Verfügbarkeit: Medicinata v provinciite Dolna Mizija i Trakija

Medicinata v provinciite Dolna Mizija i Trakija: (I-kraja na III v.)

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Bibliographische Detailangaben
1. Verfasser:	Kirova, Nadežda (VerfasserIn)
Format:	Abschlussarbeit Buch
Sprache:	Bulgarian
Veröffentlicht:	Sofija Nacionalen Archeologičeski Inst. s Muzej 2010
Schriftenreihe:	Disertacii / Nacionalen Archeologičeski Institut s Muzej na Bălgarskata Akademija na Naukite 3
Schlagworte:	Geschichte 1-300 Medizinisches Instrument Funde Römerzeit Thrakien Moesia Inferior Hochschulschrift
Online-Zugang:	Abstract Inhaltsverzeichnis
Beschreibung:	PST: Medicine in the provinces of Lower Moesia and Thrace. - In kyrill. Schr., bulg. - Zsfassung in engl. Sprache
Beschreibung:	310 S. zahlr. Ill., Kt.
ISBN:	9789549211764

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Datensatz im Suchindex

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adam_text	СЪДЪРЖАНИЕ Въведение .................................................................................................................................9 Часті I. Изследвания върху античната медицина и медицинските инструменти ...............11 II. В зората на медицината ...............................................................................................14 Медицинските автори - 14. Къде се корени произходът на римската медицина? - 16. Достиже¬ ния на медицината през римската епоха - 16. Медицински находки от предримската епоха - 17. Тракийски лечебни практики - 17. Тракийски гробни комплекси с медицински инструмен¬ ти от римската епоха - 20. III. Медицински и фармацевтични инструменти от провинциите Долна Мизия и Тракия ................................................................................................23 A. Основни инструменти ...............................................................................................................25 Al Скалпел - 25. А2 Ланцет - 32. A3 Щипци - 33. A4 Пинсеги - 33. А5 Кука - 37. А6 Игла- 38. А7 Ножица - 39. А8 Вендуза -40. А9 Каутерий-41. Б. Специализирани инструменти ..................................................................................................42 Б 1 Урологични инструменти - 42. Б 1.1 Инструменти за литотомия - 42. Б 1.2 Анален спекулум - 45. Б1 .3 Катетър - 45. Б2. Гинекологични инструменти - 46. Б2.1 Вагинален спекулум - 46. Б2.2 Гинекологична кука - 47. Б2.3 Кука за унищожаването на плода в утробата - 49. БЗ. Инструменти за костна хирургия - 49. Б3.1 Трепанатор - 49. Б3.2 Длето - 50. БЗ.З Клещи за костна хирургия -51. Б4 Инструменти за очна хирургия- 53. Б4.1 Очна игла -53. Б4.2 Скалпел за очна хирургия - 55. B. Помощни инструменти .............................................................................................................56 81 Сонда -56. В1.1 Сонда-шпатула - 56. В1.2Сонда-лъжичка-57. В1.3 Ушна сонда- 58. В1.4 Двойна сонда -58. 82 Шпатула - 59. ВЗ Лъжица - 59. В3.1 Кохлеар - 59. В3.2 Лигула - 59. В4 Игла за превръзки - 60. В5 Плоча за разтриване на лекарства - 60. В6 Везна и тежести- 61.67 0^111113- 61. В8 Стилус -62. Г. Кутии и съдове за съхранение на медикаменти и инструменти .............................................62 Π Кутии-бЗ.П.І Тубус-63. П.2 Правоъгълна кутия -65. Π . З Пиксида- 68. Г2. Съдове за съхранение на медикаменти - 69. ГЗ Хавани и чукала - 70. Д. Козметични пособия ..................................................................................................................71 Материал, изработка иукраса на медицинските инструменти ..............................................73 IV. Епиграфика и медицина .............................................................................................80 V. Медицинската практика през римската епоха .........................................................87 Общественото положение на античния лекар .......................................................................... 87 Специализацията в античната медицина ...................................................................................92 Военната медицина ........................................................................................................................95 Възникване на организирано медицинско обслужване - 95. Военните лекари - 95. Военните болници - 97. Обща схема на военните болници - 97. Военната болница в Нове - 98. Ветеринарната медицина ...........................................................................................................106 Локализация на лечебни центрове ..............................................................................................108 VI. Антропология и медицина ...................................................................................... 111 Палеоантропологични данни за демографските процеси в българските земи през I - III в. - 111. Фрактури и заболявания - 114. Епидемии - 115. Трепанации - 116. VII. Нумизматика, изкуство и медицина .........................................................................119 VIII. Религия, магия и медицина .......................................................................................135 Асклепиони - 135. Култът към Асклепий и други здравеносни божества - 139. Епитети на здравеносните богове - 147. Символи на здравеносните богове - 148. Теофорни имена - 149. Магия и магически предмети - 150. IX. Хигиена, здравеопазване и медицина ......................................................................153 Климатични условия и хигиена - 153. Термите като място за лечение - 153. Минерални извори и бани - 156. Лекарства и търговията с тях - 159. Заключение ..........................................................................................................................164 Medicine in the provinces of Lower Moesia and Thrace from 1st с AD to the end of 3rd с AD (summary) ..............................................................167 Цитирана литература.......................................................................................................... 173 Речник на термините, използвани в глава III ....................................................................189 Индекси ................................................................................................................................193 Частії Каталог (на инструментите и пособията, използвани в Глава III) ..................................203 Приложения ........................................................................................................................217 Приложение 1 - Каталог на гробните находки и затворените комплекси с медицински инструменти от провинции Долна Мизия и Тракия (с таблица на видовете предмети по гробни комплекси) (към карта 1)............................................219 Приложение 2......................................................................................................................225 2А. Находки на скалпели със сребърна инкрустация от римската епоха (към карта 2).....................225 2Б. Находки на инструменти за литотомия от римската епоха (към карта 3).....................................229 2В. Находки на анални спекула от римската епоха (към карта 4)........................................................231 2Г. Находки на катетри от римската епоха (към карта 5)......................................................................231 2Д. Находки на вагинални спекула от римската епоха (към карта 6)..................................................232 2Е. Находки на трепанатори от римската епоха (към карта 7).............................................................233 2Ж. Находки на очни игли от римската епоха (към карта 8)................................................................233 23. Находки на правоъгълни бронзови кутии от римската епоха (към карта 9).................................236 Приложение 3 - Комплекси, съдържащи специализирани медицинскиинструменти от римската епоха ....................................................................240 Приложение 4 - Изображения, свързани с медицината, върху монети и медальони от провинциите Долна Мизия и Тракия в периода II - III в .....................242 Табла ....................................................................................................................................257 Карти ....................................................................................................................................283 Списък на таблиците, таблата, фотоизображенията и картите, използвани в книгата .......309 CONTENTS Introduction ...............................................................................................................................9 Part I I. Studies at the ancient medicine and medical instruments .............................................11 II. At the dawn of medicine ................................................................................................14 Medical authors - 14. Where does the origin of Roman medicine root? - 16. Achievements of the medicine at Roman times - 16. Medical finds from the Pre-Roman time - 17. Thracian healing practices - 17. Thracian grave complexes with medical instruments from the Roman age - 20. III. Medical and pharmaceutical instruments from the provinces of Lower Moesia and Thrace ............................................................................................................................23 A. Basic instruments .........................................................................................................................25 Al Scalpel - 25. A2 Lancet - 32. A3 Forceps - 33. A4 Tweezers - 33. A5 Hook - 37. A6 Needle - 38. A7 Scissors - 39. A8 Cupping vessel - 40. A9 Cautery - 41. B. Specialized instruments ................................................................................................................42 Bl Urology instruments - 42. Bl .1 Instruments for lithotomy - 42. B1.2 Anal speculum - 45. Bl .3 Catheter - 45. B2. Gynaecological instruments - 46. B2. 1 Vaginal speculum - 46. B2.2 Gynaecological hook - 47. B2.3 Hook for destroying foetus in the womb - 49. B3 Instruments for bone surgery - 49. B3.1 Trephine - 49. B3.2 Chisel - 50. B3.3 Bone forceps - 51. B4 Instruments for ophthalmic surgery - 53. B4.1 Ophthalmic needle - 53. B4.2 Scalpels for ophthalmic surgery - 55. С Auxiliary instruments ..................................................................................................................56 Cl Probe -56. Cl.l Spatula probe - 56. C1.2 Scoop probe - 57. C1.3 Ear probe- 58. C1.4 Double probe -58. B2 Spatula - 59. C3 Spoon - 59. B3.1 Cochlear - 59. C3.2 Ligula - 59. C4 Bandage needle - 60. C5 Ointment slab - 60. C6 Scales and leads - 61. C7 Strigilis - 61. C8 Stilus - 62. D. Containers and vessels for keeping of medicaments and instruments .........................................62 Dl Boxes - 63. Dl .1 Tubular drug box - 63. D1.2 Rectangular box - 65. Dl .3 Pyxis - 68. D2. Vessels - 69. D3 Mortars and pestles - 70. E. Cosmetic utensils ..........................................................................................................................71 Material, workmanship and decoration of the medical instruments .................................................73 IV. Epigraphy and medicine ................................................................................................80 V. Medical practice at Roman times ..................................................................................87 Social status of the ancient practitioner ...........................................................................................87 Specialization in ancient medicine ...................................................................................................92 Military medicine ..............................................................................................................................95 Arising of the organized medical service - 95. Military docots - 95. Military hospitals - 97. General scheme of the military hospitals - 97. The military hospital at Novae - 98. Veterinary medicine ........................................................................................................................106 Localization of healing centres .......................................................................................................108 VI. Anthropology and medicine ............................................................................................ Ill Paleopathological data about demographic processes at Bulgarian lands from 1 st to 3rd с AD -111. Fractures and diseases - 114. Epidemics - 115. Trephinations - 116. VII. Numismatics, art and medicine ...................................................................................119 VIII. Religion, magic and medicine .....................................................................................135 Asclepeions - 135. The cult of Asclepius and other healing deities - 139. Epithets of the healing deities - 147. Symbols of the healing deities - 148. Theophorical names - 149. Magic and magical items - 150. IX. Hygiene, healthcare and medicine ...............................................................................153 Climatic conditions and hygiene - 153, The baths as a place of healing - 153. Thermal springs and baths - 156. Medicaments and trade with them - 159. Conclusion ............................................................................................................................164 Medicine in the provinces of Lower Moesia and Thrace from 1st с AD to the end of 3rd с AD (summary) ..............................................................167 Bibliography .........................................................................................................................173 Glossary ................................................................................................................................189 Indices ...................................................................................................................................193 Part II Catalogue (of the instruments and utensils in Chapter III) ...................................................203 Appendices ...........................................................................................................................217 Appendix 1-А catalogue of the grave finds and close complexes with medical instruments from the provinces of Lower Moesia and Thrace (with a table) (to Map 1).....219 Appendix 2............................................................................................................................225 2A. Finds of scalpels with silver inlay from the Roman age (to Map 2)....................................................225 2B. Finds of instruments for lithotomy from the Roman age (to Map 3)...................................................229 2C. Finds of rectal specula from the Roman age (to Map 4)......................................................................231 2D. Finds of catheters from the Roman age (to Map 5).............................................................................231 2F. Finds of vaginal specula from the Roman age (to Map 6)....................................................................232 2G. Finds of trephines from the Roman age (to Map 7).............................................................................233 2H. Finds of ophthalmic needles from the Roman age (to Map 8).............................................................233 21. Finds of rectangular bronze boxes from the Roman age (to Map 9).....................................................236 Appendix 3 - Complexes comprising specialized medical instruments from the Roman age ..............................................................................................................240 Appendix 4 - Images, related to the medicine, on coins and medallions from the provinces of Lower Moesia and Thrace from 1st to 3rd с AD ..............................242 Plates ....................................................................................................................................257 Maps ....................................................................................................................................283 List of the tables, plates, figures and maps, used in the book ...............................................309 MEDICINE IN THE PROVINGES OF LOWER MOESIA AND THRACE FROM 1st C. AD TO THE END OF 3rd C. AD (Summary) Nadezhda Kiróva The study of medicine in the provinces of Lower Moesia and Thrace aims at investiga¬ tion of all its aspects, manifestations, development and reflection on the ancient society. Thus, the survey has several specific tasks: 1) Collection, cataloging and classification of the medical instruments from the provinces of Lower Moesia and Thrace; 2) Delimitation of medicine from pharmacy, precisely possible; 3) Definition of the function of the instruments, their application, place of manufacture and development in course of time; 4) Analysis of the written records, epigraphical, anthropological and numismatic data, referring to the medical level and hygiene at Bulgarian lands during the Roman age; 5) Study of the connection between medicine and re¬ ligion; 6) Outlining the place of the provinces of Lower Moesia and Thrace in the development of medicine according to other Roman provinces. The data about the two provinces outside the present state boundaries of Bulgaria in this book is scanty, because of access only to publica¬ tions, and not to unpublished materials. Chronological span of the work is in accordance with general historical events. The earliest data (1st c. AD) is defined by establishment of the prov¬ ince of Thrace at the time of Emperor Claudius (AD 45/ 46) and especially after formation of Lower Moesia after AD 86. Information about the subject before this date for Moesia is miss¬ ing, whereas for Thrace is rare. This is the period when in all Roman provinces a phenomenon, which was unknown by this date, appeared - graves with medical instruments as grave goods. The upper chronological boundary (the end of 3rd с AD) coincides with declination of the Ro¬ man culture, as well as with disappearance of the grave finds, connected with medicine. For a long period of time data, related to medicine in general, had been missing. Chapter I. Studies on the ancient medicine and medical instruments First chapter represents a review of the bibliography on the subject, not only connected with the two provinces, but as a whole for the Roman Empire. The cause of this overview is the great unification of medical instruments as a shape at Roman times in all Roman provinces, as well as the common traits by decoration and production. This general bibliographical survey relates only to the material, regarded in the third chapter (classification of medical instruments). For the other parts of the work only a review of significant studies is done. Chapter II. At the dawn of medicine First part of this chapter is dedicated to those ancient authors, who have most seriously influenced the development of medicine. It does not aim at regarding questions from the his¬ tory of medicine, but only marking of some important items, connected with present subject - a review of the origin of Roman medical tradition under the influence of the Greek and East medicine, as well as examination of the achievements of medical science at Roman times. Thus, the Pre-Roman archaeological finds are of great importance, as well as the inherited Thracian healing practices, which left its mark on the development of medical knowledge in this part of the Roman Empire. A group of graves from Thrace (Dragodan, Karanovo, Kocherinovo, Mu- drets and Traianopolis) has been also regarded. They bear common characteristics and though from the Roman age they are influenced by Thracian healing tradition. 167 Chapter III. Medical and pharmaceutical instruments from the provinces of Lower Moesia and Thrace This chapter represents the main part of the book not only as volume, but as an accent of the work. It comprises the classification of all instruments and utensils, which could be related to the application of medicine at Roman times. They are divided into five main groups: A) Basic instruments; B) Specialized instruments; C) Auxiliary utensils; D) Containers and vessels for keeping medicines and instruments; E) Cosmetic utensils. Discussing of the latter is connected with the attempt, as far as possible, to distinguish medicine from cosmetics. An inseparable part of this chapter is the catalogue with 163 numbers, Appendix 2 and the plates, placed at the end of the book. A. The first group comprises the main set of cutting, therapeutic and diagnostic instru¬ ments. These are instruments, used by the doctors in their everyday practice - scalpels, lancets, forceps, tweezers, hooks, chirurgical needles, cupping vessels, cauteries, etc. Their discovery in graves is a proof of a doctor s grave. These instruments had a strict medical usage. Main attention is paid to the most important surgical instrument - the scalpel. A specific feature of the scalpels from 1st to 3rd с AD is the handle, ending by a leaf-like spatula. From Bulgarian lands are known not only common examples, but also rich decorated ones. Those with silver inlay decoration deserve special consideration. From the whole Roman Empire are known all in all 60 examples. In the four representative finds with medical instruments from Bulgarian lands - Marcianopolis, Karanovo, Dionisopolis and Scutare, this kind of instruments has been discovered. The decoration is fine, diligently made. These instruments could be re¬ garded as an import, probably from Gallo-Germanie provinces. The blades of the scalpels rep¬ resent a great variety, according to the written sources, but in this study only the types known by archaeological excavations have been regarded. From Bulgarian lands only a few are known, because the acidity of the soil prevents their preservation. The lancet is similar to the two-blade knives, but it has different shape and function. It was used for blood-letting in the human and also in veterinary medicine. Pincers and extractors are usually denoted with the Latin forceps without making dif¬ ference between them. They have different shape and function. While the extractors could be defined as instruments of a general practitioner, the pincers could be numbered as instruments of dentistry or bone surgery, i.e. specialized instruments. The tweezers are well represented instruments, not only in graves, but also in museum collections. Not all of them could be re¬ garded as purely medical instruments. They are usually made of bronze, but such of iron are also known. A great part of the functions of extractors was taken by the tweezers in Antiquity, because the first were rough und inapplicable for fine operations. In surgery mainly two types of hooks were used - blunt and sharp one. The first serves for clamping, catching, breaking and stretching of tissue during the operation. The second was used for catching of the blood vessels. The needle was applied not only in medicine, but also in everyday life. In some cases it is difficult to make a difference in its usage. Three main types of medical needles are known - surgery needles, needles for bandage and ophthalmic ones. The latter are discussed among the specialized instraments. The scissors were used not only by hair-cutting, but also by surgery interventions (of hernia, warts, etc.), though rarely. The examples from the Roman age usu¬ ally have a U-shaped handle, riveted to the working part. The cupping vessels were extremely popular in Antiquity. They were applied for extracting blood or air. They were often represented on stelae as a symbol of medical practice in ancient times. The cautery is varied as a form and function. It was used extremely for blood stopping by burning. B. Specialized instruments - these are instruments, used by specific operations in dif¬ ferent branches of medicine - dentistry, gynecology, urology, therapeutics, and ophthalmology. They are found rarely and not every practitioner has been in possession of them. 168 At first place in the field of urology the instruments for lithotomic operation have to be mentioned. This intervention aims at extracting of stone out of the bladder. Ancient authors wrote about several instruments, used for the operation: λιθοτμόν (a scalpel), λιθουλκός (li¬ thotomic hook), λιθαναβολένς (a sort of heaver), λιθολάβις (forceps or tweezers for lithot¬ omy). Lithotomic instruments have been discovered rarely. They are known only from several complexes - from Asia Minor, unknown provenance (Italy), Rimini (Italy) and Marcianopolis (Bulgaria). Another instrument, applied in urology, is the anal speculum, used as an anal diag¬ nostic utensil. It was convenient by healing of hemorrhoids and other formations. It is a rare archaeological find. The catheter is also an instrument, seldom discovered because it is a fine one and it has been often damaged by the burden of the soil. It was made of bronze or lead, but only bronze ones have been excavated. Among the gynaecological instruments the vaginal speculum is first to mention. This is a diagnostic utensil, handed down, instead of been laid in a doctor s grave. A few examples are known, none as a grave find. The instrument consists of a base, a screw, two handles and shoulders (three or four according to construction). This is one of the longest survived instru¬ ments - with few modifications it functioned until 1 8th с The gynaecological hook has a solid handle with a thick working part. It serves for extracting of the dead foetus out of the womb. The hook for destroying foetus in the womb is the instrument mentioned by Tertullian in De anima for perpetration of criminal aborts. It was also used for humanitarian reasons - when a real danger for the life of the lying-in woman exists. The instrument represents a tine, slightly curved and strongly pointed hook. Specialized bone instruments were used in the field of traumatology. The trephine is a main utensil by accomplishment of an operation by opening a skull - trephination. This instru¬ ment is a rare archaeological find - usually in extremely rich grave complexes. It was made only of bronze and was used by removing part of the skull in case of high cranial pressure, as a result of a cranial trauma or sort of trouble. The bone chisel was applied extremely in the bone surgery for bone scraping. It represents a solid trapezoid instrument with a wider or narrower blade, tapered at the end. The bone forceps, disregarding their specific function, are as a whole massive instruments with solid handles. They are made of bronze and have straight or S-shaped jaws. They could be used in the bone surgery, as well as for extracting tooth roots in dentistry. Instruments for ophthalmic surgery were represented mainly by the ophthalmic nee¬ dle, which had a handle for firm gripping. It was used for removing a cataract. This intervention is complicated and risky, which by a wrong movement could cause permanent blindness to the patient. It is not a question of healing but of slight clearness of eyesight. This method of work had been preserved until 17th - 18th с AD. C. Auxiliary instruments - they have different functions, mainly in the field of phar¬ macology, but some of them have everyday usage. These are probes, spatulas, spoons, etc. Presence only of this kind of instruments in a grave, does not define it as a doctor s one, but rather as a grave of a pharmacist s. The probes were common utensil, applied in pharmacy and cosmetics. Basic varieties are spatula probe and scoop probe. The spatula is used by apply¬ ing medicine into a wound or on a bandage, as well as for pressing the tongue, but the spoon is more suitable for scooping of half-liquid medicaments. By the probe ointments could be stirred, as well as applymg of medicines in a wound and for exploring of big sores. Two basic types of spoons as pharmaceutical utensils are known - cochlears and lígulas. Ointment slabs are standard as a shape. They differ only in material and size. They rep¬ resent square or rectangular plate with trapezoid section and smooth surface. In most cases they show traces of long usage - broken edges, indentation. Scales and leads for them are rarely found. Two main types are known - T-shaped ones with balances like bowls and another in the 169 shape of ruler with hooks for hanging. The first type is suitable for small quantities. D. The group of the Containers and vessels includes tubular drug boxes, rectangular bronze boxes for keeping of medical instruments, pixis for medicines and vessels of metal, clay or glass for keeping and preparing of drugs. The tubular drug box is one of the most popular containers for fine medical instruments - probes, hooks, needles, etc. Rectangular boxes were made of bronze or non-durable material (wood, for example). They are divided into small com¬ partments (from 2 to 10, but usually 3 to 6). Each of them has its own lid. There is a big lid, covering the whole box. The pyxis is a round, low, bronze box with a lid, used for keeping of medicaments. The vessels for preserving and mixing of drugs are made of different materi¬ als - metal, glass, clay, bone or stone. Though in a medical context, their medical function stays unsure. Only a presence of a medicament into is a clear proof of this. The mortar for grinding grain, as well as for medicaments, is made of marble. Those of small size are applicable for grinding solid medicaments. The grinding was made by a marble pestle. The mortars represent semi-spherical bowls, usually with four small handles. The pestle has a shape of a foot, folded thumb or simply with L-shaped form. E. Cosmetic utensils. To certain extent this group re-covers with the group of auxiliary instruments, because many of the pharmaceutical utensils are actually cosmetic ones. Here are regarded instruments, which are confused with medical ones, without have a medical function at all. Clear distinction among different groups of instruments and utensils is not always pos¬ sible, because the medicine, the pharmacy and the cosmetics have been closely related in An¬ tiquity. A cosmetic travelling set, which for a long time has been considered for a medical one, is also represented - the combined medical instrument from Ljublen. In this chapter are also discussed other questions, related to the production of medical instruments. The used materials are: bronze, copper, tin, iron, lead, white metal, silver, stone, bone and wood. Decoration is simple and functional. In rare cases decoration of silver and gold in geometric and floral motives was used. A specific feature of the medical instruments is their multi-functionality, which makes them extremely effective. It consists not only of attaching two instruments to a single shaft, but also in many functions which each instrument does. The place of production is also a question, which could evaluate the level of ancient medicine. At Roman Imperial time separation of the workshops according to the used material existed. In cases when a instrument was produced of two materials, it had to be made of parts and then consequently jointed. In most cases the connection is movable, by fixing the blade in the cleft of the handle. In this case the blade could be easily changed by damage or for cleaning. From Bulgarian lands we have data only about ancient production and trade centre near Radomir. Regarding chronol¬ ogy, in the book are included instruments from 1st с AD to the end of 3rd с AD. The long usage of these utensils impedes precising dates. Chapter IV. Epigraphy and medicine In this chapter is discussed epigraphic material, related to data about doctors (human and veterinary) from Bulgarian lands. We command 9 monuments, connected with civilian doctors - all in Old Greek. Inscriptions, related to military practitioners, are 4 in number - all in Latin. Those, mentioning veterinary doctors, are 2 (in Old Greek). We have at disposal only one in¬ scription about a woman-doctor, though controversial. Chapter V. Medical practice at Roman times One of the most important questions, connected with the medical practice, is the social status of the ancient practitioner. We have information predominantly about the doctors in Rome, about whom more written evidences exist. For the practitioners in the Roman provinces we could judge mainly from inscriptions. 170 Another problem, related to the medical practice, is specialization in different fields of medicine. Generally, it could be assumed that most of the ancient practitioners used the basic set of instruments und accomplished comparatively rudimentary surgery interventions. A spe¬ cialization in lithotomy is observed. Presence of a speculum rectus or of a speculum magnum speaks for a specialist in urology or in gynecology. We have data for doctors in traumatology, who treats bone traumas and does skull trephination. Generally, we could divide doctors into three groups: 1) Specialists, doing specific operations; 2) Common doctors performed one or two more complicated interventions; 3) General practitioners, partly occupied with surgery and/or pharmacology. The next part of the chapter is dedicated to the military medicine. Not until the time of the Principate we could speak for an organized medical service in the Army. Regarding the per¬ sonnel, engaged in the hospitals, there are rich epigraphic data. Medicus is the most frequently mentioned title. In this period appeared the military hospital (yaletudinarium) - a phenomenon of the Roman age. At the beginning it was just two rows of tents with a corridor , left for pass¬ ing. Consequently, its plan became compound. Essential information for the item we obtain from the military hospital in the military camp at Novae. Another branch of the medical practice is veterinary medicine. Surgery interventions on animals were limited chiefly to two operations - drawing of faucal abscesses and castration. For the second intervention we possess more data. The instruments applied by castrations are the only archaeological material, confirming application of this operation. The localization of medical centers is extremely difficult, because the only real hospi¬ tals in Roman times were those in the military camps. Without doubt similar hospitals existed in the towns, too. It is not always possible to attest them archaeologically. Chapter VI. Anthropology and medicine Anthropological data inform us about diseases, pathological alternations and epidemics, as well as for the level of hygiene, medical service and social development at the time. Regard¬ ed processes at the territory of Bulgarian lands are not an isolated occurrence, but typical for the Antiquity - high birth-rate, attended by high mortality, small percentage of aged people (above 60 years). Generally, for the Roman age, a positive tendency by the average life expectancy could be outlined. At the end of this chapter, a special attention is rendered to the trephination as a treatment. The rarity of this intervention at Bulgarian lands attests that this practice was not popular here, at least regarding Roman and Late Roman times. Chapter VII. Numismatics, art and medicine In numismatics we find evidences mainly for worshipping of the healing deities (Ascle- pius, Hygia, Telesphorus, the Three Nymphs, etc.) and their popularity in the two regarded Ro¬ man provinces. Extremely popular were the images of these gods and goddesses on coins at the time of plague epidemics. Chapter VIII. Religion, magic and medicine This chapter is dedicated to relation between medicine and religion, which is very strong in Antiquity. Information is sought in several directions. At one hand, that is the temples of the healing deities and the data from architectural point of view, which give us informa¬ tion about healing practices, applied in these temples. Apart from worship of Asclepius, Hygia and Telesphorus as healing deities, we have data about Apollo Ίητρός (Medicus), the Three Nymphs, Demeter, Hecate and Artemis. Epithets of the healing gods are another aspect, in connection with the medicine. A well known practice, as a gesture of honour to them, was the 171 usage of theophorical names, deriving mainly from the name of Asclepius (Asclepiadoros, Asclepioadora, Asklepiadotos, Asklepiodotos and Asclepiodotianos). Medicine in Antiquity was inextricably bound up with magic and magical practices. For amulets are regarded stone items, which are fire resistible, glass objects without practical function, pearls of glass or amber, miniature weapons, nails, etc. It is quite possible, magical objects to be placed in doctors graves as a guarantee that the deceased will not come back from the other life. At the end of this chapter, another important question is observed. This is questionable large number of practitioners graves (about 400) from the territory of the whole Roman Empire. Generally, the graves indicating the profession of the deceased at that time are rare. Whether doctors, because of their ability to heal, were considered as people connected with magical power, common people did everything to prevent them not going back from the afterlife? Probably it is the reason doctors were buried with all their instruments. Chapter IX. Hygiene, healthcare and medicine In the last chapter are observed questions, which at first sight stay away from the subject of the book, but which complement our notion in this direction. These are issues, connected with healing with thermal waters, baths, hygiene, diets and pharmacology. General consideration of medicine and all its manifestations in Lower Moesia and Thra¬ ce outlines some differences between them, which are predetermined by the different political development of the two provinces. Within them, the towns at the Black Sea coast differentiate. The survey of medical instruments and other materials from Bulgarian lands leads to some gen¬ eral conclusions: 1) Most types of medical instruments from other Roman provinces are also known from Bulgarian lands; 2) Two main groups of graves, connected with medicine, could be distinguished. The first one - graves of doctors, in which scalpels, tweezers, hooks, probes and other instruments of a general practitioner have been discovered. The second group belongs to pharmacists. In them mainly auxiliary instruments have been found; 3) Regions with stronger representation of materials with medical function differentiate - the Black Sea coast (Odes- sos, Marcianopolis and Dyonisopolis), as well as a group with common features from Thrace (Dragodan, Karanovo, Kocherinovo, Mudrets and Trajanopolis); 4) Epigraphic data, regarding practitioners, from Bulgarian lands is not prolific, but it gives us information about military doctors, organized medical service, presence of doctors class in some towns, as well as about the high social position of the practitioners in the provinces of Lower Moesia and Thrace; 6) The higher level of the hygiene and the medical service at Roman times reflected on the aver¬ age life expectancy, which demonstrates a positive value; 7) The temple and the traditional medicine in the two provinces are closely related. The cult of Asclepius at Bulgarian lands was extremely popular, which made the healing in asclepeions also widespread. A special attention was given to the healing by thermal water; 8) By the review of the instruments the following specialists in medicine have been testified: a general practitioner, a pharmacologist, a specialist in bone traumas, a gynecologist, a urologist, and a specialist in lithotomy; 9) The medicine in Lower Moesia and Thrace follows the general course of this profession, typical for the whole Roman Empire. The book is supplemented with a glossary of the terms, text appendices, maps and fig¬ ures. · 172
any_adam_object	1
author	Kirova, Nadežda
author_facet	Kirova, Nadežda
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author_sort	Kirova, Nadežda
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discipline	Geschichte
era	Geschichte 1-300 gnd
era_facet	Geschichte 1-300
format	Thesis Book
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spelling	Kirova, Nadežda Verfasser aut Medicinata v provinciite Dolna Mizija i Trakija (I-kraja na III v.) Nadežda Kirova Sofija Nacionalen Archeologičeski Inst. s Muzej 2010 310 S. zahlr. Ill., Kt. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Disertacii / Nacionalen Archeologičeski Institut s Muzej na Bălgarskata Akademija na Naukite 3 PST: Medicine in the provinces of Lower Moesia and Thrace. - In kyrill. Schr., bulg. - Zsfassung in engl. Sprache Zugl.: Sofija, Univ., Diss. Geschichte 1-300 gnd rswk-swf Medizinisches Instrument (DE-588)4169226-3 gnd rswk-swf Funde (DE-588)4071507-3 gnd rswk-swf Römerzeit (DE-588)4076769-3 gnd rswk-swf Thrakien (DE-588)4078277-3 gnd rswk-swf Moesia Inferior (DE-588)4101108-9 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)4113937-9 Hochschulschrift gnd-content Medizin der Antike (DE-2581)TH000007627 gbd Moesia Inferior (DE-588)4101108-9 g Thrakien (DE-588)4078277-3 g Funde (DE-588)4071507-3 s Medizinisches Instrument (DE-588)4169226-3 s Geschichte 1-300 z DE-604 Römerzeit (DE-588)4076769-3 s Nacionalen Archeologičeski Institut s Muzej na Bălgarskata Akademija na Naukite Disertacii 3 (DE-604)BV022862779 3 Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=020647812&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=020647812&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis
spellingShingle	Kirova, Nadežda Medicinata v provinciite Dolna Mizija i Trakija (I-kraja na III v.) Medizinisches Instrument (DE-588)4169226-3 gnd Funde (DE-588)4071507-3 gnd Römerzeit (DE-588)4076769-3 gnd
subject_GND	(DE-588)4169226-3 (DE-588)4071507-3 (DE-588)4076769-3 (DE-588)4078277-3 (DE-588)4101108-9 (DE-588)4113937-9
title	Medicinata v provinciite Dolna Mizija i Trakija (I-kraja na III v.)
title_auth	Medicinata v provinciite Dolna Mizija i Trakija (I-kraja na III v.)
title_exact_search	Medicinata v provinciite Dolna Mizija i Trakija (I-kraja na III v.)
title_full	Medicinata v provinciite Dolna Mizija i Trakija (I-kraja na III v.) Nadežda Kirova
title_fullStr	Medicinata v provinciite Dolna Mizija i Trakija (I-kraja na III v.) Nadežda Kirova
title_full_unstemmed	Medicinata v provinciite Dolna Mizija i Trakija (I-kraja na III v.) Nadežda Kirova
title_short	Medicinata v provinciite Dolna Mizija i Trakija
title_sort	medicinata v provinciite dolna mizija i trakija i kraja na iii v
title_sub	(I-kraja na III v.)
topic	Medizinisches Instrument (DE-588)4169226-3 gnd Funde (DE-588)4071507-3 gnd Römerzeit (DE-588)4076769-3 gnd
topic_facet	Medizinisches Instrument Funde Römerzeit Thrakien Moesia Inferior Hochschulschrift
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