
samograd,
etc.). Mentioned settlements of Adriatic type of Ljubljana s
culture were assigned to period which on the area of middle Adriatic and its
hinterland covered final eneolithic and the beginning of early bronze age.
Accordingly, it remains to conclude that the stratum with findings of Adriatic
type of Ljubljana s culture from Vranjaj may date to that period. In opinion of
majority of authors who dealt with chronology of Adriatic type of Ljubljana s
culture, that period immediately precedes the stage Br
Al
of Raynek s
periodization of the Bronze Age in Central European regions. It seems, how¬
ever, that for more accurate assessment of chronological relation of findings of
Adriatic type of Ljubljana s culture and Cetina s culture within that period, the
observation that in cave Vranjaj typical pottery of Ljubljana s type prevails on
greater depths, while the Cetina s findings predominate in upper horizons in¬
side the same stratum (Table
1)
to be important. This provides for a cautious
presumption that in Vranjaj the pottery of Adriatic type of Ljubljana s culture
is somewhat older than the findings of Cetina s culture.
VRANJAJ III
Strata of youngest cultural horizon, with findings from the Bronze Age,
were discovered in all explored trial excavations. They stretch to depths of
approximately
0.50
m. Presented here, as the oldest, is the layer of yellowish
92
Ilija Pušić
clay in which on relative depth of
0.40
m
there were discovered the substrata
of baked soil, soot and ash which may be explained as the remains of fire¬
boxes and ash-pans. Above it there is a stratum of tawny-brown loose soil
mixed with crushed stone and lumps of soot, while the surface of the cave is
covered by a layer of gray dust in which, except of pottery from the Bronze
Age, recent findings were also discovered (tomb
1).
In that period the cave was intensively settled. That is witnessed by nu¬
merous archeological findings, remains of hearths, fireboxes and ash-pans
with large quantity of spread ash and soot (Sketch
5, 7).
Three ceramic groups
discovered in early parts of the cave (T. Ill,
1-3,
T. XV,
13,
T.
XXIV, 1,4)
belong to the strata from early and developed bronze period. Number and
distribution of hearths, fireboxes and ash-pans, discovered in trial excava¬
tions I and II, indicate that the central part of the cave was used for every day
life and the most important activities of the inhabitants of the cave, that there
were no precisely designated cave zones in which various activities took
place during the the Bronze Age. Only the space by the cave walls had a
special purpose. On different spots there were found all three groups of
whole ceramic receptacles, thus it may be concluded that this part of the cave
served as some kind of larder in which the reserves of food and receptacles
which were not always used were kept. On the other hand, for fire either
there were no precisely designated places. There was no special attention to
construction of hearths, so that fire was negligibly being started here and there,
on different spots, in accordance with instantaneous needs of the inhabitants.
Even the hearths enclosed by stone were not used for a longer time.
During the investigation of strata from the Bronze Age in Vranjaj there
was found a multitude of parts of various receptacles which may be classi¬
fied in: dishes (T. II,
5,
T. V,
5,
T. XI,
5, 6,
T.
XII, 1,
T.
XVI, 3,
T.
XXI, 6),
jugs (T. XV, la-b,
За-Ь,
T.
XXIV,
1),
goblets (T.I,
1-3,
T.
III,
1,
2a-b,
T.
XII,
2, 6,
T.
XXIX,
4),
pots (T.
III,
4),
pitases
(T.
II,
3,
T.
IH,
5,
T.
IV,
1 -5,
T. V,
1
,
3,
T.
XV,
2,
T.
XVI, 1,
T.
XVI, 7,
T.
XVII, 4).
In addition
to mentioned
types
of ceramics, other ceramic forms also belong to strata with findings form the
Bronze Age. There belong here: one deep hemispheric spoon with arc handle
(T. 1,
4),
and one rather small spoon of oval shape with vertically set pinched
tongue-shaped handle (T.
1,5).
The Bronze Age findings also include the
parts of bigger receptacle with ribbed protuberance on the belly (T.
XXI, 7),
handles of developed axed type (T.
XXI, 5),
as well as a few dozens of parts
of various receptacles which was not possible to reconstruct reliably.
The pottery from the strata of the Bronze Age in Vranjaj cave was made
of clay with added sand and it was baked in brown-gray nuances. The recep-
Pećina
V
r a n j aj
93
tacles are most frequently polished with good standard. Decoration by carv¬
ing in was noted on several fragments of bigger receptacles (T. VI,
1,
T.
XII,
4,
T.
XVI, 2).
The receptacles of rougher workmanship were decorated by
plastic strips (T. XX,
2, 3),
and some jars were modestly decorated by plastic
applications (T. Ill,
2,
T. XV,
1,3).
As a special type of decoration there
should also be mentioned the arc invigoration which may be found on ball-
shaped receptacles with cylindrical neck (T. IV,
5,
T. V,
3,
T. II,
3).
The dishes
are decorated by slightly waved ribbed protuberances (T.
XXI, 7),
or with
smaller round applications depressed in the middle (T. II,
5,
T. V, T.
XI,
6).
Pottery from Vranjaj cave found in its youngest strata corresponds typo-
logically to the ceramic from the findings which emerged during the early
and beginning of developed the Bronze Age along the eastern Adriatic coast
and in its hinterland. It may be compared with pottery from a number of
finding places in
Istria,
in the
Cetina
valley
(Rudine),
from the remains on
Prečanske kose
and remains of Veliki
gradac
in
Privala in
Livanjsko
Field.
Some ceramic forms are similar to the receptacles discovered in cave Skarin
samograd
in
Dalmaţia,
in
Grapčeva
cave on
Hvar, Ravaljića
cave and re¬
mains of
Nečajno
in western Herzegovina. The pottery from Vranjaj is, also,
similar to ceramics from Vilina cave nearby
Dubrovnik,
from remains in
Varvara, as well as from the cave
Crvena stijena
in eastern Herzegovina.
Besides the findings which direct to links of inhabitants of
Boka Kotorska
with the regions on the northwest
(Istria, Dalmaţia
with hinterland,
Herzegovina and western Montenegro), in strata of the Bronze Age in Vranjaj
there also was found the pottery which for its forms corresponds to some
ceramic shapes from the settlements which emerged in Albania at that period
(Gajtan,
Maliq and Nezir). At the end, it is important to point out that some
ceramic forms from Vranjaj have the similarity with pottery from the adja¬
cent finding places (Mala
gruda, Velika gruda
and Pjace in Tivatsko field, as
well as Sv.
Luka
in Grbalj). In Vranjaj there were also discovered the ce¬
ramic forms characteristic for that finding place only (T. XV,
1
a-b,
2),
(T,
XV,
За
-b),
T.
XXIV,
4,
t.
XXII, 2, 3).
In strata from the Bronze Age the tools are rare. There were found only one
fragmented awl (T. V,
2)
and one ceramic finisher for polishing of oval shaped
pottery (T. V.
4).
From that period there also originate numerous animal bones,
which, unfortunately were not treated, so that about the types of domestic
animals which inhabitants of the cave bred in that period and about their eco¬
nomics it is not possible to tell anything more precisely at this moment.
Majority of ceramic forms from Vranjaj corresponds to the period which
covers the end of early and beginning of developed the Bronze Age, or pe-
94 11
ija Pušić
riod from
Br
Al
to
Br B2/C
of Raynek s periodization of the Bronze Age for
the Central European region. By comparison of pottery from Vranjaj with
findings from the graves originating from developed the Bronze Age, which
were explored in tumuli
Velika gruda
in Tivatsko field, there also may be
confirmed the accuracy of dating the findings from developed the Bronze
Age. Namely, observation that in tumuli
Velika gruda
majority of recep¬
tacles are from developed the Bronze Age
(Br C
of Rayenk s periodization)
decorated by characteristic plastic rib, which occurs in Vranjaj more rarely,
directs to the conclusion that pottery from Vranjaj, although typologically
allied with findings from
Velika gruda,
is somewhat older.
The fact that the pottery from Vranjaj cave by its shape and way it was
decorated is connected to several finding places discovered along the eastern
Adriatic Coast and in its hinterland indicates that its inhabitants during early
and developed the Bronze Age belonged to a large ethno-cultural complex of
allied communities which in these areas cherished similar material culture.
Ceramic forms recorded in Vranjaj characteristic for the area of northern
Adriatic,
Dalmaţia
and its hinterland, Herzegovina and Albania, clearly indi¬
cate that the communities in these areas in early and during the developed
the Bronze Age have had a harmonized development based on frequent mu¬
tual relations and ethno-cultural permeation in which the area of southern
Adriatic had a special importance. On the other hand, in that complex and
dynamic process the inhabitants of
Boka Kotorska
also managed to devel¬
oped regional characteristics in their material and spiritual culture. Some
ceramic forms from Vranjaj are allied to the forms in pottery discovered in
tombs from developed the Bronze Age in tumuli
Velika gruda
and some ce¬
ramic findings from a number of settlements in northern Albania demon¬
strate that the assumption that on the territory of southern Adriatic there was
formed a special cultural group is justified. Basic characteristics in material
and spiritual culture of its members are well illustrated by findings from
Vranjaj, hurst
Velika gruda,
settlements Pjaca and Sv.
Luka,
as well as from
somewhat more southern findings in northern Albania.
***
Cave Vranjaj belongs to the most important archeological findings, not
only in
Boka Kotorska
but on the territory of Montenegro. Vranjaj and
Spila
nearby
Perast
are the only systematically explored habitations of cave type
in
Boka Kotorska.
Bearing in mind that in the
cave Spila
there predominate
the findings from Neolithic period, which are not numerous in Vranjaj, as
Pećina
Vra
n¡aj
95
well as that in
Spila
there are no significant findings from
fina!
stages of
development of the The Copper Age and the Bronze Age, which are pre¬
dominating in Vranjaj, it is clear that these two finding places favourably
supplement each other, offering valuable data on most significant characteris¬
tics of development of numerous communities which settled
Boka Kotorska
and its surrounding during the Neolithic, eneolithic and early the Bronze Age.
According to the results of archeological investigations of
Spila
and
Vranjaj, in period from
6000
to
4500
ВС
southern coastal Region was settled
by the communities that emerged on autochthonous Mesolithic foundations
which, thanks to the frequent contacts with holders of impresso-cardium cul¬
tural group, gradually included in their culture typically decorated pottery
which is presented in both finding places.
During the younger Neolithic, in period of approximately
4500
to
3000
ВС,
the inhabitants of
Boka Kotorska
were included in group of holders of
Croatian-Lisičić
cultural group, as mainly indicated by the results of investi¬
gations in
Spila
and not numerous findings in Vranjaj, which, at that period,
was visited only by smaller groups of hunters and cattle-breeders.
In Vranjaj, also, there lack the clear evidence on transition from younger
stone to the The Copper Age. For that period, between
3000
and
2000
ВС,
when the word is about
Boka Kotorska,
we may be presently informed only
on basis of the findings from stratum
Ila
-с
in the
cave Spila.
The lack of
findings of anvil culture, which are characteristic for early and middle
eneolithic of southern Adriatic, in Vranjaj, most probably, emerges from the
fact that at the beginning of
eneołithic
period and somewhat later, the popu¬
lation
ofthat
region in ethnic respect did not change more significantly. Bear¬
ing in mind that Vranjaj was only occasionally visited during the Neolithic
period, it is natural to expect that, due to unchanged ethnic and economic
situation, that habitation was still considered unfavourable for permanent
settlement during the early and middle eneolithic.
Only at the end of eneolithic period and the beginning of bronze period
the relationship of inhabitants of
Boka Kotorska
towards the cave Vranjaj
was changed from the roots. In that period, by the emergence of Adriatic
type of Ljubljana s culture, ethnic composition of population on eastern
coast of Adriatic and its hinterland, it seems, was significantly changed. Au¬
tochthonous eneolithic component was drowned in ethno-cultural perme¬
ation caused by penetration of the newcomers from the inland. Archeologi¬
cal findings demonstrate that Vranjaj in that period, between
2000
and
1800
ВС,
was settled by the members of Adriatic type of Ljubljana s culture and
members of
Cetina
s
culture. The significance of the cave Vranjaj for study-
96
Ilija Pušić
ing
ofthat
period
in Montenegro
and the surrounding areas is manifold. Vranjaj
is not only the only habitation of the members of these cultural groups ex¬
plored on Montenegrin coast, but for the stratigraphy of respective findings
it offers valuable data on chronological relations of these phenomena and
relations which prevailed among their holders. According to the results of
the research in Vranjaj, it may be presumed that on territory of
Boka Kotorska
and its hinterland by the end of eneolithic period there existed a special vari¬
ant of Adriatic type of Ljubljana s culture. On the other hand, investigations
in Vranjaj direct to the conclusion that Adriatic type of Ljubljana s culture
has certain chronological advantage in relation to Cetina s culture and that it
was a significant component in its emergence. Besides, different distribution
of findings of Ljubljana s and Cetina s type in thin homogenous stratum ex¬
plored in cave Vranjaj unambiguously demonstrate that the changes in mate¬
rial culture of the communities which at the beginning of the Bronze Age
settled Vranjaj and Montenegrin coast happened gradually and in reasonably
short period, what allows the conclusion that the changes also in ethnic com¬
position of
Boka Kotorska,
if there were any at all, had also developed spon¬
taneously and without special quakes. Finally, it is important to point out that
the investigations in Vranjaj show that former presumptions that the findings
from the tomb in Mala
gruda
and findings from the hursts in
Rubež
and
Kenëte, as
well as other findings in northern Albania allied to them, belong
to relatively late phase of development of Adriatic type of Ljubljana s cul¬
ture, were not founded.
At the beginning of the Bronze Age, more exactly in period from
1800
to
1600
ВС,
Boka Kotorska
was included in a large ethno-culrural complex of
allied communities which spread along the eastern Adriatic coast, from
Istria
on the north to mouth of the River
Mati
(in Albania) on the south, also
covering its hinterland. When the word in about
Boka Kotorska
and its hin¬
terland, Vranjaj in that period was one of the most important habitations of
members of that cultural complex. Like in the previous period, the inhabit¬
ants of Vranjaj wove into their material culture also their own
-
local ele¬
ments. Pottery from that period was found in Vranjaj,
Crvena stijena
(stra¬
tum I), in cave Odmut (stratum
VII),
than in tumuli in
Krstovača
and Medurv,
as well as in several finding places in northern Albania (stratum la in Skadar s
fortification, remains Mali
Kalaj, Beltoje,
tumuli III in necropolis
Kenëte,
stratum Hlb in cave Nezir) what allows for the presumption that on the terri¬
tory of South Adriatic, nevertheless, there developed a regional variant of
large cultural complex which united a number of allied phenomena along the
eastern Adriatic coast and its hinterland. That presumption is especially sup-
Pećina Vranjaj
97
ported by the fact that some characteristic ceramic forms from the stratum of
the Bronze Age in Vranjaj may be connected with pottery from the tombs
discovered in tumuli
Velika gruda,
which were assigned to the end of middle
and beginning of late the Bronze Age (Br C/D). If, in that respect, one would
accept the observation that the majority of amphorae from the tombs with
findings from the Bronze Age in tumuli
Velika gruda
corresponds to the
amphorae of the same period discovered in Albania (Beltoja,
Gajtan),
than it
may be rightly assumed that the communities from
Boka Kotorska
and its
hinterland, as well as the neighbours from the surrounding of Skadar Lake,
belonged to allied ethno-cultural circle which is characterized also by local
forms in material and spiritual culture.
When the word is about the findings from the Bronze Age in
Boka
Kotorska
and its hinterland, the investigations in cave Vranjaj significantly
contribute to more exact determination of their chronology. Namely, the ce¬
ramics from the dike of tumuli Mala
gruda,
than from prehistoric settlements
in
Boka Kotorska (Sv. Luka, Pjaca,
etc.), from the tumuli
Milovića gumno,
pottery from finding place in Grahovsko field
(Greben, Bara Graovska,
Kašljavac),
as well as the pottery from
Velika Orlina
and tumuli
2,
was
recently assigned to the Bronze Age, what is in full harmony with the results
of the research in Vranjaj. Also, it is important to mention that-the archeo-
logical investigations in Vranjaj have enabled correction of dating the tomb
with remains of burnt dead person in prehistoric tumuli in
Kuti.
Namely,
some handles discovered in stratum of the Bronze Age in Vranjaj are identi¬
cal with handles for urns from the tomb in tumuli in
Kuti
which was for¬
merly designated to older the Iron Age. Bearing that in mind, it is clear that
this tomb does not originate from iron but from the Bronze Age and that
metal items on basis of which it was previously dated belonged to subse¬
quently dug tomb which was not preserved.
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Pušić, Ilija 1922-2015 |
| author_GND | (DE-588)1241087318 |
| author_facet | Pušić, Ilija 1922-2015 |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Pušić, Ilija 1922-2015 |
| author_variant | i p ip |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV036733650 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)705920729 (DE-599)BVBBV036733650 |
| format | Book |
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| geographic | Hercegnovi Vranjaj (DE-588)7847029-8 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Hercegnovi Vranjaj |
| id | DE-604.BV036733650 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T22:46:52Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 8672151062 |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-020651256 |
| oclc_num | 705920729 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 |
| physical | 132 S. Ill. |
| publishDate | 1999 |
| publishDateSearch | 1999 |
| publishDateSort | 1999 |
| record_format | marc |
| series2 | Posebna izdanja / Crnogorska Akademija Nauka i Umjetnosti : Odjeljenje Društvenih Nauka Posebna izdanja / Crnogorska Akademija Nauka i Umjetnosti |
| spelling | Pušić, Ilija 1922-2015 Verfasser (DE-588)1241087318 aut Pećina Vranjaj preistorijsko stanište iznad Herceg-Novog Ilija Pušić Vranjaj Cave Podgorica 1999 132 S. Ill. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Posebna izdanja / Crnogorska Akademija Nauka i Umjetnosti : Odjeljenje Društvenih Nauka 10 Posebna izdanja / Crnogorska Akademija Nauka i Umjetnosti 38 PST: Vranjaj Cave. - Zsfassung in engl. Sprache Literaturverz. S. [79] - 82 Vor- und Frühgeschichte (DE-588)4078951-2 gnd rswk-swf Funde (DE-588)4071507-3 gnd rswk-swf Hercegnovi Vranjaj (DE-588)7847029-8 gnd rswk-swf Hercegnovi Vranjaj (DE-588)7847029-8 g Vor- und Frühgeschichte (DE-588)4078951-2 s Funde (DE-588)4071507-3 s DE-604 Crnogorska Akademija Nauka i Umjetnosti Posebna izdanja Odjeljenje Društvenih Nauka ; 10 (DE-604)BV013931728 10 Crnogorska Akademija Nauka i Umjetnosti Posebna izdanja 38 (DE-604)BV010626750 38 Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 2 application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=020651256&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 2 application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=020651256&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
| spellingShingle | Pušić, Ilija 1922-2015 Pećina Vranjaj preistorijsko stanište iznad Herceg-Novog Vor- und Frühgeschichte (DE-588)4078951-2 gnd Funde (DE-588)4071507-3 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4078951-2 (DE-588)4071507-3 (DE-588)7847029-8 |
| title | Pećina Vranjaj preistorijsko stanište iznad Herceg-Novog |
| title_alt | Vranjaj Cave |
| title_auth | Pećina Vranjaj preistorijsko stanište iznad Herceg-Novog |
| title_exact_search | Pećina Vranjaj preistorijsko stanište iznad Herceg-Novog |
| title_full | Pećina Vranjaj preistorijsko stanište iznad Herceg-Novog Ilija Pušić |
| title_fullStr | Pećina Vranjaj preistorijsko stanište iznad Herceg-Novog Ilija Pušić |
| title_full_unstemmed | Pećina Vranjaj preistorijsko stanište iznad Herceg-Novog Ilija Pušić |
| title_short | Pećina Vranjaj |
| title_sort | pecina vranjaj preistorijsko staniste iznad herceg novog |
| title_sub | preistorijsko stanište iznad Herceg-Novog |
| topic | Vor- und Frühgeschichte (DE-588)4078951-2 gnd Funde (DE-588)4071507-3 gnd |
| topic_facet | Vor- und Frühgeschichte Funde Hercegnovi Vranjaj |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=020651256&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=020651256&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV013931728 (DE-604)BV010626750 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT pusicilija pecinavranjajpreistorijskostanisteiznadhercegnovog AT pusicilija vranjajcave |