Medicinata v provinciite Dolna Mizija i Trakija: (I-kraja na III v.)
Saved in:
| Main Author: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Thesis Book |
| Language: | Bulgarian |
| Published: |
Sofija
Nacionalen Archeologičeski Inst. s Muzej
2010
|
| Series: | Disertacii / Nacionalen Archeologičeski Institut s Muzej na Bălgarskata Akademija na Naukite
3 |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Abstract Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Item Description: | PST: Medicine in the provinces of Lower Moesia and Thrace. - In kyrill. Schr., bulg. - Zsfassung in engl. Sprache |
| Physical Description: | 310 S. zahlr. Ill., Kt. |
| ISBN: | 9789549211764 |
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Record in the Search Index
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|---|---|
| adam_text | СЪДЪРЖАНИЕ
Въведение
.................................................................................................................................9
Часті
I.
Изследвания върху античната медицина и медицинските инструменти
...............11
II.
В зората на медицината
...............................................................................................14
Медицинските автори
- 14.
Къде се корени произходът на римската медицина?
- 16.
Достиже¬
ния на медицината през римската епоха
- 16.
Медицински находки от предримската епоха
-
17.
Тракийски лечебни практики
- 17.
Тракийски гробни комплекси
с
медицински инструмен¬
ти от римската епоха
- 20.
III.
Медицински и фармацевтични инструменти от провинциите
Долна Мизия и Тракия
................................................................................................23
A. Основни инструменти
...............................................................................................................25
Al
Скалпел
- 25.
А2
Ланцет
- 32. A3
Щипци
- 33. A4
Пинсеги
- 33.
А5 Кука
- 37.
А6 Игла-
38.
А7 Ножица
- 39.
А8 Вендуза
-40.
А9 Каутерий-41.
Б. Специализирани инструменти
..................................................................................................42
Б
1
Урологични инструменти
- 42.
Б
1.1
Инструменти за литотомия
- 42.
Б
1.2
Анален спекулум
- 45.
Б1
.3
Катетър
- 45.
Б2. Гинекологични инструменти
- 46.
Б2.1 Вагинален спекулум
- 46.
Б2.2 Гинекологична кука
- 47.
Б2.3 Кука за унищожаването на плода в утробата
- 49.
БЗ. Инструменти за костна хирургия
- 49.
Б3.1 Трепанатор
- 49.
Б3.2 Длето
- 50.
БЗ.З Клещи за костна хирургия
-51.
Б4 Инструменти за очна хирургия-
53.
Б4.1 Очна игла
-53.
Б4.2 Скалпел за очна хирургия
- 55.
B. Помощни инструменти
.............................................................................................................56
81 Сонда
-56.
В1.1 Сонда-шпатула
- 56.
В1.2Сонда-лъжичка-57. В1.3 Ушна сонда-
58.
В1.4 Двойна сонда
-58.
82 Шпатула
- 59.
ВЗ Лъжица
- 59.
В3.1 Кохлеар
- 59.
В3.2
Лигула
- 59.
В4 Игла за превръзки
- 60.
В5 Плоча за разтриване на лекарства
- 60.
В6 Везна и тежести-
61.67 0^111113- 61.
В8
Стилус
-62.
Г.
Кутии и съдове за съхранение на медикаменти и инструменти
.............................................62
Π
Кутии-бЗ.П.І
Тубус-63. П.2 Правоъгълна кутия
-65.
Π
.
З Пиксида-
68.
Г2. Съдове за съхранение на медикаменти
- 69.
ГЗ Хавани и чукала
- 70.
Д. Козметични пособия
..................................................................................................................71
Материал, изработка иукраса на медицинските инструменти
..............................................73
IV.
Епиграфика и медицина
.............................................................................................80
V.
Медицинската практика през римската епоха
.........................................................87
Общественото положение на античния лекар
.......................................................................... 87
Специализацията в античната медицина
...................................................................................92
Военната медицина
........................................................................................................................95
Възникване на организирано медицинско обслужване
- 95.
Военните лекари
- 95.
Военните болници
- 97.
Обща схема на военните болници
- 97.
Военната болница
в Нове
- 98.
Ветеринарната медицина
...........................................................................................................106
Локализация на лечебни центрове
..............................................................................................108
VI.
Антропология и медицина
...................................................................................... 111
Палеоантропологични данни за демографските процеси в българските земи през
I
-
III
в.
- 111.
Фрактури и заболявания
- 114.
Епидемии
- 115.
Трепанации
- 116.
VII.
Нумизматика, изкуство и медицина
.........................................................................119
VIII.
Религия, магия и медицина
.......................................................................................135
Асклепиони
- 135.
Култът към Асклепий и други здравеносни божества
- 139.
Епитети на здравеносните богове
- 147.
Символи на здравеносните богове
- 148.
Теофорни имена
- 149.
Магия и магически предмети
- 150.
IX.
Хигиена, здравеопазване и медицина
......................................................................153
Климатични условия и хигиена
- 153.
Термите като място за лечение
- 153.
Минерални извори и бани
- 156.
Лекарства и търговията
с
тях
- 159.
Заключение
..........................................................................................................................164
Medicine in
the provinces of Lower Moesia and Thrace
from
1st
с
AD to the end of
3rd
с
AD (summary)
..............................................................167
Цитирана
литература..........................................................................................................
173
Речник
на термините, използвани
в глава
III
....................................................................189
Индекси
................................................................................................................................193
Частії
Каталог (на инструментите и пособията, използвани в Глава
III)
..................................203
Приложения
........................................................................................................................217
Приложение
1 -
Каталог на гробните находки и затворените комплекси
с
медицински инструменти от провинции Долна Мизия и Тракия (с таблица
на видовете предмети по гробни комплекси) (към карта
1)............................................219
Приложение
2......................................................................................................................225
2А. Находки на скалпели със сребърна инкрустация от римската епоха (към карта
2).....................225
2Б. Находки на инструменти за литотомия от римската епоха (към карта
3).....................................229
2В. Находки на анални спекула от римската епоха (към карта
4)........................................................231
2Г. Находки на катетри от римската епоха (към карта
5)......................................................................231
2Д. Находки на вагинални спекула от римската епоха (към карта
6)..................................................232
2Е. Находки на трепанатори от римската епоха (към карта
7).............................................................233
2Ж. Находки на очни игли от римската епоха (към карта
8)................................................................233
23.
Находки на правоъгълни бронзови кутии от римската епоха (към карта
9).................................236
Приложение
3 -
Комплекси, съдържащи специализирани
медицинскиинструменти от римската епоха
....................................................................240
Приложение
4 -
Изображения, свързани
с
медицината, върху монети
и медальони от провинциите Долна Мизия и Тракия в периода
II
-
III
в
.....................242
Табла
....................................................................................................................................257
Карти
....................................................................................................................................283
Списък на таблиците, таблата, фотоизображенията и картите, използвани в книгата
.......309
CONTENTS
Introduction
...............................................................................................................................9
Part I
I. Studies at the ancient medicine and medical instruments
.............................................11
II. At the dawn of medicine
................................................................................................14
Medical authors
- 14.
Where does the origin of Roman medicine root?
- 16.
Achievements of the
medicine at Roman times
- 16.
Medical finds from the Pre-Roman time
- 17.
Thracian healing
practices
- 17.
Thracian grave complexes with medical instruments from the Roman age
- 20.
III. Medical and pharmaceutical instruments from the provinces of Lower Moesia and
Thrace
............................................................................................................................23
A. Basic instruments
.........................................................................................................................25
Al
Scalpel
- 25.
A2 Lancet
- 32. A3
Forceps
- 33. A4
Tweezers
- 33.
A5 Hook
- 37.
A6 Needle
- 38.
A7 Scissors
- 39.
A8 Cupping vessel
- 40.
A9 Cautery
- 41.
B. Specialized instruments
................................................................................................................42
Bl Urology instruments
- 42.
Bl
.1
Instruments for lithotomy
- 42.
B1.2 Anal speculum
- 45.
Bl
.3
Catheter
- 45.
B2. Gynaecological instruments
- 46.
B2.
1
Vaginal speculum
- 46.
B2.2 Gynaecological hook
- 47.
B2.3 Hook for destroying foetus in the womb
- 49.
B3 Instruments for bone surgery
- 49.
B3.1 Trephine
- 49.
B3.2 Chisel
- 50.
B3.3 Bone forceps
- 51.
B4 Instruments for ophthalmic surgery
- 53.
B4.1 Ophthalmic needle
- 53.
B4.2 Scalpels for ophthalmic surgery
- 55.
С
Auxiliary instruments
..................................................................................................................56
Cl Probe
-56.
Cl.l Spatula probe
- 56.
C1.2 Scoop probe
- 57.
C1.3 Ear probe-
58.
C1.4 Double probe
-58.
B2 Spatula
- 59.
C3 Spoon
- 59.
B3.1 Cochlear
- 59.
C3.2
Ligula
- 59.
C4 Bandage needle
- 60.
C5 Ointment slab
- 60.
C6 Scales and leads
- 61.
C7 Strigilis
- 61.
C8 Stilus
- 62.
D. Containers and vessels for keeping of medicaments and instruments
.........................................62
Dl Boxes
- 63.
Dl
.1
Tubular drug box
- 63.
D1.2 Rectangular box
- 65.
Dl
.3
Pyxis
- 68.
D2. Vessels
- 69.
D3 Mortars and pestles
- 70.
E. Cosmetic utensils
..........................................................................................................................71
Material, workmanship and decoration of the medical instruments
.................................................73
IV. Epigraphy and medicine
................................................................................................80
V. Medical practice at Roman times
..................................................................................87
Social status of the ancient practitioner
...........................................................................................87
Specialization in ancient medicine
...................................................................................................92
Military medicine
..............................................................................................................................95
Arising of the organized medical service
- 95.
Military docots
- 95.
Military hospitals
- 97.
General scheme of the
military hospitals
- 97.
The military hospital at Novae
- 98.
Veterinary medicine
........................................................................................................................106
Localization of healing centres
.......................................................................................................108
VI. Anthropology and medicine
............................................................................................
Ill
Paleopathological data about demographic processes at Bulgarian lands from
1
st to
3rd
с
AD -111. Fractures and
diseases
- 114.
Epidemics
- 115.
Trephinations
- 116.
VII.
Numismatics, art and medicine
...................................................................................119
VIII.
Religion, magic and medicine
.....................................................................................135
Asclepeions
- 135.
The cult of Asclepius and other healing deities
- 139.
Epithets of the healing deities
- 147.
Symbols of the healing deities
- 148.
Theophorical names
- 149.
Magic and magical items
- 150.
IX.
Hygiene,
healthcare and medicine
...............................................................................153
Climatic conditions and hygiene
- 153,
The baths as a place of healing
- 153.
Thermal springs and baths
- 156.
Medicaments and trade with them
- 159.
Conclusion
............................................................................................................................164
Medicine in the provinces of Lower Moesia and Thrace
from
1st
с
AD to the end of
3rd
с
AD (summary)
..............................................................167
Bibliography
.........................................................................................................................173
Glossary
................................................................................................................................189
Indices
...................................................................................................................................193
Part II
Catalogue (of the instruments and utensils in Chapter III)
...................................................203
Appendices
...........................................................................................................................217
Appendix
1-А
catalogue of the grave finds and close complexes with medical
instruments from the provinces of Lower Moesia and Thrace (with a table) (to Map
1).....219
Appendix
2............................................................................................................................225
2A. Finds of scalpels with silver inlay from the Roman age (to Map
2)....................................................225
2B. Finds of instruments for lithotomy from the Roman age (to Map
3)...................................................229
2C. Finds of rectal specula from the Roman age (to Map
4)......................................................................231
2D. Finds of catheters from the Roman age (to Map
5).............................................................................231
2F. Finds of vaginal specula from the Roman age (to Map
6)....................................................................232
2G. Finds of trephines from the Roman age (to Map
7).............................................................................233
2H. Finds of ophthalmic needles from the Roman age (to Map
8).............................................................233
21.
Finds of rectangular bronze boxes from the Roman age (to Map
9).....................................................236
Appendix
3 -
Complexes comprising specialized medical instruments
from the Roman age
..............................................................................................................240
Appendix
4 -
Images, related to the medicine, on coins and medallions
from the provinces of Lower Moesia and Thrace from
1st
to
3rd
с
AD
..............................242
Plates
....................................................................................................................................257
Maps
....................................................................................................................................283
List of the tables, plates, figures and maps, used in the book
...............................................309
MEDICINE IN THE
PROVINGES
OF LOWER MOESIA AND THRACE
FROM 1st C. AD TO THE END OF 3rd C. AD
(Summary)
Nadezhda
Kiróva
The study of medicine in the provinces of Lower Moesia and Thrace aims at investiga¬
tion of all its aspects, manifestations, development and reflection on the ancient society. Thus,
the survey has several specific tasks:
1)
Collection, cataloging and classification of the medical
instruments from the provinces of Lower Moesia and Thrace;
2)
Delimitation of medicine from
pharmacy, precisely possible;
3)
Definition of the function of the instruments, their application,
place of manufacture and development in course of time;
4)
Analysis of the written records,
epigraphical, anthropological and numismatic data, referring to the medical level and hygiene
at Bulgarian lands during the Roman age;
5)
Study of the connection between medicine and re¬
ligion;
6)
Outlining the place of the provinces of Lower Moesia and Thrace in the development
of medicine according to other Roman provinces. The data about the two provinces outside the
present state boundaries of Bulgaria in this book is scanty, because of access only to publica¬
tions, and not to unpublished materials. Chronological span of the work is in accordance with
general historical events. The earliest data (1st
c. AD)
is defined by establishment of the prov¬
ince of Thrace at the time of Emperor Claudius (AD
45/ 46)
and especially after formation of
Lower Moesia after AD
86.
Information about the subject before this date for Moesia is miss¬
ing, whereas for Thrace is rare. This is the period when in all Roman provinces a phenomenon,
which was unknown by this date, appeared
-
graves with medical instruments as grave goods.
The upper chronological boundary (the end of 3rd
с
AD) coincides with declination of the Ro¬
man culture, as well as with disappearance of the grave finds, connected with medicine. For a
long period of time data, related to medicine in general, had been missing.
Chapter I. Studies on the ancient medicine and medical instruments
First chapter represents a review of the bibliography on the subject, not only connected
with the two provinces, but as a whole for the Roman Empire. The cause of this overview is the
great unification of medical instruments as a shape at Roman times in all Roman provinces, as
well as the common traits by decoration and production. This general bibliographical survey
relates only to the material, regarded in the third chapter (classification of medical instruments).
For the other parts of the work only a review of significant studies is done.
Chapter II. At the dawn of medicine
First part of this chapter is dedicated to those ancient authors, who have most seriously
influenced the development of medicine. It does not aim at regarding questions from the his¬
tory of medicine, but only marking of some important items, connected with present subject
-
a review of the origin of Roman medical tradition under the influence of the Greek and East
medicine, as well as examination of the achievements of medical science at Roman times. Thus,
the Pre-Roman archaeological finds are of great importance, as well as the inherited Thracian
healing practices, which left its mark on the development of medical knowledge in this part of
the Roman Empire. A group of graves from Thrace
(Dragodan,
Karanovo, Kocherinovo, Mu-
drets and Traianopolis) has been also regarded. They bear common characteristics and though
from the Roman age they are influenced by Thracian healing tradition.
167
Chapter III. Medical and pharmaceutical instruments from the provinces of Lower
Moesia and Thrace
This chapter represents the main part of the book not only as volume, but as an accent of
the work. It comprises the classification of all instruments and utensils, which could be related
to the application of medicine at Roman times. They are divided into five main groups: A) Basic
instruments; B) Specialized instruments; C) Auxiliary utensils; D) Containers and vessels for
keeping medicines and instruments; E) Cosmetic utensils. Discussing of the latter is connected
with the attempt, as far as possible, to distinguish medicine from cosmetics. An inseparable part
of this chapter is the catalogue with
163
numbers, Appendix
2
and the plates, placed at the end
of the book.
A. The first group comprises the main set of cutting, therapeutic and diagnostic instru¬
ments. These are instruments, used by the doctors in their everyday practice
-
scalpels, lancets,
forceps, tweezers, hooks,
chirurgical
needles, cupping vessels, cauteries, etc. Their discovery in
graves is a proof of a doctor s grave. These instruments had a strict medical usage.
Main attention is paid to the most important surgical instrument
-
the scalpel. A specific
feature of the scalpels from 1st to 3rd
с
AD is the handle, ending by a leaf-like spatula. From
Bulgarian lands are known not only common examples, but also rich decorated ones. Those
with silver inlay decoration deserve special consideration. From the whole Roman Empire are
known all in all
60
examples. In the four representative finds with medical instruments from
Bulgarian lands
-
Marcianopolis, Karanovo, Dionisopolis and Scutare, this kind of instruments
has been discovered. The decoration is fine, diligently made. These instruments could be re¬
garded as an import, probably from
Gallo-Germanie
provinces. The blades of the scalpels rep¬
resent a great variety, according to the written sources, but in this study only the types known by
archaeological excavations have been regarded. From Bulgarian lands only a few are known,
because the acidity of the soil prevents their preservation.
The lancet is similar to the two-blade knives, but it has different shape and function. It
was used for blood-letting in the human and also in veterinary medicine.
Pincers and extractors are usually denoted with the Latin forceps without making dif¬
ference between them. They have different shape and function. While the extractors could be
defined as instruments of a general practitioner, the pincers could be numbered as instruments
of dentistry or bone surgery, i.e. specialized instruments. The tweezers are well represented
instruments, not only in graves, but also in museum collections. Not all of them could be re¬
garded as purely medical instruments. They are usually made of bronze, but such of iron are
also known. A great part of the functions of extractors was taken by the tweezers in Antiquity,
because the first were rough
und
inapplicable for fine operations. In surgery mainly two types
of hooks were used
-
blunt and sharp one. The first serves for clamping, catching, breaking and
stretching of tissue during the operation. The second was used for catching of the blood vessels.
The needle was applied not only in medicine, but also in everyday life. In some cases it
is difficult to make a difference in its usage. Three main types of medical needles are known
-
surgery needles, needles for bandage and ophthalmic ones. The latter are discussed among the
specialized instraments. The scissors were used not only by hair-cutting, but also by surgery
interventions (of hernia, warts, etc.), though rarely. The examples from the Roman age usu¬
ally have a U-shaped handle, riveted to the working part. The cupping vessels were extremely
popular in Antiquity. They were applied for extracting blood or air. They were often represented
on stelae as a symbol of medical practice in ancient times. The cautery is varied as a form and
function. It was used extremely for blood stopping by burning.
B. Specialized instruments
-
these are instruments, used by specific operations in dif¬
ferent branches of medicine
-
dentistry, gynecology, urology, therapeutics, and ophthalmology.
They are found rarely and not every practitioner has been in possession of them.
168
At first place in the field of urology the instruments for lithotomic operation have to
be mentioned. This intervention aims at extracting of stone out of the bladder. Ancient authors
wrote about several instruments, used for the operation:
λιθοτμόν
(a scalpel),
λιθουλκός
(li¬
thotomic hook),
λιθαναβολένς
(a sort of heaver),
λιθολάβις
(forceps or tweezers for lithot¬
omy). Lithotomic instruments have been discovered rarely. They are known only from several
complexes
-
from Asia Minor, unknown provenance (Italy), Rimini (Italy) and Marcianopolis
(Bulgaria).
Another instrument, applied in urology, is the anal speculum, used as an anal diag¬
nostic utensil. It was convenient by healing of hemorrhoids and other formations. It is a rare
archaeological find. The catheter is also an instrument, seldom discovered because it is a fine
one and it has been often damaged by the burden of the soil. It was made of bronze or lead, but
only bronze ones have been excavated.
Among the gynaecological instruments the vaginal speculum is first to mention. This
is a diagnostic utensil, handed down, instead of been laid in a doctor s grave. A few examples
are known, none as a grave find. The instrument consists of a base, a screw, two handles and
shoulders (three or four according to construction). This is one of the longest survived instru¬
ments
-
with few modifications it functioned until
1
8th
с
The gynaecological hook has a solid
handle with a thick working part. It serves for extracting of the dead foetus out of the womb.
The hook for destroying foetus in the womb is the instrument mentioned by Tertullian in
De
anima
for perpetration of criminal aborts. It was also used for humanitarian reasons
-
when a
real danger for the life of the lying-in woman exists. The instrument represents a tine, slightly
curved and strongly pointed hook.
Specialized bone instruments were used in the field of traumatology. The trephine is a
main utensil by accomplishment of an operation by opening a skull
-
trephination. This instru¬
ment is a rare archaeological find
-
usually in extremely rich grave complexes. It was made
only of bronze and was used by removing part of the skull in case of high cranial pressure, as a
result of a cranial trauma or sort of trouble. The bone chisel was applied extremely in the bone
surgery for bone scraping. It represents a solid
trapezoid
instrument with a wider or narrower
blade, tapered at the end. The bone forceps, disregarding their specific function, are as a whole
massive instruments with solid handles. They are made of bronze and have straight or S-shaped
jaws. They could be used in the bone surgery, as well as for extracting tooth roots in dentistry.
Instruments for ophthalmic surgery were represented mainly by the ophthalmic nee¬
dle, which had a handle for firm gripping. It was used for removing a cataract. This intervention
is complicated and risky, which by a wrong movement could cause permanent blindness to the
patient. It is not a question of healing but of slight clearness of eyesight. This method of work
had been preserved until 17th
-
18th
с
AD.
C. Auxiliary instruments
-
they have different functions, mainly in the field of phar¬
macology, but some of them have everyday usage. These are probes, spatulas, spoons, etc.
Presence only of this kind of instruments in a grave, does not define it as a doctor s one, but
rather as a grave of a pharmacist s. The probes were common utensil, applied in pharmacy and
cosmetics. Basic varieties are spatula probe and scoop probe. The spatula is used by apply¬
ing medicine into a wound or on a bandage, as well as for pressing the tongue, but the spoon is
more suitable for scooping of half-liquid medicaments. By the probe ointments could be stirred,
as well as applymg of medicines in a wound and for exploring of big sores. Two basic types of
spoons as pharmaceutical utensils are known
-
cochlears and
lígulas.
Ointment slabs are standard as a shape. They differ only in material and size. They rep¬
resent square or rectangular plate with
trapezoid
section and smooth surface. In most cases they
show traces of long usage
-
broken edges, indentation. Scales and leads for them are rarely
found. Two main types are known
-
T-shaped ones with balances like bowls and another in the
169
shape of ruler with hooks for hanging. The first type is suitable for small quantities.
D. The group of the Containers and vessels includes tubular drug boxes, rectangular
bronze boxes for keeping of medical instruments, pixis for medicines and vessels of metal, clay
or glass for keeping and preparing of drugs. The tubular drug box is one of the most popular
containers for fine medical instruments
-
probes, hooks, needles, etc. Rectangular boxes were
made of bronze or non-durable material (wood, for example). They are divided into small com¬
partments (from
2
to
10,
but usually
3
to
6).
Each of them has its own lid. There is a big lid,
covering the whole box. The pyxis is a round, low, bronze box with a lid, used for keeping of
medicaments. The vessels for preserving and mixing of drugs are made of different materi¬
als
-
metal, glass, clay, bone or stone. Though in a medical context, their medical function stays
unsure. Only a presence of a medicament into is a clear proof of this. The mortar for grinding
grain, as well as for medicaments, is made of marble. Those of small size are applicable for
grinding solid medicaments. The grinding was made by a marble pestle. The mortars represent
semi-spherical bowls, usually with four small handles. The pestle has a shape of a foot, folded
thumb or simply with L-shaped form.
E. Cosmetic utensils. To certain extent this group re-covers with the group of auxiliary
instruments, because many of the pharmaceutical utensils are actually cosmetic ones. Here are
regarded instruments, which are confused with medical ones, without have a medical function
at all. Clear distinction among different groups of instruments and utensils is not always pos¬
sible, because the medicine, the pharmacy and the cosmetics have been closely related in An¬
tiquity. A cosmetic travelling set, which for a long time has been considered for a medical one,
is also represented
-
the combined medical instrument from Ljublen.
In this chapter are also discussed other questions, related to the production of medical
instruments. The used materials are: bronze, copper, tin, iron, lead, white metal, silver, stone,
bone and wood. Decoration is simple and functional. In rare cases decoration of silver and gold
in geometric and floral motives was used. A specific feature of the medical instruments is their
multi-functionality, which makes them extremely effective. It consists not only of attaching two
instruments to a single shaft, but also in many functions which each instrument does. The place
of production is also a question, which could evaluate the level of ancient medicine. At Roman
Imperial time separation of the workshops according to the used material existed. In cases when
a instrument was produced of two materials, it had to be made of parts and then consequently
jointed. In most cases the connection is movable, by fixing the blade in the cleft of the handle.
In this case the blade could be easily changed by damage or for cleaning. From Bulgarian lands
we have data only about ancient production and trade centre near Radomir. Regarding chronol¬
ogy, in the book are included instruments from 1st
с
AD to the end of 3rd
с
AD. The long usage
of these utensils impedes precising dates.
Chapter IV. Epigraphy and medicine
In this chapter is discussed epigraphic material, related to data about doctors (human and
veterinary) from Bulgarian lands. We command
9
monuments, connected with civilian doctors
-
all in Old Greek. Inscriptions, related to military practitioners, are
4
in number
-
all in Latin.
Those, mentioning veterinary doctors, are
2
(in Old Greek). We have at disposal only one in¬
scription about a woman-doctor, though controversial.
Chapter V. Medical practice at Roman times
One of the most important questions, connected with the medical practice, is the social
status of the ancient practitioner. We have information predominantly about the doctors in
Rome, about whom more written evidences exist. For the practitioners in the Roman provinces
we could judge mainly from inscriptions.
170
Another problem, related to the medical practice, is specialization in different fields of
medicine. Generally, it could be assumed that most of the ancient practitioners used the basic
set of instruments
und
accomplished comparatively rudimentary surgery interventions. A spe¬
cialization in lithotomy is observed. Presence of a speculum rectus or of a speculum magnum
speaks for a specialist in urology or in gynecology. We have data for doctors in traumatology,
who treats bone traumas and does skull trephination. Generally, we could divide doctors into
three groups:
1)
Specialists, doing specific operations;
2)
Common doctors performed one or
two more complicated interventions;
3)
General practitioners, partly occupied with surgery
and/or pharmacology.
The next part of the chapter is dedicated to the military medicine. Not until the time of
the
Principate
we could speak for an organized medical service in the Army. Regarding the per¬
sonnel, engaged in the hospitals, there are rich epigraphic data.
Medicus
is the most frequently
mentioned title. In this period appeared the military hospital (yaletudinarium)
-
a phenomenon
of the Roman age. At the beginning it was just two rows of tents with a corridor , left for pass¬
ing. Consequently, its plan became compound. Essential information for the item we obtain
from the military hospital in the military camp at Novae.
Another branch of the medical practice is veterinary medicine. Surgery interventions
on animals were limited chiefly to two operations
-
drawing of faucal abscesses and castration.
For the second intervention we possess more data. The instruments applied by castrations are
the only archaeological material, confirming application of this operation.
The localization of medical centers is extremely difficult, because the only real hospi¬
tals in Roman times were those in the military camps. Without doubt similar hospitals existed
in the towns, too. It is not always possible to attest them archaeologically.
Chapter VI. Anthropology and medicine
Anthropological data inform us about diseases, pathological alternations and epidemics,
as well as for the level of hygiene, medical service and social development at the time. Regard¬
ed processes at the territory of Bulgarian lands are not an isolated occurrence, but typical for the
Antiquity
-
high birth-rate, attended by high mortality, small percentage of aged people (above
60
years). Generally, for the Roman age, a positive tendency by the average life expectancy
could be outlined. At the end of this chapter, a special attention is rendered to the trephination
as a treatment. The rarity of this intervention at Bulgarian lands attests that this practice was not
popular here, at least regarding Roman and Late Roman times.
Chapter
VII.
Numismatics, art and medicine
In numismatics we find evidences mainly for worshipping of the healing deities (Ascle-
pius, Hygia, Telesphorus, the Three Nymphs, etc.) and their popularity in the two regarded Ro¬
man provinces. Extremely popular were the images of these gods and goddesses on coins at the
time of plague epidemics.
Chapter
VIII.
Religion, magic and medicine
This chapter is dedicated to relation between medicine and religion, which is very
strong in Antiquity. Information is sought in several directions. At one hand, that is the temples
of the healing deities and the data from architectural point of view, which give us informa¬
tion about healing practices, applied in these temples. Apart from worship of Asclepius, Hygia
and Telesphorus as healing deities, we have data about Apollo
Ίητρός
(Medicus),
the Three
Nymphs,
Demeter,
Hecate and Artemis. Epithets of the healing gods are another aspect, in
connection with the medicine. A well known practice, as a gesture of honour to them, was the
171
usage
of theophorical names, deriving mainly from the name of Asclepius (Asclepiadoros,
Asclepioadora, Asklepiadotos, Asklepiodotos and Asclepiodotianos).
Medicine in Antiquity was inextricably bound up with magic and magical practices.
For amulets are regarded stone items, which are fire resistible, glass objects without practical
function, pearls of glass or amber, miniature weapons, nails, etc. It is quite possible, magical
objects to be placed in doctors graves as a guarantee that the deceased will not come back
from the other life. At the end of this chapter, another important question is observed. This is
questionable large number of practitioners graves (about
400)
from the territory of the whole
Roman Empire. Generally, the graves indicating the profession of the deceased at that time are
rare. Whether doctors, because of their ability to heal, were considered as people connected
with magical power, common people did everything to prevent them not going back from the
afterlife? Probably it is the reason doctors were buried with all their instruments.
Chapter IX. Hygiene, healthcare and medicine
In the last chapter are observed questions, which at first sight stay away from the subject
of the book, but which complement our notion in this direction. These are issues, connected
with healing with thermal waters, baths, hygiene, diets and pharmacology.
General consideration of medicine and all its manifestations in Lower Moesia and Thra¬
ce outlines some differences between them, which are predetermined by the different political
development of the two provinces. Within them, the towns at the Black Sea coast differentiate.
The survey of medical instruments and other materials from Bulgarian lands leads to some gen¬
eral conclusions:
1)
Most types of medical instruments from other Roman provinces are also
known from Bulgarian lands;
2)
Two main groups of graves, connected with medicine, could be
distinguished. The first one
-
graves of doctors, in which scalpels, tweezers, hooks, probes and
other instruments of a general practitioner have been discovered. The second group belongs to
pharmacists. In them mainly auxiliary instruments have been found;
3)
Regions with stronger
representation of materials with medical function differentiate
-
the Black Sea coast (Odes-
sos, Marcianopolis and Dyonisopolis), as well as a group with common features from Thrace
(Dragodan,
Karanovo, Kocherinovo, Mudrets and Trajanopolis);
4)
Epigraphic data, regarding
practitioners, from Bulgarian lands is not prolific, but it gives us information about military
doctors, organized medical service, presence of doctors class in some towns, as well as about
the high social position of the practitioners in the provinces of Lower Moesia and Thrace;
6)
The higher level of the hygiene and the medical service at Roman times reflected on the aver¬
age life expectancy, which demonstrates a positive value;
7)
The temple and the traditional
medicine in the two provinces are closely related. The cult of Asclepius at Bulgarian lands was
extremely popular, which made the healing in asclepeions also widespread. A special attention
was given to the healing by thermal water;
8)
By the review of the instruments the following
specialists in medicine have been testified: a general practitioner, a pharmacologist, a specialist
in bone traumas, a gynecologist, a urologist, and a specialist in lithotomy;
9)
The medicine in
Lower Moesia and Thrace follows the general course of this profession, typical for the whole
Roman Empire.
The book is supplemented with a glossary of the terms, text appendices, maps and fig¬
ures.
·
172
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Kirova, Nadežda |
| author_facet | Kirova, Nadežda |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Kirova, Nadežda |
| author_variant | n k nk |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV036730116 |
| classification_rvk | NH 7864 |
| ctrlnum | (gbd)0960453 (OCoLC)705915750 (DE-599)BVBBV036730116 |
| discipline | Geschichte |
| era | Geschichte 1-300 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1-300 |
| format | Thesis Book |
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| id | DE-604.BV036730116 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T22:46:47Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9789549211764 |
| language | Bulgarian |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-020647812 |
| oclc_num | 705915750 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 DE-739 DE-Re13 DE-BY-UBR |
| owner_facet | DE-12 DE-739 DE-Re13 DE-BY-UBR |
| physical | 310 S. zahlr. Ill., Kt. |
| psigel | gbd_4_1010 |
| publishDate | 2010 |
| publishDateSearch | 2010 |
| publishDateSort | 2010 |
| publisher | Nacionalen Archeologičeski Inst. s Muzej |
| record_format | marc |
| series2 | Disertacii / Nacionalen Archeologičeski Institut s Muzej na Bălgarskata Akademija na Naukite |
| spelling | Kirova, Nadežda Verfasser aut Medicinata v provinciite Dolna Mizija i Trakija (I-kraja na III v.) Nadežda Kirova Sofija Nacionalen Archeologičeski Inst. s Muzej 2010 310 S. zahlr. Ill., Kt. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Disertacii / Nacionalen Archeologičeski Institut s Muzej na Bălgarskata Akademija na Naukite 3 PST: Medicine in the provinces of Lower Moesia and Thrace. - In kyrill. Schr., bulg. - Zsfassung in engl. Sprache Zugl.: Sofija, Univ., Diss. Geschichte 1-300 gnd rswk-swf Medizinisches Instrument (DE-588)4169226-3 gnd rswk-swf Funde (DE-588)4071507-3 gnd rswk-swf Römerzeit (DE-588)4076769-3 gnd rswk-swf Thrakien (DE-588)4078277-3 gnd rswk-swf Moesia Inferior (DE-588)4101108-9 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)4113937-9 Hochschulschrift gnd-content Medizin der Antike (DE-2581)TH000007627 gbd Moesia Inferior (DE-588)4101108-9 g Thrakien (DE-588)4078277-3 g Funde (DE-588)4071507-3 s Medizinisches Instrument (DE-588)4169226-3 s Geschichte 1-300 z DE-604 Römerzeit (DE-588)4076769-3 s Nacionalen Archeologičeski Institut s Muzej na Bălgarskata Akademija na Naukite Disertacii 3 (DE-604)BV022862779 3 Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=020647812&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=020647812&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Kirova, Nadežda Medicinata v provinciite Dolna Mizija i Trakija (I-kraja na III v.) Medizinisches Instrument (DE-588)4169226-3 gnd Funde (DE-588)4071507-3 gnd Römerzeit (DE-588)4076769-3 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4169226-3 (DE-588)4071507-3 (DE-588)4076769-3 (DE-588)4078277-3 (DE-588)4101108-9 (DE-588)4113937-9 |
| title | Medicinata v provinciite Dolna Mizija i Trakija (I-kraja na III v.) |
| title_auth | Medicinata v provinciite Dolna Mizija i Trakija (I-kraja na III v.) |
| title_exact_search | Medicinata v provinciite Dolna Mizija i Trakija (I-kraja na III v.) |
| title_full | Medicinata v provinciite Dolna Mizija i Trakija (I-kraja na III v.) Nadežda Kirova |
| title_fullStr | Medicinata v provinciite Dolna Mizija i Trakija (I-kraja na III v.) Nadežda Kirova |
| title_full_unstemmed | Medicinata v provinciite Dolna Mizija i Trakija (I-kraja na III v.) Nadežda Kirova |
| title_short | Medicinata v provinciite Dolna Mizija i Trakija |
| title_sort | medicinata v provinciite dolna mizija i trakija i kraja na iii v |
| title_sub | (I-kraja na III v.) |
| topic | Medizinisches Instrument (DE-588)4169226-3 gnd Funde (DE-588)4071507-3 gnd Römerzeit (DE-588)4076769-3 gnd |
| topic_facet | Medizinisches Instrument Funde Römerzeit Thrakien Moesia Inferior Hochschulschrift |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=020647812&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=020647812&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV022862779 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT kirovanadezda medicinatavprovinciitedolnamizijaitrakijaikrajanaiiiv |