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Main Authors:	Parke, Ross D. (Author), Clarke-Stewart, Alison 1943- (Author)
Format:	Book
Language:	English
Published:	Hoboken, NJ Wiley 2011
Subjects:	Child psychology Child development Developmental psychology Sozialisation Kinderpsychologie Lehrbuch
Online Access:	Publisher description Inhaltsverzeichnis
Physical Description:	XXI, 618 S. Ill., graph. Darst.
ISBN:	9780470599051

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adam_text	Brief Contents Preface xv PARTI THEORIES, THEMES, AND TOOLS FOR DISCOVERY Chapter 1 Introduction: Theories of Social Development 1 Chapter 2 Research Methods: Tools for Discovery 37 PART II EARLY TASKS OF SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT Chapter 3 Biological Foundations: Genes, Temperament, and More 73 Chapter 4 Attachment: Learning to Love 109 Chapter 5 Emotions: Thoughts About Feelings 141 Chapter б Self and Other: Getting to Know Me, Getting to Know You 175 PART III CONTEXTS OF SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT ________ Chapter 7 Family: Early and Enduring Influences 209 Chapter 8 Peers: The Wider World of Social Development 249 Chapter 9 Schools and Media: Children in an Electronic Age 289 PART IV PROCESSES AND PRODUCTS OF SOCIAL __________ DEVELOPMENT ____________________________ Chapter 10 Sex and Gender: Vive La Différence? 323 Chapter 11 Morality: Knowing Right, Doing Good 357 Chapter 12 Aggression: Insult and Injury 393 PART V POLICY AND PROSPECTS ____________________ Chapter 13 Policy: Improving Children s Lives 427 Chapter 14 Overarching Themes: Integrating Social Development 461 Glossary 469 /References 479 / Author Index 585 / Subject Index 607 111 Contents Preface xv Chapter 1 Introduction: Theories of Social Development bet you DIDN T know that ... Newborns Can Recognize Their Mothers by Smell 2 Social Development: A Brief History 3 Critical Questions about Social Development 3 l.How Do Biological and Environmental Influences Aflea Social Development? 3 insights from extremes: Genie — A Wild Child 4 2. What Role Do Children Play in Their Own Development? 5/3. What Is the Appropriate Unit for Studying Social Development? 5 / 4.1s Development Continuous or Discontinuous? 5 / 5. Is Social Behavior the Result of the Situation or the Child? 6 / 6. Is Social Development Universal across Cultures? 7 cultural CONTEXT: Parenting Advice Around the Globe 7 7. How Does Social Development Vary across Historical Eras? 8 research up CLOSE: Children of the Great Depression 9 8. Is Social Development Related to Other Developmental Domains? 10 / 9. How Important Are Mothers for Children s Social Development? 10 / 10. L· There a Single Pathway of Social Development? 10 / 11. What Influences How We Judge Children s Social Behavior? 12 / 12. Do Developmental Psychologists Own Social Development? 12 Theoretical Perspectives on Social Development 12 Psychodynamic Perspective 13 Freud s Theory 13 / Erikson s Theory 15 / Psychodynamic Perspective: An Evaluation 15 into ADULTHOOD: Fatherhood and Generativity 16 Traditional Learning Theory Perspective 17 Classical and Operant Conditioning 17 / Learning Theory Approaches: An Evaluation 17 Cognitive Learning Perspective 18 Cognitive Social Learning Theory 18 / Beyond Modeling: Reciprocal Determination and Self-Efficacy 19 / Cognitive Social Learning Theory: An Evaluation 20 LEARNING FROM LIVING LEADERS: Joan E. GruSeC 21 Information-Processing Perspective 21 Social Information Processing 21 / Social Information Processing: An Evaluation 22 Cognitive Developmental Perspective 22 Piaget s Cognitive Developmental Theory 22 / Piaget s Theory:An Evaluation 23 / Social Cognitive Domain Theory 24 / Vygotsky s Sociocultural Theory 24 / Vygotsky s Theory: An Evaluation 24 LEARNING FROM LIVING LEADERS: Barbara Rogoff 25 Systems Theory Perspective 25 Bronfenbrenner s Ecological Theory 26 / Ecological Systems Theory: An Evaluation 27 Biological Perspectives 27 Ethological Theory 27 / Ethological Theory:An Evaluation 28 / Evolutionary Developmental Theory 28 / Evolutionary Developmental Theory: An Evaluation 29 learning from living leaders: David Björklund 29 Human Behavior Genetics 30 / Human Behavior Genetics: An Evaluation 30 Life Span Perspective 31 Life Span Perspective: An Evaluation 31 A Variety of Theoretical Perspectives 31 Chapter Summary 32 Key Terms 35 AT THE MOVIES 35 Chapter 2 Research Methods: Tools for Discovery 37 Getting Started: Formulating Hypotheses, Asking Questions 38 Research Methods: Establishing Patterns and Causes 39 The Correlational Method 39 Laboratory Experiments 40 Field Experiments, Interventions, and Natural Experiments 41 Field Experiments 41 / Interventions 42 / Natural Experiments 42 insights from extremes: Lost and Found Children 43 Combining Different Methods 43 IV Contents v The Case Study Approach 44 real-world application: Treating an Aggressive Child 44 Studying Change Over Time 45 The Cross-Sectional Design 45 / The Longitudinal Design 45 into ADULTHOOD: Behavior in Childhood Predicts Adult Outcomes 47 learning FROM LIVING LEADERS: L. Rowell Huesmann 47 The Sequential Design 48 Selecting a Sample 49 Representativeness of the Sample 49 / The National Survey Approach 50 / Meta- Analysis: Combining Results across Studies 51 / Studying Development Cross- Culturally 51 cultural CONTEXT: Challenges for Researchers 51 Gathering Data 52 Children s Self-Reports 52 RESEARCH UP CLOSE: The Puppet Interview Method 53 LEARNING FROM LIVING LEADERS: Reed Larson 55 Reports by Family Members, Teachers, and Peers 56 Family Members 56 bet YOU thought that ... Parents Can Accurately Report Their Children s Early Years 57 Teachers and Peers 57 Focus Groups 58 Direct Observation 58 Naturalistic Observation 58 / Structured Observation 59 Ways of Recording and Coding Observations 60 Behavior Observations 60 / Ethnographic Approaches 61 LEARNING FROM LIVING LEADERS: Linda M. Burton 61 Nonverbal Measures 62 / Internal Responses 62 learning FROM living LEADERS: Megan Gunnar 65 Analyzing Data 65 Ethics of Research with Children 67 Chapter Summary 69 Key Terms 71 AT THE MOVIES 71 Chapter 3 Biological Foundations: Genes, Temperament, and More 73 Biological Preparedness for Social Interaction 74 How Are Babies Prepared? 74 From Biological Rhythms to Social Rhythms 74 / Visual Preparation for Social Interaction 74 / Auditory Preparedness for Social Interaction 75 / Smell, Taste, and Touch 76 / Beyond Faces and Voices: Primed to Be a Social Partner 76 Why Are Babies Prepared? 77 The Neurological Basis of Social Development 78 The Brain 78 / Brain Growth and Development 79 / Hemispheric Specialization 80 / Neurons and Synapses 81 Brain Development and Experience 82 / Mirror Neurons and the Social Brain 82 Genetics and Social Development 85 bet you thought that ... Genes Determine Your Potential 86 Methods of Studying Genetic Contributions to Development 86 Behavior Genetics: Adoption andTwin Studies 86 / Shared and Nonshared Environments 87 learning from living leaders: Sir Michael Rutter 88 Molecular Genetics: The Human Genome Project 88 LEARNING FROM LIVING LEADERS: Avshalom Caspi 89 Models of Genetic Influence 90 The Transmission of Traits: A Basic Model 90 / Interactions among Genes 90 / Environment Influences Gene Expression 90 / Genetic Makeup Helps Shape the Environment 91 / Gene—Environment Interactions (G x E) 92 / Gene-Environment Feedback Loops 93 research UP CLOSE: A Genetic Risk for Drug Use 94 Genetic Anomalies 94 INSIGHTS FROM EXTREMES: Autism 95 real-world application: Genetic Counseling, Genetic Selection 97 Temperament: Causes and Consequences 98 Defining and Measuring Temperament 98 cultural CONTEXT: Are Temperaments the Same Around the World? 100 The Biological Basis of Temperament 100 Genetic Factors 100 / Neurological Correbtes 100 Early Evidence of Temperament 101 LEARNING FROM LIVING LEADERS: Mary K. Rothbart 101 Consequences and Correlates of Temperament 102 into adulthood: Shy Children Thirty Years Later 103 Chapter Summary 104 Key Terms 106 AT THE MOVIES 107 vi Contents Chapter 4 Attachment: Learning to Love 109 Theories of Attachment 110 Psychoanalytic Theory 110 Learning Theories 110 Cognitive Developmental Theory 111 Ethological Theory 112 insights from extremes: Maternal Bonding 113 How Attachment Develops 114 Formation and Early Development of Attachment 114 What It Means to Be Attached 115 learning from living leaders: Michael E. Lamb 115 Attachment to Whom? 116 bet you thought that ... Babies Become Attached to Their Teddy Bears and Blankets 117 The Nature and Quality of Attachment 118 Différent Types of Attachment Relationships 118 Ainsworth s Classification of Attachment Types 118 / Beyond Ainsworth s A-B-C Classification 119 / Other Strategies for Assessing Attachment 119 learning from living leaders: Everett Waters 121 cultural CONTEXT: Assessing Attachment in Different Cultures 122 Attachment Types and the Brain 123 Parents Role in Infants Attachment Development 123 Biological Preparation 123 / Link between Caregiving and Attachment 124 research UP CLOSE: Early Experience, Hormones, and Attachment 126 Attachment in Family and Community Contexts 127 / Continuity in Attachment from Parent to Child 127 / Attachment of Children in Child Care 129 real-world application: Attachment When Mother Goes to Prison 130 Effects of Infant Characteristics on Attachment 131 Stability and Consequences of Attachment 131 Stability and Change in Attachment Over Time 131 Attachments in Older Children 132 Consequences of Attachment 133 Associations with Exploration and Cognitive Development 133 / Implications f or Social Development 133 LEARNING FROM LIVING LEADERS: L.Alan Sroufe 135 Consequences for Self-Esteem 136 / Attachments to Both Mother and Father Are Related to Later Development 136 / Attachment or Parenting: Which b Critical for Later Development? 136 INTO ADULTHOOD: From Early Attachment to Later Romantic Relationships 137 Chapter Summary 138 Key Terms 140 AT THE MOVIES 140 Chapter 5 Emotions: Thoughts About Feelings 141 What Are Emotions? 142 Why Are Emotions Important? 142 Perspectives on Emotional Development 143 Biological Perspective 143 Learning Perspective 143 Functional Perspective 144 Development of Emotions 144 Primary Emotions 145 Joy 145 bet you thought that ... A Smile Is a Smile Is a Smile 147 Fear 148 / Anger 152 / Sadness 152 Secondary Emotions 152 Pride and Shame 153 learning from living leaders: Michael Lewis 153 Jealousy 154 / Guilt 154 / Empathy 154 Individual Differences in Emotional Expressiveness 155 LEARNING FROM LIVING LEADERS: Carolyn Saami 156 Development of Emotional Understanding 156 Recognizing Emotions in Others 156 cultural context: Expressing and Understanding Emotions in Different Cultures 157 Beyond Recognition: Thinking About Emotions 158 Matching Emotions to Situations: Emotional Scripts 158 / Multiple Emotions, Multiple Causes 159 Emotion Regulation 160 into ADULTHOOD: Controlling Negative Emotions in Adulthood 161 Contents vii Socialization of Emotion 162 learning from living leaders: Susanne A. Denham 163 Socialization by Parents 163 Socialization by Other Children 165 research up close: Emotional Development in a High School Theater Program 165 Socialization by Teachers 166 real-world application: Teachers as Promoters of Emotional Competence 167 When Emotional Development Goes Wrong 168 insights from extremes: When Children Commit Suicide 169 Causes of Childhood Depression 170 Biological Causes 170 / Social Causes 170 / Cognitive Causes 170 Treating Childhood Depression 170 Chapter Summary 171 Key Terms 172 AT THE MOVIES 173 Chapter 6 Self and Other: Getting to Know Me, Getting to Know You 175 The Sense of Self 177 Developmental Origins of Self-Concept 177 cultural context: How Culture Shapes Self- Representations 179 Difficulty Developing a Sense of Self: Autistic Children 180 Self-Perceptions 180 Global Self-Esteem 180 Domain-Specific Perceptions 181 Learning Self-Appraisal 182 LEARNING FROM LIVING LEADERS: Susan Harter 182 Gender Variations in Global Self-Esteem 183 Social Determinants of Self-Esteem 183 Family Influences 183 / Influence of Peers and Mentors 184 / Praising Children and Boosting Self-Esteem 184 LEARNING FROM LIVING LEADERS: Carol S. Dweck 185 Identity Formation 185 into adulthood: Identity Formation Continues 187 Ethnic Identity 188 Development of Ethnic Identity 188 / Biracial and Bicultural Children and Youth 189 / Factors that Promote Ethnic Identity 190 real-world application: Sexual Orientation and Identity 191 Development of Knowledge about Others 192 Early Understanding of Intentions and Norms 192 Later Understanding of Mental States: Theory of Mind 192 research up CLOSE: The Brain Beneath Theory ofMind 193 bet you thought that ... Babies Are Not Mind Readers 194 Understanding Psychological Trait Labels 194 Stages in Perspective Taking 195 LEARNING FROM LIVING LEADERS: Robert L. Selmán 196 Advancing Social Understanding 196 Child Abilities 197 / Parental Influences 197 / Siblings and Friends 197 / Experiences Outside the Family 197 / Cultural Influences 198 Stereotyping and Prejudice 198 Stereotyping 198 / Prejudice 199 / Determinants of Stereotyping and Prejudice 200 / Promoting Stereotypes and Prejudice 200 / Can Stereotypes and Prejudice Be Reduced? 200 insights from extremes: The Most Extreme Prejudice — Genocide 201 Communication Between Me and You: The Role of Language 202 Components of Language 202 Steps Toward Language Fluency 202 Preverbal Communication 202 / Babbling and Other Early Sounds 203 Semantic Development: The Power ofWords 203 How and Why Children Acquire Words 203 The Acquisition of Grammar: From Words to Sentences 203 Learning the Social Uses of Language 204 The Rules of Pragmatics 204 / Learning to Adjust Speech to Audience 204 / Learning to Listen Critically 205 Chapter Summary 205 Key Terms 207 AT THE MOVIES 207 viii Contents Chapter 7 Family: Early and Enduring Influences 209 The Family System 210 The Couple System 211 How Does the Couple s Relationship Affect Children? 211 LEARNING FROM LIVING LEADERS: E. Mark Cummings 213 And Baby Makes Three: The Impact of a New Baby on the Couple System 214 INTO adulthood: Transition to Parenthood 214 The Parent-Child System 215 How Parents Socialize Children 215 / Differences in Socialization Approaches 215 / Parenting Styles 216 learning from living leaders: Diana Baumrind 218 Wliy Parents Have Different Parenting Styles 219 RESEARCH UP CLOSE: Transmission of Hostile Parenting across Generations 220 Socialization: From Bidirectional to Transactional 221 / Mothers and Fathers Parenting 221 bet you thought THAT... Parenting Is a Brain Drain, not a Brain Booster 222 The Coparenting System 223 The Sibling System 224 insights from EXTREMES: When Is a Family Too Large? 224 How Are Siblings Affected by Birth Order? 225 / Birth Order and Parent-Child Interactions 225 / Birth Order and Sibling Interactions 226 The Family Unit: Stories, Rituals, and Routines 228 real-world application: Let s Have Dinner 229 Family Variation: Social Class and Culture 230 Differences in Family Values and Practices Related to Socioeconomic Status 230 LEARNING FROM LIVING LEADERS: Vonnie C. McLovd 230 Cultural Patterns in Child Rearing 231 learning from living LEADERS: Raymond Buriel 232 cultural context: How Effects of Parenting Vary across Cultures 233 The Changing American Family 234 Parental Employment and Child Development 235 Working Mothers 235 / Work Stress and Children s Adjustment 236 Parenting after Thirty 236 New Reproductive Technologies 237 Adoption: Another Route to Parenthood 237 Gay and Lesbian Parents 238 Parenting Alone 238 Divorce and Remarriage 239 Effects of Divorce on Children 239 learning from living leaders: E. Mavis Hetherington 240 Who Is Affected Most? 241 / Divorce and the Single-Parent Household 242 / Does Custody Matter? 244 / Remarriage 245 Chapter Summary 245 Key Terms 247 AT THE MOVIES 248 Chapter 8 Peers: The Wider World of Social Development 249 Definitions and Distinctions 250 Developmental Patterns of Peer Interaction 250 First Encounters in Infancy 250 Social Exchanges between Toddlers 251 Peer Play in Early Childhood 252 Peer Society in the SchoolYears 253 Tlie Importance of the Peer s Age 254 / The Importance of the Peer s Gender 254 Peer Interactions in Adolescence 255 Peers as Socializers 255 Modeling Behavior 255 / Reinforcing and Punishing Behavior 256 / Social Comparison 256 cultural CONTEXT: Peer Roles and Relationships in Different Cultures 257 Peer Status 257 Studying Peer Status: Acceptance and Rejection 257 Factors That Affect Peer Acceptance 258 Behaviors That Make a Difference 258 / Biological Predispositions 259 / Social-Cognitive Skills 259 / Are Children Always Reflective? 261 / Children s Goals in Social Interactions 261 learning from living leaders: Steven R.Asher 262 Physical Appearance 262 / Blending In 263 Consequences of Peer Rejection 263 What Determines How Children Read to Rejection? 263 bet you thought that ... Names Would Never HurtYou 264 Short- and Long-Term Consequences of Rejection 265 research UP CLOSE: When Love Thine Enemy Fails 266 insights from extremes: From Rejection to Revenge? 267 Can Peer Status Change? 267 Contents ix Promoters of Peer Acceptance 268 Parents as Promoters of Peer Acceptance 268 Parents as Positive Partners 268 / Parents as Coaches and Teachers 269 / Parents as Social Arrangers and Monitors 270 / When Parents Fail: Peer Rejection of Abused Children 271 Researchers as Promoters of Peer Acceptance 271 LEARNING FROM LIVING LEADERS: Gary W. Ladd 273 Peers Can Help Too 274 When Peers Become Friends 274 Age Changes in Friendship 274 Earliest Friendships 27 4 / Changing Friendship Goals ПЪ / Changing Friendship Expectations ПЬ Interactions with Friends 276 insights from extremes: When Children Love and Protect Each Other 277 LEARNING FROM LIVING LEADERS: WillardW. Hartup 278 Friendship Patterns 278 The Pros and Cons of Friendship 279 Romantic Relationships 279 Teenage hove Affairs Really Do Matter 280 / Changes in Romantic Dynamics over Time 281 Interaction in Groups 281 Dominance Hierarchies 281 Cliques, Crowds, and Gangs 282 into adulthood: What Happens When Jocks, Brains, and Princesses Grow Up 283 real-world application: Youth Gangs 284 Chapter Summary 285 Key Terms 287 AT THE MOVIES 287 Chapter 9 Schools and Media: Children in an Electronic Age 289 The Role of the School in Social Development 290 Schools as Social Communities 290 School Size and Organization 291 Big School; Small School 291 / Age Groupings in Schools 292 / Coeducational versus Same-Gender Schools 293 Class Size and Organization 293 Advantages of Small Classes 293 / Benefits of Open Classrooms 294 / Cooperative Learning 294 / Peer Tutors 295 bet you thought that ... Homeschooled Children Were Socially Disadvantaged 295 The Teachers Impact 296 Teacher-Student Relationships 296 / Keeping Control: Classroom Discipline and Management 296 / Teacher Expectations and Children s Success 297 School-Family Links 297 School Culture; Home Culture 297 learning from living leaders: Nancy E. Hill 298 cultural context: Matching Classroom Organization to Cultural Values and Practices 299 Parents Involvement in Schools 299 / School as a Buffer for Children 300 / After-School Programs 301 learning from living LEADERS: Deborah Lowe Vandell 302 School Integration 302 Electronic Media and Children s Social Lives 303 Watching Television and Playing Video Games 303 Hours of Involvement 304 / Content of Television Shows and Video Games 305 Do Children Understand What They See? 305 Television s Positive Effects 307 LEARNING FROM LIVING LEADERS: Aletha С Huston 307 Negative Effects of Television and Video Games 308 Television Biases Perceptions 308 / Television and Video Games Displace Other Activities 308 / Television Stereotypes Minority Groups 308 / Television and Video Game Violence Leads to Aggression 309 / Television and Video Game Violence Leads to Desensitization 309 / Television and Sexuality 309 real-WORLD APPLICATION: Advertising Influences Children s Choices 310 How Can Parents and Siblings Modify TV s Negative Effects? 311 into ADULTHOOD: Still Playing Games? 312 Internet and Cell Phone Connectivity 313 Internet Access and Use 313 Effects of Internet Involvement 314 Internet Identity 314 / Effects on Social Relationships 314 χ Contents research UP CLOSE: Role-Playing Games and Social Life 315 Effects of Internet Sex 316 LEARNING from living LEADERS: Patricia M. Greenfield 317 Effects on Mental Health 317 Cell Phone Connections 318 insights from extremes: The Risks of Sexting 318 Chapter Summary 319 Key Terms 321 AT THE MOVIES 321 Chapter 10 Sex and Gender: Vive La Différence? 323 Getting Started: Defining Sex and Gender 324 Gender Stereotypes 324 cultural context: Cultural Differences in Gender Stereotypes 325 Gender Differences in Behavior, Interests, and Activities 326 Behavior Differences in Childhood 327 Interests and Activities in Childhood 327 Changes in Adolescence and Adulthood 329 Stability of Gender Typing 329 into adulthood: Occupations for Men and Women 330 Sex Differences in Gender Typing 331 bet you thought that. .. Gender Identity Was Determined by Biological Sex 331 insights from extremes: The First American Transsexual 332 Biological Factors in Gender Differences 333 Evolutionary Theory and Gender Development 333 Hormones and Social Behavior 334 Gender and the Brain 334 Genetics of Gender 336 Biology and Cultural Expectations 336 Cognitive Factors in Gender Typing 337 Cognitive Developmental Theory 337 Gender-Schema Theory: An Information-Processing Approach 338 Comparison of Cognitive Developmental and Gender- Schema Theories 339 learning from living LEADERS: Carol Lynn Martin 339 Social Influences on Gender Typing 340 Theories of Social Influence 340 Parents Influence on Children s Gender-Typed Choices 341 Parents Behavior toward Girls and Boys 341 Behavior with Infants and Toddlers 341 / Behavior with Older Children 342 Modeling Parents Characteristics 343 research up close: Gender Roles in Counterculture Families 345 When Father Is Absent 345 LEARNING FROM LIVING LEADERS: Charlotte J. Patterson 345 Siblings as Gender Socialization Agents 347 Influence of Books and Television 348 real-world application: Do Computers Widen the Gender Gap? 349 Peers, Gender Roles, and Gender Segregation 349 learning from living LEADERS: Eleanor E. Maccoby 351 Schools and Teachers 351 The School Culture 351 / Teacher Attitudes and Behaviors 352 Androgyny 352 Chapter Summary 354 Key Terms 356 AT THE MOVIES 356 Chapter 11 Morality: Knowing Right, Doing Good 357 Moral Judgment 358 Piaget s Cognitive Theory of Moral Judgment 358 Stages of Moral Reasoning 358 / Evaluation ofPiaget s Theory 359 Kohlberg s Cognitive Theory of Moral Judgment 360 Levels and Stages of Moral Judgment 360 insights from extremes: Moral Heroes 362 Limitations of Kohlberg s Theory 363 / New Aspects of Moral Development 364 cultural CONTEXT: Justice versus Interpersonal Obligations in India and the United States 365 Turiel s Social Domain Theory 366 Contents xi Sodai Conventional Domain 366 / Psychological Domain 367 LEARNING FROM LIVING LEADERS: Elliot Turiel 368 Judgments about Complex hsues 368 LEARNING FROM LIVING LEADERS: Judith G. Smetana 369 How Children Learn the Rules and Distinguish between Social Domains 370 Parents and Teachers Roles in Moral and Social Conventional Reasoning 370 / Sibling and Peer Influences on Moral and Conventional Judgments 371 / The Role of Culture 372 Moral Behavior 372 bet you thought that ... Moral Judgment Leads to Moral Action 373 Self-Regulation of Behavior 373 Individual Differences in Self-Regulation 374 into adulthood: The Love of Money Is the Root of All Evil 374 Consistency of Moral Behavior across Situations and Time 376 RESEARCH UP CLOSE: Children Telling Lies 376 Moral Emotions 377 Development of Moral Emotions 377 Moral Emotions and Child Characteristics 378 / Moral Emotions and Parents Behavior 378 Do Moral Emotions Affect Moral Behavior? 379 real-world application: Adolescents Competence to Stand Trial as Adults 380 The Whole Moral Child 381 learning from living leaders: Grażyna Kochanska 382 Prosocial and Altruistic Behavior 382 How Prosocial Behavior and Reasoning Develop 382 Age Changes in Prosocial Behavior 382 / Stability in Styles of Prosocial Behavior 383 / Prosocial Reasoning 384 / Are Girls More Prosocial Than Boys? 385 learning from living leaders: Nancy Eisenberg 385 Determinants of Prosocial Development 386 Biological Influences 386 / Environmental Influences 387 / Cultural Influences 388 / Empathy and Perspective Taking 389 Chapter Summary 390 Key Terms 391 AT THE MOVIES 392 Chapter 12 Aggression: Insult and Injury 393 Types of Aggression 394 Patterns of Aggression 395 Developmental Changes in Aggression 396 Gender Differences in Aggression 397 LEARNING FROM LIVING LEADERS: Nicki Crick 399 Stability of Individual Differences in Aggression 400 into ADULTHOOD: From Childhood Aggression to Road Rage 400 Causes of Aggression 401 Biological Origins of Aggressive Behavior 401 Genetics and Aggression 401 LEARNING FROM LIVING LEADERS: Terrie E. Moffitt 402 Temperament and Aggression 403 / My Brain Made Me Do It .The Neurological Basis of Aggression 403 / Blame It on My Hormones 404 / Prenatal Conditions 404 Social Influences on the Development of Aggression 404 Parents as Interactive Partners 404 / Abusive Parenting and Aggression 405 / A Coercion Model of Aggression 405 / Parents as Providers of Opportunities for Aggression 406 / The Influence of Peers 406 / Neighborhoods as Breeding Grounds 407 Culture as a Determinant of Aggression 407 insights from extremes: Child Soldiers 408 Violence in the Electronic Media 409 Combined Biological and Social Influences on Aggression 410 research up close: Genes, Environmental Triggers, and Aggressive Behavior 412 Sociocognitive Factors in the Development ofAggression 413 learning FROM living LEADERS: Kenneth A. Dodge 414 Bullies and Victims 415 Behavior of Bullies and Victims 415 / Consequences of Bullying Alb REAL-WORLD APPLICATION: Cyberfighting and Cyberbullying 417 Conditions Leading to Bullying 418 Control ofAggression 419 bet you thought that ... You Could Reduce Aggressive Feelings by Letting off Steam 419 xii Contents Cognitive Modification Strategies 420 / Parents as Agents for Aggression Reduction 420 / Schoob as Venues for Intervention 420 / Aggression Prevention: A Multipronged Effort 421 CULTURAL CONTEXT: Preventing Youth Violence 423 Chapter Summary 423 Key Terms 425 AT THE MOVIES 425 Chapter 13 Policy: Improving Children s Lives 427 What Determines Public Policy for Children? 428 Types of Public Policy 429 Children in Poverty: A Social Policy Challenge 431 Economic Hardship and Social Disadvantage 431 Effects of Poverty on Children 431 Programs to Reverse Effects of Poverty 431 LEARNING FROM LIVING LEADERS: Jack P. Shonkoff 432 Head Start 432 learning from living leaders: Deborah A. Phillips 433 Welfare Reform Policies 434 learning FROM living LEADERS: Lindsay Chase- Lansdale 435 Input and Outcome: Getting WhatYou Pay For 435 REAL-WORLD APPLICATION: Early Intervention with Children in Poverty 436 Child Care: A Problem Lacking a Unified Policy 436 Choosing Child Care: What s a Parent to Do? 437 Types of Child Care 437 Effects of Child Care on Children 437 Quality of Child Care Matters 437 / What Is Quality Care? 438 / Time in Child Care 439 LEARNING FROM LIVING LEADERS: Kathleen McCartney 439 How Can Policy Help? 440 RESEARCH UP CLOSE: The Florida Child Care Quality Improvement Study 441 Teenage Pregnancy: Children Having Children 442 BET YOU THOUGHT that ... More Teens Are Having Sex Than Ever Before 443 Factors Leading to Teen Pregnancy 443 Outcomes ofTeen Pregnancies 444 Problems for Teenage Mothers 444 / Problems for Children of Teenage Mothers 444 / Problems for Other Family Members 445 / Problems f orTeenage Fathers 445 / Happy Endings 445 INTO ADULTHOOD: When Teen Mothers Grow Up 445 Reducing Teen Pregnancy 446 Support from the Media 446 / Sex Education in Schools 446 LEARNING FROM living LEADERS: Kristin Anderson Moore 448 Support for Teenage Mothers 449 Child Abuse within the Family 449 Child Abuse: A Family Affair 450 The Ecology of Child Abuse 451 Consequences of Abuse 452 cultural context: Child Abuse and Children s Rights 452 Policies to Prevent Abuse 453 Programs That Prevent Abuse 453 insights from extremes: Suggestive Interrogations and Legal Policy 455 Federal and State Policies 456 Chapter Summary 457 Key Terms 459 AT THE MOVIES 459 Chapter 14 Overarching Themes: Integrating Social Development 461 What We Know: Some Take-Home Principles 462 Views of the Social Child 462 The Child Is Socially Competent from an Early Age 462 / The Child s Social Behavior L· Organized 462 / The Child s Social Behavior Becomes Increasingly Sophisticated 462 / Tlie Child Is Embedded in hevels of Social Complexity 462 / Children s Interactions with Other People Are Reciprocal and Transactional 463 Organization and Explanation of Children s Social Behavior 463 Aspects of Development Are Interdependent 463 / Sodai Behavior Has Multiple Interacting Causes 463 / All Causes Are Important 464 Contents xiii Social Agents and Contexts for Social Development 464 Social Behavior Is Influenced by Social Agents in Social Systems 464 / Social Behavior Varies across Both Situations and Individuals 464 / Social Development Occurs in a Cultural Context 464 / Social Development Occurs in a Historical Context 464 / Some Aspects of Social Development Are Universal 465 Progress and Pathways of Social Development 465 Development May Be Gradual and Continuous or Rapid and Dramatic 465 / Early Experience Is Important, But Its Effects Are Not Irreversible 465 / There Is No Single Pathway to Normal or Abnormal Development 465 / Tracing Both Normative Pathways and Individual Pathways Is Important 466 / Development Is a Lifelong Process 466 Glimpsing the Future: Methodological, Theoretical, and Policy Imperatives 466 Methodological Imperatives 466 Questions Take Priority over Methods 466 / No Single Method Will Suffice 466 / No Single Reporter Will Suffice 466 / No Single Sample Will Suffice 467 Theoretical Imperatives 467 No Single Theory Will Suffice 467 / No Single Discipline Will Suffice 468 Policy Imperatives 468 Research on Social Development Can Inform Social Policy 468 / Social Policy Can Inform Research on Social Development 468 / One-Size-Fits-All Social Policies Are Inadequate 468 / Social Development Is Everyone s Responsibility 468 AT THE WEDDING 469 Glossary 469 / References 479 / Author Index 585 / Subject Index 607
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discipline	Soziologie Psychologie
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genre_facet	Lehrbuch
id	DE-604.BV036732047
illustrated	Illustrated
indexdate	2024-07-09T22:46:49Z
institution	BVB
isbn	9780470599051
language	English
lccn	2010009566
oai_aleph_id	oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-020649694
oclc_num	699876248
open_access_boolean
owner	DE-473 DE-BY-UBG DE-355 DE-BY-UBR DE-703
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physical	XXI, 618 S. Ill., graph. Darst.
publishDate	2011
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publisher	Wiley
record_format	marc
spelling	Parke, Ross D. Verfasser aut Social development Ross D. Parke and Alison Clarke-Stewart Hoboken, NJ Wiley 2011 XXI, 618 S. Ill., graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Child psychology Child development Developmental psychology Sozialisation (DE-588)4055783-2 gnd rswk-swf Kinderpsychologie (DE-588)4073410-9 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)4123623-3 Lehrbuch gnd-content Kinderpsychologie (DE-588)4073410-9 s Sozialisation (DE-588)4055783-2 s DE-604 Clarke-Stewart, Alison 1943- Verfasser (DE-588)131783904 aut http://www.loc.gov/catdir/enhancements/fy1007/2010009566-d.html Publisher description Digitalisierung UB Bamberg application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=020649694&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis
spellingShingle	Parke, Ross D. Clarke-Stewart, Alison 1943- Social development Child psychology Child development Developmental psychology Sozialisation (DE-588)4055783-2 gnd Kinderpsychologie (DE-588)4073410-9 gnd
subject_GND	(DE-588)4055783-2 (DE-588)4073410-9 (DE-588)4123623-3
title	Social development
title_auth	Social development
title_exact_search	Social development
title_full	Social development Ross D. Parke and Alison Clarke-Stewart
title_fullStr	Social development Ross D. Parke and Alison Clarke-Stewart
title_full_unstemmed	Social development Ross D. Parke and Alison Clarke-Stewart
title_short	Social development
title_sort	social development
topic	Child psychology Child development Developmental psychology Sozialisation (DE-588)4055783-2 gnd Kinderpsychologie (DE-588)4073410-9 gnd
topic_facet	Child psychology Child development Developmental psychology Sozialisation Kinderpsychologie Lehrbuch
url	http://www.loc.gov/catdir/enhancements/fy1007/2010009566-d.html http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=020649694&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA
work_keys_str_mv	AT parkerossd socialdevelopment AT clarkestewartalison socialdevelopment

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