Multilevel modeling of social problems: a causal perspective
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Dordrecht [u.a.]
Springer
2011
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltstext Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | XXXIX, 535 S. graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 9789048198542 |
Internformat
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| 100 | 1 | |a Smith, Robert B. |e Verfasser |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Multilevel modeling of social problems |b a causal perspective |c Robert B. Smith |
| 264 | 1 | |a Dordrecht [u.a.] |b Springer |c 2011 | |
| 300 | |a XXXIX, 535 S. |b graph. Darst. | ||
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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Contents
Part I Introductory Essays
. 1
1
Concepts and Considerations
. 3
Contextual Analysis
. 3
Spurious Correlations
. 6
Chains of Relationships
. 8
Contextual Analysis and Multilevel Models
. 10
Notions of Causality
. 10
Stable Association and Potential Outcomes
. 12
Stable Association
. 12
Potential Outcomes
. 13
Causal Effects of Attributes
. 13
Dependency Networks
. 14
Graphical Models
. 14
Association Graphs
. 15
Generative Processes
. 15
Econometric Models in Policy Research
. 16
Uses for Multilevel Models
. 16
Contextual Studies
. 16
Evaluative Research
. 18
Research Summaries
. 19
Conclusion
. 19
Endnotes. 20
2
Contextual Analysis and Multilevel Models
. 23
The Academic Mind
. 24
Apprehension and Its Correlates
. 24
Assessing Permissiveness
. 26
Institutional Incidents
. 27
Conclusion and Implications
. 30
xiv Contents
Notions
of Causality
. 31
Multilevel Models
. 32
Endnotes. 33
3
Stable Association and Potential Outcomes
. 35
Stable Association
. 36
Classic Causality
. 36
Causality as Robust Dependence
. 37
Potential Outcomes
. 40
Causality as an Effect of an Intervention
. 41
Causal Models for Attributes
. 43
Endnotes. 55
4
Dependency Networks
. 59
Graphical Models
. 59
Strategy
. 60
Results
. 62
Interpretive Graphs
. 62
Interpretive Edge Matrices
. 67
Association Graphs for
Loglinear
Models
. 69
The Cross-Tabulated Variables
. 69
A
Loglinear
Model
. 71
Association Graphs
. 71
Generative Mechanisms
. 74
Consideration of Use
. 76
A Generative Process Model
. 78
Correlations or Multivariate Dependencies?
. 83
A Test of the Basic Model
. 85
Decomposition of Effects
. 87
Causality in Policy Research
. 89
Theoretical Models Are Necessary
. 91
The Experimental Paradigm
. 92
Limitations of the Experimental Paradigm
. 93
Heckman's Paradigm
. 94
Structural Economic Models
. 94
Conclusions
. 96
Endnotes. 96
5
Uses for Multilevel Models
. 103
Contextual Studies
. 104
Clustered Macrolevel Units
. 104
Significance of a Level-2 Variance
. 106
Contents xv
Accounting for a Levels Variance by Classifying
the Levels of the Random Variable
. 109
Counts of Events
.
Ill
Clustered
Microlevel
Units
. 113
Macro and Micro Explanatory Variables
. 114
Evaluative Research
. 116
Estimating Treatment Effects
in Difference-in-Differences Designs
. 116
Borrowing Strength
. 117
Using Propensity Scores to Reduce Bias
. 117
Research Summaries
. 119
Meta-analysis
. 119
Evidence for Causal Inferences
. 120
Endnotes. 122
Part II Contextual Studies
. 125
6
Contexts and Covariates
. 127
Global Human Development
. 128
The Social Problem
. 128
Theory
. 129
Study Design
. 129
Measures
. 130
Results
. 130
Policy Implications
. 131
A Globalized Conflect
. 131
The Social Problem
. 131
Theory
. 132
Study Design
. 132
Measures
. 133
Results
. 133
Policy Implications
. 134
Will Claims Workers Dislike a Fraud Detector?
. 135
The Social Problem
. 135
Theory
. 135
Study Design
. 135
Measures
. 136
Results
. 136
Policy Implications
. 137
7
Global Human Development
. 139
Literature Review and Hypotheses
. 140
Civilizations
. 140
Instrumental Factors and Substantive Freedoms
. 141
Contents
Research
Methods.
143
The Multilevel Study Design
. 143
Measures
. 144
Statistical Methods
. 151
Weights, Bonferroni Adjustments,
BIC,
and R2
. 151
The Variance Components Model
. 152
Descriptive and Explanatory Models
. 153
Results
. 156
Descriptive Models of HDI Rank
. 156
Explanatory Models of HDI Rank
. 160
Tests and Replications Using Index Scores
. 167
Discussion
. 172
Summary
. 172
Interpretation of Explanatory Effects
. 173
The Role of Civilization Zones
. 174
Policy Implications
. 176
Endnotes. 177
A Globalized Conflict
. 181
Prior Theory and Research
. 183
Population Characteristics
. 184
Mobilization
. 185
Bystander Unresponsiveness to Crimes
. 187
Ambivalence
. 188
Exploring the Data
. 189
Jewish and Muslim Populations
. 190
Antisemitic Attitudes
. 192
Israel and the Palestinians
. 194
Assumptions about the Counts of Violence
. 196
Who Are the Perpetrators?
. 199
Developing and Testing Models
. 201
Study Design
. 201
The
Poisson
Model
. 202
Fit Statistics
. 204
Creating the Mobilization Model
. 208
What Factors Foster the Violence?
. 211
Parameter Study of Belgium's Violence Counts
. 216
Replication of the Main Analysis
. 217
Discussion
. 219
Summary
. 219
Implications
. 220
Policy Recommendations
. 220
Endnotes. 221
Contents xvii
9 Will Claims
Workers Dislike a Fraud Detector?
. 225
New Contributions
. 226
Hypotheses
. 226
Method
. 227
Study Design
. 227
The Data
. 228
Measures
. 229
Statistical Models
. 235
Results
. 236
Model
1—
The Baseline Unconditional Means Model
. 236
Model
2—
Adding Two Fixed Level-
1
Covariates
. 239
Model 3a Through
3d—
Adding One Office-Level
Fixed Classificatory Variable
. 240
Model
4—
All Variables Fixed, Three Office Contexts
. 244
Model
5—
All Variables Fixed, Four Office Contexts
. 245
The Effect of Sample Size on Hypothesis
4. 246
Discussion
. 248
Summary
. 248
Interpretations
. 248
Generalizations
. 249
Recommendations
. 250
Endnotes. 251
Part III Evaluative Research
. 257
10
Cause and Consequences
. 259
A Pressing Social Problem: Student Achievement and Schools
. 260
Four Types of Policy Orientations
. 261
Co-nect's Theoretical Model of Comprehensive
School Reform
. 264
The Basic DID Design
. 265
Binary
(0,1)
Indicators
. 266
An Econometric Formalization
. 268
Other Assumptions
. 269
Evaluations of Comprehensive School Reform
. 270
Target, Matched, and Not-Matched Schools
. 270
Using Propensity Scores
. 274
Policy Implications
. 278
Endnotes. 278
11
Target, Matched, and Not-Matched Schools
. 283
New Contributions
. 283
The Setting of the Study
. 284
xv¡¡¡
Contents
What Did the Consultants Do?
. 286
Methods
. 287
Previous Studies
. 287
The DID Design
. 288
Repeated Measures
. 290
The Covariates
. 291
Statistical Models
. 292
Selecting Covariance Structures
. 298
Corrections for Multiplicity
. 309
Effect Sizes
. 310
Results
. 311
Overall School Performance
. 312
Third Grade Achievement
. 315
Fifth Grade Achievement
. 317
Discussion
. 319
Summary
. 319
Implications
. 320
Appendix
. 324
Endnotes. 328
12
Using Propensity Scores
. 331
New Contributions
. 332
The Setting of the Study
. 332
Aspects of the Schools
. 333
Aspects of the Reforms
. 335
Possible Impacts of the Reforms
. 336
Conjectures
. 337
Methods
. 338
The Difference-In-Differences (DID) Design
. 339
Propensity Scores
. 341
The Repeated Measures
. 346
The Multilevel Models
. 347
Covariance Structures
. 349
Treatment Effects
. 357
The Results
. 364
Reading Tests
. 365
Mathematics Tests
. 366
Average of Reading and Mathematics Tests
. 367
Fourth Grade Writing
. 369
Multiplicity and Composite Effects
. 370
Discussion
. 375
Summary
. 375
Policy Implications
. 375
Endnotes. 376
Contents xix
Part IV
Research
Summaries
. 381
13
Consolidations and Critiques
. 383
Problems of Health Care
. 384
The Uninsured
. 384
Medical Costs
. 386
Quality of Care
. 386
Policy Orientations and Reform Plans
. 387
President Obama's Plan
. 389
Cost Savings
. 390
The Subsequent Chapters
. 391
Gatekeepers and Sentinels
. 392
Childhood Vaccinations and Autism
. 394
Gauging Causality in Multilevel Models
. 396
Endnotes. 396
14
Gatekeepers and Sentinels
. 399
Program Characteristics
. 400
New Contributions
. 400
Preauthorization Review
. 400
Concurrent Review
. 401
Research Methods
. 401
Study Characteristics
. 402
Statistics
. 407
Results
. 411
Effects of Precertification
. 412
Effects of Onsite Concurrent Review
. 415
Discussion
. 421
Summary of Findings
. 421
Interpretation of Findings: Gatekeepers and Sentinels
. 426
Generalization of Findings
. 427
Endnotes. 428
15
Childhood Vaccinations and Autism
. 431
The MMR-Autism Controversy in Britain
. 432
The Vaccination-Autism Controversy in the USA
. 434
Methods for Reviewing Evidence
. 437
The Cochrane Collaboration's Meta-Analytic Approach
. 438
The Institute of Medicine's Bayesian Approach
. 440
Endnotes. 448
16
Gauging Causality in Multilevel Models
. 451
Zones of Causal Notions
. 452
Two Meanings of Non-Causality
. 452
і
Contents
Stable Association
. 454
Potential
Outcomes
. 454
Dependency Networks
. 455
Causality Zones of the Contextual Studies
. 456
Chapter
2,
Contextual Analysis and Multilevel Models
. 456
Chapter
7,
Global Human Development
. 457
Chapter
8,
A Globalized Conflict
. 460
Chapter
9,
Will Claims Workers Dislike a Fraud Detector?
. 464
Causality Zones of the Evaluative Research
. 467
Chapter
11,
Target, Matched, and Not-Matched Schools
. 467
Chapter
12,
Using Propensity Scores
. 472
Causality Zone of the Research Summaries
. 477
Chapter
14,
Gatekeepers and Sentinels
. 477
Implications
. 481
Endnotes. 483
Glossary
. 485
References
. 501
Index
. 521 |
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| spelling | Smith, Robert B. Verfasser aut Multilevel modeling of social problems a causal perspective Robert B. Smith Dordrecht [u.a.] Springer 2011 XXXIX, 535 S. graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Soziale Probleme (DE-588)4139770-8 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)4056995-0 Statistik gnd-content Soziale Probleme (DE-588)4139770-8 s DE-604 Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe 978-90-481-9855-9 text/html http://deposit.dnb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?id=3500829&prov=M&dok_var=1&dok_ext=htm Inhaltstext Digitalisierung UB Bayreuth application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=020648311&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Smith, Robert B. Multilevel modeling of social problems a causal perspective Soziale Probleme (DE-588)4139770-8 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4139770-8 (DE-588)4056995-0 |
| title | Multilevel modeling of social problems a causal perspective |
| title_auth | Multilevel modeling of social problems a causal perspective |
| title_exact_search | Multilevel modeling of social problems a causal perspective |
| title_full | Multilevel modeling of social problems a causal perspective Robert B. Smith |
| title_fullStr | Multilevel modeling of social problems a causal perspective Robert B. Smith |
| title_full_unstemmed | Multilevel modeling of social problems a causal perspective Robert B. Smith |
| title_short | Multilevel modeling of social problems |
| title_sort | multilevel modeling of social problems a causal perspective |
| title_sub | a causal perspective |
| topic | Soziale Probleme (DE-588)4139770-8 gnd |
| topic_facet | Soziale Probleme Statistik |
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