Rimski i rannovizantijski metalni instrumenti ot teritorijata na Bălgarija: (I - načaloto na VII vek) = Roman and early Byzantine metal tools on the territory of Bulgaria
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Bulgarian |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Sofija
Izdat. NOUS
2010
|
| Ausgabe: | 1. izd. |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract |
| Beschreibung: | In kyrill. Schr., bulg. - Zsfassung in engl. Sprache |
| Beschreibung: | 403 S. zahlr. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. |
| ISBN: | 9789549256611 |
Internformat
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Rimski i rannovizantijski metalni instrumenti ot teritorijata na Bălgarija |b (I - načaloto na VII vek) = Roman and early Byzantine metal tools on the territory of Bulgaria |c Ivo Dinčev Čolakov |
| 246 | 1 | 1 | |a Roman and early Byzantine metal tools on the territory of Bulgaria |
| 250 | |a 1. izd. | ||
| 264 | 1 | |a Sofija |b Izdat. NOUS |c 2010 | |
| 300 | |a 403 S. |b zahlr. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 500 | |a In kyrill. Schr., bulg. - Zsfassung in engl. Sprache | ||
| 648 | 7 | |a Geschichte 395-700 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf | |
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| 689 | 0 | 2 | |a Römerzeit |0 (DE-588)4076769-3 |D s |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1806960777042591744 |
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| adam_text |
Съдържание
Въведение
.5
Преглед на проучванията
. 13
Глава
I.
Инструменти, свързани със земеделие
.21
Наралници
. 24
Обковки
. 34
Черясла
. 36
Лопати
. 38
Резачи на тревни чимове
. 41
Косери
. 41
Сърпове
. 51
Коси
. 56
Мотики
. 60
Конрали
. 78
Други земеделски инструменти
. 80
Глава
II.
Инструменти, свързани
с
животновъдство
.83
Чесала
.84
Уреди за сигниране
.85
Хлопки
.88
Ножици
.91
Глава
III.
Инструменти, свързани
с
дървообработване и каменоделство
.95
Триони
.98
Руками
. 100
Свредели
. 102
Длета
.
1
04
Изземки
. 107
Чукове
. 108
117
Клинове
.
Лостове
.
Брадви
.'15
Рендета
. 1"
Пили
.
124
Кирки
.
І25
Тесли
. 127
Дърводелски ножове
. 131
Глава
IV.
Инструменти, свързани
с
рудодобив
. 133
Глава
V.
Инструменти, свързани
с
обработката на метали
. 137
Клещи
. 139
Наковални
. 142
Тигели
. 143
Инструменти за изтегляне на тел
. 144
Глава
VI.
Инструменти, свързани със строителство
. 145
Мистрии
. 145
Пергели
. 147
Отвеси
. 148
Други инструменти
. 149
Глава
VII.
Инструменти, свързани
с
обработката на тъкани и кожа
. 151
Обработка на тъкани
. 152
Обработка на кожа
. 156
Глава
VIII.
Оръдия на труда, свързани
с лов и
риболов
. 161
Куки за въдица
. 163
Харпуни
. 164
Заключение
. 167
Summary
. 177
Библиография/
Bibliography
. 205
Илюстрации/
Illustrations
. 225
Summary
Roman and Early Byzantine Metal Tools on the Territory of Bulgaria
(the
1st -
the beginning of the 7th century)
Summary
The topic of tools is often underestimated in the presentation of archaeological arte¬
facts and finds. The major material traces that have reached us from Antiquity are ce¬
ramics, architecture and metal artefacts. While numerous works have been written on
art, sculpture, pottery, architecture and jewellery in the Roman Empire, the attention
given to implements and the objects for daily use is insignificant. This is mostly be¬
cause of the lack of representativeness of a large part of the tools, the regularity in their
shape and the impossibility to use them as reliable dating material. Most instruments
are made of iron, which is often a prerequisite for discovering them in a very poor
condition. This also gives rise to difficulties with their identification and interpreta¬
tion. The tools themselves cannot be a valid dating factor due to their extensive use
and the common cases of parallel application of older and newer types. Unfortunately,
the circumstances around the discovery of most artefacts prevents us from dating them
accurately. Often tools are found as a result of treasure-hunting pursuits, rather than
archaeological excavations. In such cases the artefacts can only be dated fairly ap¬
proximately, based on parallels with other finds. Many of the instruments discovered
during regular excavations have no exact
stratigraphie
position and this does not allow
them to be dated with great precision. Slightly different is the situation with a large
part of the hoards. Frequently, in this type of sealed complexes are discovered coins,
some typical vessels, lamps and other artefacts, which make it possible to specify the
chronology of the implements. The variety of instruments is enormous. They are used
in different areas of everyday life and production. The types of instruments discussed
in the present work do not cover all aspects of people's life during the researched
period. The finds connected with the domestic crafts, trade, medicine, the processing
of the agricultural output, etc are also numerous and very interesting. However, the
inclusion of additional types of tools would make the present research too voluminous
and hard to systematise. For example, the many knife finds, which are an inventory
characteristic of most sites from the discussed period, have deliberately been excluded.
The loom weights and the spindle whorls, which were also discovered in large quanti¬
ties during archaeological excavations, can be interpreted as instruments. The medical
tools are the subject of separate detailed research. The great importance of the imple¬
ments for the antique man is revealed by their extensive use and multiple corrections,
as well as their careful safekeeping in dangerous situations. Apart from the instruments
themselves, in the present study relevant numismatic and sculpture images have been
analysed, together with data from written sources. Results from interdisciplinary (pal-
aeobotanical) studies have also been employed.
The present study traces the temporal and spatial development of the tools from
the Roman period on the territory of Bulgaria. The available published and the acces¬
sible unpublished material has been taken into consideration. Over
2100
instruments,
including more than
900
unpublished tools housed in the museum funds in the country
177
Римски и ранновизантийски
метални инструменти
от
територията
на
България
are discussed herein. A classification consistent with established typologies and cat¬
egorisations is presented. It has been expanded according to the peculiarities of the
local material. The various implements are discussed with a view to their purpose and
place in the antique economy. The existence of continuity between pre-Roman, Roman
and Medieval tools of the same type is examined. The paper seeks to establish, as far
as the material can afford it, the connection between ethnic and cultural traditions on
the one hand, and instruments on the other, as well as the influence of the former on
the economy of the different regions.
The types of implements in this study are classified according to a morphological
principle and, depending on their purpose, are grouped in separate chapters.
I. Chapter
1
is about agricultural tools. This is the largest group of implements
-
54.3%
of all tools (Fig.
1).
The farming implements, which are the subject of the present
research, are ploughshares, casings, coulters, shovels, turf cutters, billhooks, sickles,
scythes, hoes and plough-staffs. The rake, harrow, pitchfork and the threshing plank are
not discussed in detail.
The ploughshares can be divided in seven types according to their shape (Fig.
14).
Type
1
(Fig.
16)
feature a working part shaped as a triangle with wide rays, a
rounded front end and a slight inclination from the ends towards the centre. In some
cases, a slight displacement of the rays of the working part compared to the middle
axis can be observed in this type, with the purpose of a better turning over of the soil.
Its back part ends with an insertion. Length
- 15.7-35.5
cm, average length for the
type
- 20.8
cm. Width of the working part
- 6.8-16
cm, average width for the type
-
11.6
cm (Fig.
3).
Type
2
(Fig.
17)
feature a working blade in the shape of an elongated triangle. The
inclination of the sides towards the middle axis is smaller than that in Type
1.
Its back
part ends with an insertion. Length
25.5-35.5
cm, average length for the type
- 30.5
cm.
Width of the working part
9.7-12.5
cm, average width for the type
- 11.1
cm (Fig.
3).
Type
3
(Fig.
18)
have been described by some authors as spoon-shaped. The plough¬
shares of this type end with a handle in their back part. The working part is compara¬
tively small and shorter than the handle. There is an inclination from both ends towards
the middle axis of the working part. In most cases the end of the handle is bent so as
to be driven into the wooden part of the plough. With some tools the loop, which is
designed for a tighter fastening of the implement, is preserved. Length
28-48
cm, aver¬
age length for the type
- 32.5
cm. Width of the working part
5.5-8
cm, average width
for the type
- 6.5
cm (Fig.
3).
Type
4
(Fig.
19)
have been described by some authors as oar-shaped. The plough¬
shares of this type end with a handle in heir back part. The working part has an incli¬
nation from the middle axis towards the two ends. Along this axis there is a certain
thickening in the shape of a rounded edge. The working part is elongated. The handle is
flat and gradually becomes narrow towards the end. In most cases the end of the handle
is bent so as to be driven into the wooden part of the plough. With some artefacts the
loop, designed fora tighter fastening of the implement, is preserved. Length
31-55
cm,
178
Summary
average length for the type
- 38
cm. Width of the working part
6-21
cm, average width
for the type
- 9.9
cm (Fig.
3).
Type
5
(Fig.
20)
have a working blade is in the shape of a flat triangle. In the lite¬
rature it occurs as the shank type. The ploughshares belonging to this type end with
a handle in their back part. The working part has a slight inclination form the middle
axis towards the two ends. Along this axis there is a certain thickening in the shape of
a rounded edge. The length of the working part is almost equal to that of the handle,
which has a prismatic shape. In most cases the end of the handle is bent so as to be
driven into the wooden part of the plough. In some tools the loop, designed for a tighter
fastening of the implement, is preserved. Length
25.5-49.6
cm, average length for the
type
- 38.8
cm. Width of the working part
11-19.5
cm, average width for the type
- 14
cm (Fig.
3).
Type
6
(Fig.
21)
have a triangular working part. The back part ends with an inser¬
tion. There is a slight inclination from both ends towards the middle axis of the work¬
ing part. In comparison with Types
1
and
2,
the insertion is narrower and elongated.
The shape of these ploughshares is similar to that of a spade.
Type
7
(Fig.
22)
feature a working part in the shape of a triangle. The ploughshares
of this type end with a handle in their back part. The working part is slightly inclined
from the middle axis towards its two ends. The handle is with a square or a rectangular
cross-section and is narrower than that of the other types; often its length is twice or
three times greater than that of the working part. In most cases the end of the handle is
bent so as to be driven into the wooden part of the plough. Length
33.4-82
cm, average
length for the type
- 53.7
cm. Width of the working part
7.2-13.5
cm, average width
for the type
- 10.35
cm (Fig.
3).
Types
1, 2, 5
and
6
are mostly characteristic of the period from the 4th to the begin¬
ning of the 7th century; Type
4
is mainly characteristic of the period of the
1st
to the
3rd
century; Type
3
is distributed almost evenly over the entire period under discussion.
The ploughshare finds from the territory of Bulgaria are indicated on a map (Fig.
23).
The results of their statistical processing are presented in tables (Fig.
24, 25).
The sheaths are divided in two types; those for ploughs are labelled as Type
1
sheaths, and those for spades as Type
2
sheaths (Fig.
26).
Type
1
(Fig.
28)
The plough sheath is U-shaped with sharp edges of the outer part
and a groove on the inner part. Length
16.2-27
cm, average length for the type
- 25
cm.
Width of the tool
12.3-17
cm, average width for the type
- 14.5
cm (Fig.
4).
Type
2
(Fig.
29)
The spade sheath is trapezium-shaped or has an upside-down
П
-shaped working part, whose lower base has rounded corners. There is a sharp edge
on the outer part and a groove on the inner part. On the upper part there are openings for
nails or rivets for attachment. Length
21-25
cm, average length for the type
- 22.2
cm.
Width of the working part
15-17.5
cm, average width for the type
- 16.7
cm (Fig.
4).
The tools belonging to these two types are mainly characteristic of the period from
the 4th to the beginning of the 7th century. The sheath finds from the territory of Bul¬
garia are indicated on a map (Fig.
30).
The results of their statistical processing are
presented in tables (Fig.
31-32).
179
Римски и ранновизантийски
метални инструменти
от
територията
на
България
The coulters are presented in one type.
Type
1
(Fig.
33)
represent a knife with a long handle and a widening of the work¬
ing part. With some artefacts the knife is curved in the direction of cutting. Length
15.3 -60.3
cm, average length for the type
-43.7
cm. Width of the working part
3-9
cm, average width for the type
- 5.5
cm (Fig.
5).
All coulters but one date back to the period of the 4th to the beginning of the 7th
century. The coulter finds from the territory of Bulgaria are indicated on a map (Fig.
34).
The results of their statistical processing are presented in tables (Fig.
35).
The shovels are grouped in three types, which differ in their shape (Fig.
36).
Type
1
(Fig.
37)
have a trapezium-shaped working part, which slightly inclines
from both sides towards the centre. The handle is attached through an insertion. This
type of shovels was mainly used for digging. Length
30-40.3
cm, average length for
the type
- 32.8
cm. Width of the working part
15.6-23
cm, average width for the
type
- 20.3
cm (Fig.
6).
Type
2
(Fig.
38)
resemble the ploughshares of Type
6
in their shape. They have a tri¬
angular working part with a rounded tip and a comparatively small size. It is attached
to the wooden handle through an insertion. This type of shovels was mainly used for
digging. Length
25-31
cm, average length for the type
- 28
cm. Width of the working
part
10.5-16.5
cm, average width for the type
- 13.5
cm (Fig.
6).
Type
3
(Fig.
39)
comprises the most massive shovels. They have a trapezium-
shaped working part, similarly to Type
1.
While with Types
1
and
2
the insertions have
open ends, in Type
3
the handle is attached through a round insertion or through two
opposite plates. With some artefacts the nails for attaching the wooden handle are pre¬
served. Because of the size of the working part, the shovels of this type were probably
used not only for digging, but also for the transfer of material. Length
37.4-42
cm,
average length for the type
- 39.7
cm. Width of the working part
23.5-26
cm, average
width for the type
- 24.7
cm (Fig.
6).
The three types of shovels are most characteristic of the period of the 4th-the begin¬
ning of the 7th century. The finds on the territory of Bulgaria are indicated on a map
(Fig.
40).
The results from the statistical processing of the shovels are presented in
tables (Fig.
41-42).
The turf cutters are presented in one type.
Type
1
(Fig.
43)
The tools have a massive crescent-shaped working part and a cy¬
lindrical insertion for the fitting of a wooden handle. This implement is a typical Ro¬
man innovation. It serves to cut the grass surfaces used for the construction of fortified
camps and dikes. In terms of its application, this tool is most similar to the spades for
digging. Overall length
41-46.7
cm, width of the working part
38-41.8
cm.
Two of the three finds discovered on our territory are dated to the period of the
4th
-
the beginning of the 7th century. The tools found on the territory of Bulgaria
are indicated on a map (Fig.
44).
The turf cutter finds are too few to be statistically
processed.
180
Summary
The billhooks are presented in seven types, whose division is based on the shape of
the tools. (Fig.
46).
Type
1
(Fig.
48)
represent a billhook with an insertion. There is a blade, which
is slightly wider than the insertion. In some cases tintacks, which fasten the wooden
handle to the tool, are preserved. Length
21.5-38
cm, average length for the type
-31.5
cm. Width of the blade
2.7-6
cm, average width for the type
- 4.5
cm (Fig.
7).
Type
2
(Fig.
49)
comprises of billhooks with an insertion. The blade is wider than
that of Type
1.
The working part is arc-shaped. On its back part there is a rectangular
protuberant tip (securis). Length
22.5-30.5
cm, average length for the type
- 25.5
cm.
Width of the blade
4.5-7.6
cm, average width for the type
- 5.5
cm (Fig.
7).
Type
3
(Fig.
50)
have a spike as a handle, and it is brought out on the same line with
the back part of the blade. In most cases the working part is not very wide. With some
tools the loop, designed for a tighter fastening to the handle, is preserved. Length
11.5-
44.5
cm, average length for the type
- 28.7
cm. Width of the blade
2-5.5
cm, average
width for the type
- 4
cm (Fig.
7).
Type
4
(Fig.
51)
have a spike as a handle, and it is brought out on the same line
with the back part of the blade. The working part is wide and on its back part there is
a rectangular protuberant tip (securis). Length
26.7-28.5
cm, average length for the
type
- 27
cm. Width of the blade
4-6
cm, average width for the type
- 5
cm (Fig.
7).
Type
5
(Fig.
52)
have a spike as a handle, and it is placed in the middle of the working
part. It has a wide blade. Overall length
14.5-24.5
cm, average length for the type
- 19.5
cm.
Width of the blade
2.9-4.5
cm, average width for the type
- 3.9
cm (Fig.
7).
Type
6
(Fig.
53)
have a spike as a handle, and it is placed in the middle of the work¬
ing part. The blade is not very wide, and on its back part there is a rectangular protu¬
berant tip (securis). Among the presented tools there are no finds with an entirely pre¬
served length. Width of the blade
3.3-4.8
cm, average width for the type
- 4
cm (Fig.
7).
Type
7
(Fig.
54)
feature a long tip and a comparatively small working part. The tool
is usually small. Among the presented implements there is only one with a preserved
shape and size.
The billhooks of Types
1, 3
and
5
are characteristic of the entire period from the
1st
to the beginning of the 7th century and are distributed almost evenly; Types
2, 4,
6
and
7
are characteristic only of the period after the 4th century. The second group
comprises the billhooks with a protuberant tip (securis), of which there are no finds
before the 4th century. The finds from the territory of Bulgaria are indicated on a map
(Fig.
55).
The results of the statistical processing of the billhooks are presented in
tables (Fig.
56, 57).
The sickles are divided in two types based on their shape (Fig.
58).
Type
1
(Fig.
59)
feature a smooth curved blade, and the handle almost forms a right
angle with the working part. The arc of the blade is narrower. Length
15.7-52
cm, aver¬
age length for the type
-36.1
cm. Width of the working part
1.5-4.8
cm, average width
for the type
- 3.5
cm (Fig.
8).
Type
2
(Fig.
60)
feature a sickle with a jagged curved blade, where the handle and
the working part form an obtuse angle, so that they are almost parallel to each other.
181
Римски и ранновизантийски
метални инструменти
от
територията
на
България
The blade does not start immediately after the spike for the handle. The arc of the blade
is wider. The indentations on the blade are often undetectable due to the poor condition
of the artefact upon its discovery. Length
11-43
cm, average length for the type
- 33.1
cm. Width of the working part
2.5-4.8
cm, average width for the type
- 3.3
cm (Fig.
8).
Most of the finds of Type
1
belong to the period of the 4th
-
the beginning of the 7th
century, but this type is characteristic of the entire period. In Type
2
the finds are dis¬
tributed almost evenly for the period of the
1st
to the beginning of the 7th century. The
sickles discovered on the territory of Bulgaria are indicated on a map (Fig.
61).
The
results of the statistical processing of the sickles are presented in tables (Fig.
62, 63).
The scythes are arranged in five types based on their shape (Fig.
64).
Type l (Fig.
66)
feature an insertion and a wide blade. After the insertion, the work¬
ing part makes a U-shaped bend, and there is a blade along its entire length. Its shape
resembles that of the sickle of Type
1.
On the insertion there is an opening for a nail
for fixing to the wooden handle. Length
32-64
cm, average length for the type
- 38
cm.
Width of the working part
3.3-5
cm, average width for the type
- 4
cm (Fig.
9).
Type
2
(Fig.
67)
have a wide blade and an insertion for attaching the handle. At the
U-shaped bend between the insertion and the working part there is no blade. Its shape
resembles that of the sickle of Type
1.
On the insertion there is an opening for a nail
for fixing the handle. Length
48-60
cm, average length for the type
- 56.5
cm. Width
of the working part
4.3-6
cm, average width for the type
- 5
cm (Fig.
9).
Type
3
(Fig.
68)
feature an insertion and a wide blade. The blade makes a right
angle with the insertion, and forms a bend immediately after it. On the insertion there
is an opening for a nail for fixing to the wooden handle. Length
36-52
cm, average
length for the type
- 41.4
cm. Width of the working part
3-5.2
cm, average width for
the type
- 4.5
cm (Fig.
9).
Type
4
(Fig.
69)
The tools are analogous to Type
2,
the difference being in the
manner of fixing to the handle. The scythes belonging to this type finish with a spike.
The blade is perpendicular to the spike for fastening to the handle. The tool forms a
U-shaped bend after the spike and gradually widens towards the working part, without
a blade in this place. Perhaps the scythes of this type were additionally attached to the
handle with a loop, but such artefacts have not been preserved. Length
41-43.5
cm,
average length for the type
- 43
cm. Width of the working part
3-3.5
cm, average width
for the type
- 3.5
cm (Fig.
9).
Type
5
(Fig.
70)
end with a spike. There is a blade that is perpendicular to the spike
for fastening the handle. There is no U-shaped bend like that in Type
4,
and it changes
its direction similarly to the scythe of Type
3.
The spike is short. Length
33.5-42
cm,
average length for the type
- 37.2
cm. Width of the working part
3-4.7
cm, average
width for the type
- 3.5
cm (Fig.
9).
All scythe finds are more characteristic of the period after the
3rd
century, with the
exception of the scythes of Type
3
that are evenly distributed over the entire period of
the
1st
to the beginning of the 7th century. The scythes discovered on the territory of
Bulgaria are indicated on a map (Fig.
71).
The results of the statistical processing of
the scythes are presented in tables (Fig.
72, 73).
182
Summary
The hoes are presented in nineteen types, the division being made based on the
shape of the tools (Fig.
74).
Type
1
(Fig.
78)
have a working part with a large triangle or trapezium-shaped hole
in the middle, with rounded edges. The cutting blade is wider than that of the working
part at the handle. According to the manner of shaping of the rear part with the open¬
ing of the handle, Types
1, 2
and
3
resemble each other. Length
15.5-27.5
cm, average
length for the type
- 20
cm. Width of the working part
14 - 28.2
cm, average width for
the type-
17.6
cm (Fig.
10).
Type
2
(Fig.
79)
feature a working part with a large rectangular opening. They re¬
semble the shape of the artefacts form Type
3,
but have a closed lower base. The work¬
ing part at the blade and the handle are of the same width. According to the manner of
shaping of the rear part with the opening of the handle, they resemble Types
1
and
3.
Length
19.5-26.7
cm, average length for the type
- 22
cm. Width of the working part
14-17
cm, average width for the type
- 16.2
cm (Fig.
10).
Type
3
(Fig.
80)
(bidens, -entis, m.) This is a two-tined hoe, whose working part
is in the shape of a horned fork. In most cases the two prongs are parallel. Their
lower part is pointed. According to the manner of shaping of the rear part with the
opening of the handle, it resembles Types
1
and
2.
Length
17.8 - 32.5
cm, average
length for the type
- 26.7
cm. Width of the working part
13-17.5
cm, average width
for the type
- 15.5
cm (Fig.
10).
Type
4
(Fig.
81)
have a trapezium-shaped working part, with the wider part being
on the upper side at the opening for the handle. There are some hoes of this type that
have an almost square working part. Length
19-29
cm, average length for the type
- 25
cm. Width of the working part
14-22
cm, average width for the type
- 19
cm (Fig.
10).
Type
5
(Fig.
82)
also have a trapezium-shaped working part, but as compared to
Type
4,
the two side arms incline more steeply downward and the cutting base is
smaller. With some artefacts the working part is rounded due to its extensive use.
Length
17.5-32
cm, average length for the type
- 22.5
cm. Width of the working
part at the opening for the handle
10-20
cm, average width for the type
- 15.9
cm
(Fig.
10).
Type
6
(Fig.
83)
have a triangular or trapezium-shaped working part with a small
lower base. The opening for the handle is shaped in a protruding extension above the
working part. Length
23.3-33
cm, average length for the type
- 26.7
cm. Width of the
working part at the opening for the handle
12.2-20
cm, average width for the type
-
15.7
cm (Fig.
10).
Type
7
(Fig.
84)
have a narrow and trapezium-shaped working part with rounded
ends. The rear part is protruding. There is only one tool with preserved shape and size
belonging to this type.
Type
8
(Fig.
85)
is a combination of an axe and a hoe. The working part of the hoe
is in the shape of a trapeze or a rectangle. The rear part is projecting and shaped as an
axe. Length
21-33
cm, average length for the type
- 29
cm. Width of the working part
9.5-18
cm, average width for the type
- 11.5
cm (Fig.
10).
Type
9
(Fig.
86)
feature an elongated rectangular working part, which slightly wid¬
ens towards the blade. It shape resembles that of an adze, but its working part is longer.
183
Римски и ранновизантийски
метални инструменти
от
територията
на
България
Length
21-27.5
cm, average length for the type
- 24
cm. Width of the working part
5-9
cm, average width for the type
- 6.2
cm (Fig.
10).
Type
10
(Fig.
87)
feature a trapezium-shaped working part widening towards the
blade and a rear part resembling a hammer. Length
15.5-26.9
cm, average length for
the type
- 23.2
cm. Width of the working part
7.5-12
cm, average width for the type
-
10.5
cm (Fig.
10).
Type
11
(Fig.
88)
are similar to Type
10,
but with a wider blade of the working part.
Length
17-26
cm, average length for the type
- 22.8
cm. Width of the working part
10-
13.4
cm, average width for the type
- 12.3
cm (Fig.
10).
Type
12
(Fig.
89)
represent a hoe with a rectangular working part, whose rear part
finishes with two spikes, similarly to Type
3.
Length
- 24
cm. Width of the working
part
4-4.8
cm, average width for the type
- 4.4
cm (Fig.
10).
Type
13
(Fig.
90)
are a combination of two tools
-
a pick and a hoe or an axe and
a hoe. The tools of this type are also known as the Roman military
dolabra.
One of
the blades represents an elongated hoe with a working part widening towards the
cutting edge, and the other blade is perpendicular to the former and is shaped as an
axe. In some cases one of the blades is shaped as a pick instead of a hoe, and the
other blade
-
as an axe. Length
17-46
cm, average length for the type
- 33.5
cm.
Width of the working part of the hoe
2.8-11
cm, average width for the type
- 4.7
cm
(Fig.
10).
Type
14
(Fig.
91)
represent a pick-hoe with two opposite working surfaces widen¬
ing towards the blades. The working part is arc-shaped from the handle towards the
blades. The very big curve of the working part with some of the tools included here
suggests their probable and different purpose. These implements could have been used
for the processing of wood, for example, like the adzes of Type
2.
Length
19-29.2
cm,
average length for the type
- 24.2
cm. Width of the blades
3.6-5
cm, average width for
the type
- 4.2
cm (Fig.
10).
Type
15
(Fig.
92)
includes hoes with an insertion for attaching the handle. The
insertion is perpendicular to the working surface. The working part can be of various
shapes. Perhaps some of the tools with a wider working surface were used for blending
construction mixtures and slaking lime. Width of the working part
19.5-24
cm, average
width for the type
- 24
cm. Height of the working part
13-15
cm, average height for
the type
- 14
cm (Fig.
10).
Type
16
(Fig.
93)
feature an elongated and comparatively narrow working part,
which is similar to that in Type
5,
and whose blade is rounded.
Type
17
(Fig.
94)
have a triangular working part. The opening for the handle is
shaped like a loop and the rear part is missing.
Type
18
(Fig.
95)
have a wide working part resembling a crescent. The opening for
the handle is shaped like a loop and the rear part is missing.
Type
19
(Fig.
96)
comprises hoes whose working part is triangular or trapezium-
shaped. The rear part is elongated in the shape of a cutter and is on the same plane as the
working part. The implement belonged to the accoutrements of military units and was
used as an entrenching tool. Length
32.6-39.5
cm, average length for the type
- 35.5
cm.
Width of the working part
18.6-25.9
cm, average width for the type
- 20.7
cm (Fig.
10).
184
Summary
Ofall
hoe finds only those belonging to Types
8, 16, 17
and
19
are not represented
before the 4th century. All the rest can be found over the entire period. The most nu¬
merous finds of hoes for the period before the 4th century belong to Types
1, 3, 7, 10
and
13.
It can be claimed that those belonging to Types
1
and
10
were more popular
during the period of the
1st
to the
3rd
century, than in later times. Almost all examples
of the hoes of Type
7
are dated to the period of the
2nd
to the 4th century. The numer¬
ous finds that cannot be accurately dated result from the wide dating boundaries as¬
signed to them by the excavators
-
for example from the
2nd
to the 6th century. The
hoes finds from the territory of Bulgaria are indicated on a map (Fig.
97).
The results
from their statistical processing are presented in tables (Fig.
98, 99).
The plough-staffs are divided in three types depending on their shape (Fig.
100).
Type
1
(Fig.
102)
have a flaring blade and an insertion starting immediately after
the working part. Length
11.5-14.7
cm, average length for the type-
13.3
cm. Width of
the working part
7.2-8.5
cm, average width for the type
- 8.1
cm (Fig.
11).
Type
2
(Fig.
103)
have a trapezium-shaped blade with a wider part at the blade,
and an insertion, starting immediately after the working part. Length
8-29
cm, average
length for the type
- 13.5
cm. Width of the working part
2.4-6.2
cm, average width for
the type
-4.8
cm (Fig.
11).
Type
3
(Fig.
104)
have a flaring blade, an elongated body with a rectangular cross-
section, and an insertion for attaching the handle. Length
21-28.5
cm, average length
for the type
- 27.5
cm. Width of the working part
4.5-6
cm, average width for the
type
-5.4
cm (Fig.
11).
The plough-staffs of Type
1
are more characteristic of the period of the
1st
to the
3rd
century. Those belonging to Type
2
occur mostly after the
3rd
century, although
there are finds dated earlier. Type
3
contains artefacts dated to the period of the 4th
-
the beginning of the 7th century. The plough-staff finds from the territory of Bulgaria
are indicated on a map (Fig.
105).
The results from their statistical processing are pre¬
sented in tables (Fig.
106, 107).
II. The tools related to stock-breeding are presented in Chapter
2.
They comprise
10.1%
of all discussed implements. (Fig.
1).
The instruments presented here were used
in animal husbandry
-
currycombs, brands, bells and shears.
The currycombs are presented in one type.
Type
1
(Fig.
114)
have the shape of an elongated rectangular. The lower part has
cogs, and the upper one has two loops at both ends and a spike for fitting a wooden
or bone handle in the middle. The distance between the cogs is
0.1
cm. With some
artefacts small loops have been preserved and they serve a decorative rather than a
practical purpose. The length of the working part of the tool is
10.4-22
cm, average
length for the type
- 17
cm. Width of the working part
3.2-7
cm, average width for the
type
-6.1
cm (Fig.
110).
The occurrence of the currycombs is spread over the entire discussed period, with
most artefacts belonging to the period after the
3rd
century. The finds from the territory
185
Римски и ранновизантийски
метални инструменти
от
територията
на
България
of Bulgaria are indicated on a map (Fig.
115).
The results of the statistical processing
of the currycombs are presented in tables (Fig.
116).
The brands are presented in two types (Fig.
117).
Type
1
(Fig.
119)
comprises tools with formed/ matrix-shaped inscriptions. Length
22-28.4
cm, average length for the type
- 26
cm (Fig. 111). Size of the inscription area:
length
2.5-6.9
cm, width
1.2-2.7
cm.
Type
2
(Fig.
120)
includes tools with open-work inscriptions. Length
18-36.5
cm,
average length for the type
- 26.5
cm (Fig. 111). Size of the letters from the inscrip¬
tion: height
4-16.8
cm, width
3.7-9
cm.
Most of the brands are dated to the period of the
1st
to the 4th century. This fact
reflects the economic situation of our provinces for that period
-
almost all farms deal¬
ing with agriculture and stock-breeding were affected by the barbarian invasions in the
70ies of the 4th century. The brand finds from the territory of Bulgaria are indicated on
a map (Fig.
121).
The results of the statistical processing of the brands are presented
in tables (Fig.
122, 123).
The bells are presented in two types according to their shape and size (Fig.
124).
Type
1
(Fig.
125)
are small bells. Their shape can be that of a bell, a cylinder or a
truncated pyramid. The loop for hanging up is round or polygonal. They are mainly
made of bronze. Height
1-9
cm, average height for the type
- 4.8
cm. Width
2.8-6
cm,
average width for the type
- 4.4
cm (Fig.
112).
Type
2
(Fig.
126)
are in the shape of a cylinder or a truncated cone and are large in
size. Height
4-18
cm, average height for the type
8.3
cm. Width
3-13.2
cm, average
width for the type
- 6
cm (Fig.
112).
The bells belonging to Type
1
are more evenly distributed over the entire period and
most artefacts of Type
2
are characteristic of the period after the 4th century. The bell
finds from the territory of Bulgaria are indicated on a map (Fig.
127).
The results of the
statistical processing of the bells are presented in tables (Fig.
128, 129).
The shears are divided in two types (Fig.
130).
Type
1
(Fig.
131)
represents two knives connected with a plate and turned with
their blades towards each other. The plate is often attached with a rivet. This type is
mainly designed for the shearing of sheep and goats. It is also used in metalworking
for cutting thin metal sheets, as well as in the household. Length
14.5-34
cm, average
length for the type
- 19.6
cm. Width of the blade
1.5-4.3
cm, average width for the
type
-2.5
cm (Fig.
113).
TyPe 2 (Fig-
132)
This type of shears represents two knives connected with a fitting
and turned with their blades towards each other. In most cases the handles are with a
round cross-section and are curved so that they form loops for the fingers. They were
used in the household, in the processing of leather and textile, and also as medical
tools. Length
10.8-20.3
cm, average length for the type
- 14.2
cm. Width of the blade
0.5-4
cm, average width for the type
- 3.2
cm (Fig.
113).
186
Summary
The shears of the two types occur over the entire period of the
1st-
the beginning
of the 7th century and most of the artefacts are dated to the time after the
3rd
century.
The finds from the territory of Bulgaria are indicated on a map (Fig.
133).
The results
of the statistical processing of the shears are presented in tables (Fig.
134, 135).
III. Tools connected with woodwork and stonework are presented in Chapter
3.
This
is the second largest group
-
here are
25.6%
of all discussed implements (Fig.
1).
The
subject of the present study are the main tools used in woodwork and stonework. These
are: saws, draw-knifes, augers, chisels, gouges, hammers, wedges, crowbars, axes,
planes, files, picks, adzes and carpenter's knifes. A carpenter's bench is only mentioned.
The saws are divided in two types according to their size, shape and purpose.
Type
1
(Fig.
152)
represents a metal sheet for a large saw (frame-saw), designed
to be used by two people. At both ends of the sheet there are holes for fixing to the
wooden framework. Due to its large size, the representatives of this type have been
discovered in a fragmented state. Length
49.8-62
cm, average length for the type
- 50.6
cm (Fig.
141).
Type
2
(Fig.
152)
represents a metal sheet with well-shaped cogs on one of the long
sides. A handle is attached to one of the short sides through a spike or rivets. Length
13.5-25.6
cm, average length for the type
- 19.7
cm (Fig.
141).
The saws were popular throughout the discussed period. The finds from the territory
of Bulgaria are indicated on a map (Fig.
154).
The results of the statistical processing
of the saws are presented in tables (Fig.
155, 156).
The draw-knives are presented in one type.
Type
1
(Fig.
157)
have a rectangular working part, which is arc-shaped, with two
spikes for fitting handles at both ends. Length of the working part
10.5-25
cm, average
length for the type
- 12.5
cm. Width of the working part
1.6-6
cm, average width for
the type
- 2.7
cm (Fig.
142).
The draw-knives were popular during the entire period of the
1st -
the beginning of
the 7th century. The finds from the territory of Bulgaria are indicated on a map (Fig.
158).
The results of the statistical processing of the draw-knives are presented in tables
(Fig.
159).
The augers are presented in two types (Fig.
161).
Type
1
(Fig.
162) -
The augers have a long handle with a pyramidal pointed blade,
which often has spiral grooves. Length
11.5-22
cm, average length for the type
- 18.6
cm (Fig.
143).
Type
2
(Fig.
163)
have a long body with a rounded cross-section, one of whose ends
is spoon-shaped, and the other
-
rectangular or trapezium-shaped. The blade has a U-
shaped cross-section. Length
19.7-46
cm, average length for the type
- 31
cm. Width
of the spoon
1.2-4
cm, average width for the type
- 2
cm (Fig.
143).
The auger finds are dated mostly to the period after the
3rd
century, but the tool
occurs throughout the discussed period. The finds from the territory of Bulgaria are
187
Римски и ранновизантийски
метални инструменти
от
територията
на
България
indicated on a map (Fig.
164).
The results of the statistical processing of the augers are
presented in tables (Fig.
165, 166).
The chisels are divided in three types according to the manner of shaping the rear
part (Fig.
167).
Type
1
(Fig.
167)
are chisels with a spike for the fitting of a handle. The body is of
varying cross-section. The shape of the blade can differ. Length
7.7-15.7
cm, average
length for the type
- 11.2
cm (Fig.
144).
Type
2
(Fig.
168)
are chisels whose back part represents a hitting surface. The body
can be of varying cross-section. The shape of the blade can differ. They are mostly
used in stonework. Length
8.7-37
cm, average length for the type
- 21.5
cm (Fig.
144).
Type
3
(Fig.
169)
are chisels whose back end finishes with an insertion. The body
can be of varying cross-section. The shape of the blade can differ. Length
15-33.2
cm,
average length for the type
- 24.8
cm (Fig.
144).
The chisel finds are dated mostly to the period after the 4th century, but occur
throughout the discussed period. The finds from the territory of Bulgaria are indicated
on a map (Fig.
170).
The results of the statistical processing of the chisels are pre¬
sented in tables (Fig.
171, 172).
The gouges are presented in one type.
Type
1
(Fig.
173)
The tool has a trapezium-shaped or an elliptic working part,
which is curved at both ends and pointed at the front. The back part ends either with an
insertion, or with a spike for fitting a handle.
All gouge finds are dated to the period after the 4th century, but they also occur
earlier. A possible reason for their absence during the period from the
1st
to the
3rd
century is their insufficient study and the poor condition of the finds, which impedes
their identification. The discovered tools from the territory of Bulgaria are indicated on
a map (Fig.
174).
The number of gouge finds is not enough for statistical processing.
The hammers are classified according to their shape in five types (Fig.
176).
Type
1
(Fig.
178)
represents a hammer-chisel. The front working part is shaped as
a chisel, and its back part
-
as a hammer. This hammer type is versatile
-
it is used in
stoneworking, mining and metalworking. To this group belong the blacksmith's tools
designed for cutting red hot metal. Length of working part of the tool is
9.5-30.2
cm,
average length for the type
- 16.5
cm. Width
1-6.9
cm, average width for the type-
3.5
cm (Fig.
145).
Type
2
(Fig.
179)
are tools with rounded ends for the processing of thin metal plates.
This hammer is especially designed for metal working activities. It is usually small.
Type 3 (F'g-
180)
have a double-edged working part. They are used in stonework¬
ing, mining and construction. Length of the working part
15.5-29.4
cm, average length
for the type
- 23
cm. Width
1.5-7.3
cm, average width for the type
- 4.5
cm (Fig.
145).
Type
4
(Fig.
181)
have a rectangular working part. Its both sides are blunt. It is also
a versatile tool. Length of the working part
9-27.2
cm, average length for the type
-
17.5
cm. Width
1.3-8.5
cm, average width for the type
- 4.8
cm (Fig.
145).
188
Summary
Type
5
(Fig.
182)
comprises claw hammers whose hitting part is round. The other
side of the head curves down and splits in the middle forming a V-shape for taking out
nails. It is mostly used in construction and carpentry. Length of the working part
8.4-
21.6
cm, average length for the type
- 15
cm. Width
3.5-9.6
cm, average width for
the type
- 6.5
cm (Fig.
145).
Most hammers are dated after the
3rd
century and only single artefacts are from
earlier periods. The finds from the territory of Bulgaria are indicated on a map (Fig.
183).
The results of the statistical processing of the hammers are presented in tables
(Fig.
184-185).
The wedges are presented in one type.
Type
1
(Fig.
186)
The body is pointed at one end and the rear part is flattened out to
enable hitting. Length
5.6-32.5
cm, average length for the type
- 14.8
cm (Fig.
146).
The wedges occur throughout the entire period under discussion. The finds from the
territory of Bulgaria are indicated on a map (Fig.
187).
The results of the statistical
processing of the wedges are presented in tables (Fig.
188).
The crowbars are presented in one type.
Type
1
(Fig.
189)
A long metal bar with two ends
-
one is rounded and the other
is flat, curved or sharp. The cross-section can be of various shapes and a diameter of
around
3-5
cm. Length of the tools
73-115
cm.
All artefacts are dated to the period of the 4th
-
the beginning of the 7th century.
Since the crowbar finds are only a few, this chronological distribution cannot be rep¬
resentative. The finds from the territory of Bulgaria are indicated on a map (Fig.
190).
The number of crowbars is not enough for a statistical processing.
The axes are distributed in five types according to their shape (Fig.
192).
Type
1
(Fig.
193)
have a trapezium-shaped blade. The blade is not very wide. The
working part is slightly curved. The rear part is not specially shaped as a hammer, but
due to its solidity, it can be used as such for most artefacts. The tools of this type serve
mainly for whittling and chiselling wooden surfaces. This type also contains the double
axes, or the so-called „labryses", which have two blades placed symmetrically in rela¬
tion to the handle. Length of the working part of the tool
8-32
cm, average length for
the type
- 18.2
cm. Width of the blade
2.2-17
cm, average width for the type
- 5.7
cm
(Fig.
147)
(these measures do not include the data for the double axes).
Type
2
(Fig.
194)
All tools presented in this type feature a wide blade and a long cutting
edge. Their rear part is not shaped as a working surface. With some of the tools the shape of
the working part is like that of the modern tools
-
the width of the blade becomes gradually
narrower towards the opening of the handle, the blade being parallel to the handle. With
the larger part of the artefacts presented in this type, the working part is T-shaped, and the
blade is inclining in relation to the handle. The working surface is very long and very wide.
The main purpose of this instrument is to cut. Perhaps some of the tools belonging to this
type were also used as battle axes. Length
13-46
cm, average length for the type
- 20.5
cm.
Height of the blade
8-33.5
cm, average height for the type
- 14.3
cm (Fig.
147).
189
Римски и ранновизантийски
метални инструменти
от
територията
на
България
Type
3 (Fig. 195)
represents a combination of an axe and a hammer. The front part
is shaped as an axe, and the rear part
-
as a hammer. The working part of the axe is
elongated, comparatively narrow and slightly curved with some of the tools. In most
cases the rear part is T-shaped and the plate of the working surface is protruding above
the base. Length
11.3-29.5
cm, average length for the type
- 21.5
cm. Width of the
blade
2.5-9
cm, average width for the type
- 5.1
cm (Fig.
147).
Type
4
(Fig.
197)
are a combination of an axe and a hammer. The blade of the
axe is very long and very wide, as with Type
2.
The rear part is shaped as a hammer,
similarly to Type
3.
In most cases it is T-shaped, and the plate of the working surface
is protruding above the base. Length
15.5-23.5
cm, average length for the type
- 17.7
cm. Height of the blade
14.5-18
cm, average height for the type
- 15.5
cm (Fig.
147).
Type
5
(Fig.
198)
are a combination of an axe and an adze. The blades of the two
parts are perpendicular to each other. Length
26.5-42.5
cm, average length for the
type
-33.5
cm. Height of the blade
13.5-17
cm, average height for the type
- 15.2
cm
(Fig.
147).
The axes belonging to Type
1
occur throughout the entire period of the
1st -
to the
beginning of the 7th century and are comparatively evenly distributed. Types
2, 3
and
5
contain artefacts mostly from the period after the 4th century. The axes from Type
4
are characteristic only of the period from the 4th to the beginning of the 7th century.
The finds from the territory of Bulgaria are indicated on a map (Fig.
199).
The results
of the statistical processing of the axes are presented in tables (Fig.
200, 201).
The planes are presented in one type.
Type
1
(Fig.
203)
represents a plane knife whose profile is shaped as a flat triangle,
while the full face is shaped as an elongated trapezium. The lower base of the trape¬
zium is the working blade. It is placed in a wooden box and is attached with a wedge.
Length
9-16.5
cm, average length for the type
- 14.5
cm. Width of the blade
0.5-2
cm,
average width for the type
- 1.6
cm (Fig.
148).
All examples of planes are from the period of the 4th to the beginning of the 7th cen¬
tury. Due to the small number of finds, this chronological distribution cannot be repre¬
sentative. The finds from the territory of Bulgaria are indicated on a map (Fig.
204).
The
results of the statistical processing of the planes are presented in tables (Fig.
205).
The files are distributed in two types according to their size and purpose. (Fig.
206).
Type
1
(Fig.
207)
have a working part with a quadrangular cross-section and with a
rounded or pointed tip. On the back part there is a spike for fitting a handle.
Type
2
(Fig.
208)
are notable for their big size and are designed for rougher work.
This is the so-called thick or rough file (Lima
crassa).
The working part has a quadran¬
gular cross-section and on the back part there is a spike for fitting a handle.
The files were popular during the entire period of the
1st
to the beginning of the 7th
century. The finds from the territory of Bulgaria are indicated on a map (Fig.
209).
The
examples of files are not enough for statistical processing of the material.
The picks are distributed in two types according to their shape (Fig.
211).
190
Summary
Type
1
(Fig.
212)
have a double-edge working part. In some cases one of the sides
is flattened out perpendicularly to the handle and is pointed, similarly to the modern
implements. Length
19.6-41.5
cm, average length for the type
- 25.5
cm. Width of the
blade
2-6
cm, average width for the type
- 2.7
cm (Fig.
149).
Type
2
(Fig.
213)
feature only one blade. It is an ore-mining and a stone-cutting
tool. Length
20-28
cm, average length for the type
- 26
cm. Width of the blade
1.8-3.5
cm, average width for the type
- 2.2
cm (Fig.
149).
The picks belonging to both Types are more characteristic of the period after the
3rd
century. Due to the small number of finds, this chronological distribution cannot
be considered conclusive. The finds from the territory of Bulgaria are indicated on a
map (Fig.
214).
The results of the statistical processing of the picks are presented in
tables (Fig.
215, 216).
The adzes are classified in two types according to their shape (Fig.
219).
Type
1
(Fig.
221)
have a trapezium-shaped working part. The rear part of some
adzes can also be used as a hammer. The working part has almost no curve. Length
12-23.5
cm, average length for the type
- 20
cm. Width of the blade
2.6-9
cm, average
width for the type
- 5
cm (Fig.
150).
Type
2
(Fig.
222)
are the so-called carpenter's adze. It is a typical carpenter's tool.
It is also used in the working of some softer stones. The working part is arc-shaped,
and in some cases the blade is spoon-shaped. The rear part of some adzes is combined
with a hammer. Length
12.3-29
cm, average length for the type
-20.7
cm. Width of the
blade
3.5-9.5
cm, average width for the type
- 5.5
cm (Fig.
150).
The two types were popular over the entire period of the
1st
to the beginning of the
7th century. With Type
1,
predominant are the finds discovered after the
3rd
century.
The adzes discovered on the territory of Bulgaria are indicated on a map (Fig.
223).
The results of the statistical processing of the adzes are presented in tables (Fig.
224,
225).
The carpenter's knives are presented in one type.
Type
1
(Fig.
226)
have a working part in the shape of a large single-edged knife,
whose end finishes with an opening for fitting a handle. The opening is perpendicular
to the cutting blade. Length
34-34.6
cm, average length for the type
- 34.3
cm. Average
width of the working part
- 6
cm.
The carpenter's knives are presented by two artefacts. Only one of them is dated
to the period of the
2nd -
the
3rd
century, and the other one to the beginning of the
4th
-
the middle of the 5th century. The tools discovered on the territory of Bulgaria
are indicated on a map (Fig.
227).
The finds of carpenter's knives are too few to allow
statistical processing.
IV. Chapter
4
discusses tools used in ore extraction. The main implements con¬
nected with ore mining are picks, shovels, wedges and hammers. As these tools are
multifunctional, they have already been introduced in the previous chapter.
191
Римски и ранновизантийски
метални инструменти
от
територията
на
България
V. Chapter
5
comprises metalworking tools. Representatives of this group are tongs,
anvils, melting pots, hammers, cutters, smith's punches and tools for wire drawing.
Some of these implements are used in other activities too and have already been dis¬
cussed.
The tongs are classified in four types according to the shape of their working part
(Fig.
229).
All tools have long handles.
Type
1
(Fig.
230)
have a working part representing symmetrically bowed jaws with
sharp tips, touching each other at the end. Length
57.5-87
cm, average length for the
type
- 60.6
cm. Length of the jaws
10.7-13
cm, average length for the type
- 11.6
cm
(Fig.
228).
Type
2
(Fig.
231)
exist in two variants depending on the shape of the jaws. With one
of the variants, the jaws end with one
П
-shaped jaw and another rectangular, slightly
widening jaw fitting within the former, while with the second variant the jaws represent
two symmetrical
П
-shaped tips. Length
38.2-60.4
cm, average length for the type
- 48
cm. Length of the jaws
8.6-16.4
cm, average length for the type
- 10.2
cm (Fig.
228).
Type
3
(Fig.
232)
have a working part, which represents symmetrical jaws whose
ends touch a rectangular pressing surface. Length of the tool
32.3-65.5
cm, average
length for the type
- 38.8
cm. Length of the jaws
3.5-9
cm, average length for the type
-5.8
cm (Fig.
228).
Type
4
(Fig.
233)
have a working part made of symmetrical jaws, whose ends are
curved in a direction perpendicular to the line of the arms. Length
37.5-52.8
cm, length
for the type
-42.7
cm. Length of the jaws
9.5-11
cm, average length for the type
- 10.4
cm (Fig.
228).
The tongs belonging to Types
1
and
2
are characteristic of the entire period under discus¬
sion, while for Types
3
and
4
there are no finds dated with certainty before the 4th century. The
tools discovered on the territory of Bulgaria are indicated on a map (Fig.
234).
The results of
the statistical processing of the tongs are presented in tables (Fig.
235, 236).
The anvils are divided in two types, which differ in their shape (Fig.
237).
тУРе
!
(Fig·
239)
are
Г
-shaped
or T-shaped, and the working part is rectangular and
pointed at one or both ends, and the lower part is an elongated spike for driving in a
wooden base.
Jyp_eJ> (Fig.
240)
are in the shape of an upturned pyramid and the working part
transforms into an elongated spike for fixing on a wooden base. Some anvils of this
type were probably used for hammering out agricultural tools because of their small
size.
The anvil finds are too few to enable an accurate chronological distribution. The
available artefacts illustrate the use of these implements throughout the entire period
under discussion. The tools discovered on the territory of Bulgaria are indicated on a
map (Fig.
241).
The small number of anvils precludes the possibility of carrying out
statistical processing.
192
Summary
The melting pots are presented in one type.
Type
1
(Fig.
242)
have a shallow round or rectangular working part and a long
handle.
All finds are dated to the period of the
3rd -
the beginning of the 7th century. The tools dis¬
covered on the territory of Bulgaria are indicated on a map (Fig.
243).
The number of melting
pots is not enough for statistical processing.
The wire drawing tool is presented in one type.
Type
1
(Fig.
245).
The tool is an elliptic plate, with two elongated spikes (handles)
at both ends. Openings of different diameters are made in the plate.
There is only one find dated to the period of the 4th
-
the 6th century, which is in¬
dicated on a map (Fig.
246).
VI. Chapter
6
presents tools used in construction. The larger part of them are also
employed in other, economic activities such as woodwork and stonework, and have
been discussed above. Emblematic tools for construction are the trowel, the compasses
and the plumb. The float, level, ruler and carpenter's square are only mentioned, since
there are no respective finds from the discussed territory.
The trowel is a flat-bladed tool with a handle and a flat metal blade. Those discovered on
the territory of Bulgaria are presented in three types.
Type
1
have a rhomboid working part. The back part is in the shape of an elongated
spike for fitting a wooden or bone handle. The published instruments of this type have
no illustrations.
Type
2
(Fig.
247)
have an elliptic working part. The back part is in the shape of an
elongated spike for fitting a wooden or bone handle.
Type
3
(Fig.
248)
have a trapezium-shaped working part. The back part is a spike
for fitting a wooden or bone handle.
The trowel finds are not enough in number to enable an accurate chronological study,
but the presented examples reveal that they were in use throughout the entire period of the
1st -
to the beginning of the 7th century. The tools discovered on the territory of the country
are indicated on a map (Fig.
249).
The trowel finds are too few for statistical processing.
The compasses are presented in one type.
Type
1
(Fig.
250).
The tools consist of two parts connected with a hinge, which can be
adjusted. Its two arms are elongated and have a rectangular or a round cross-section.
In its upper end, where they join, the arms are wider, and their lower end is pointed.
The compasses were common over the entire period of the
1st -
the beginning of the
7th century. The tools discovered on the territory of the country are indicated on a map
(Fig.
251).
The compass finds are too few for statistical processing.
lhe
plumbs are classified in one type.
Type
1
(Fig.
252)
The tool is in the shape of a cone or a bell, and in its upper part
it is fixed with a string.
193
Римски и ранновизантийски
метални инструменти
от
територията
на Бьлгария
The plumb finds are dated to the period of the 4th
-
the beginning of the 7th century.
Perhaps they were used during the whole period under discussion. The tools discov¬
ered on the territory of the country are indicated on a map (Fig.
254).
The plumb finds
are not enough for statistical processing.
VII.
Chapter
7
deals with the tools related to the working of cloth and leather. They are
divided in two groups. The tools used for the working of wool and cloth discussed here are the
hackle and the needle. Spindle whorls and loom weights are also mentioned. The leather
working tools are currier knives, punches, borers and awls.
The hackles are presented in one type.
Type
1
(Fig.
255)
represent a board with long metal teeth for dressing flax, hemp or
wool. The cogs are placed in two rows and are attached trough a metal base to the wooden part.
All finds are dated to the period of the 4th to the beginning of the 7th century. The
tools discovered on the territory of the country are indicated on a map (Fig.
256).
The
hackle finds are too few for statistical processing.
The needles are presented in one type.
Type
1
(Fig.
257)
have an elongated body with a flat or round cross-section. On one
of the sides there is a tip and on the other
-
a round or elliptic eye for the thread.
The needles were widespread during the entire period of the
1st -
the beginning of the 7th
century. The tools discovered on the territory of the country are indicated on a map (Fig.
258).
The needle finds are too few for statistical processing.
The currier's knives are included in one type:
Type
1
(Fig.
259)
have an arc-shaped curved blade. The handle is perpendicular to
the cutting surface.
The knife finds are too insufficient for making conclusions, but perhaps they were
used throughout the period under discussion.
The tools discovered on the territory of the country are indicated on a map (Fig.
260).
The
currier's knife finds are too few for statistical processing.
The punching tools are classified in three types, depending on their shape and pur¬
pose
-
punches, borers and awls (Fig.
261).
Type
1
(Fig.
263)
are punches. They feature a funnel-shaped nib and serve for
punching small round openings. The body of the tools is elongated. They were mainly
used for the making of straps and belts. Length
11.5-12
cm, average length for the type
-11.7
cm (Fig.
262).
Type
2
(Fig.
264)
are borers. Their shape resembles that of the wedges, but they are
designed for finer jobs and their working part represents a sharp tip. Their rear part is
made for hitting. The borers are also used in the fine working of metal plates and stone.
Length
10.4-23.5
cm, average length for the type
- 14
cm (Fig.
262).
Type
3
(Fig.
265)
are awls. They have an elongated body, which is pointed at the
punching end. Their back end finishes with a spike for fitting a wooden or a bone
handle. The awls are designed for making openings as preliminary preparation before
194
Summary
sewing the separate pieces of leather. Length
13-20
cm, average length for the type
-
16
cm (Fig.
262).
The punching tools were widespread during the entire period of the
1st
to the begin¬
ning of the 7th century. Most numerous for the three types are the artefacts dated to
the period after the
3rd
century. The tools discovered on the territory of the country are
indicated on a map (Fig.
266).
The results of the statistical processing of the punching
tools are presented in tables (Fig.
267, 268).
VIII.
Chapter
8
is about the instruments used in hunting and fishing. Although they
are included in the heading, the hunting tools are not considered in the present work.
The reason for this is that many of them were made of non-durable material, which
renders their identification and classification impossible. Others are weapons by nature
and therefore are the subject matter of a study different from the present one. The main
devices for fishing discussed in this work are fish hooks and harpoons. The fishing-net
sinkers are only briefly mentioned.
The fish hooks are included in one type:
Type
1
(Fig.
270).
They represent wire shaped at one end as a loop for fastening and
at the other it is bent and pointed. The pointed part has a counter-spike, which does not
allow the hooked fish to free itself. Length
1.8-12.7
cm, average length for the type
-
5.1
cm.
The fish hooks were widespread throughout the entire period under discussion. The finds
discovered on the territory of the country are indicated on a map (Fig.
271).
The results
of their statistical processing are presented in tables (Fig.
272).
The harpoons are presented in one type:
Type
1
(Fig.
273)
have on their front part between one and three tips in the shape of
a spear. The back part has an insertion. They were fitted on a wooden stick.
The finds are dated to the period of the
2nd
to the 6th century, but the few artefacts
do not allow us to make well-grounded conclusions. The harpoons discovered on the
territory of the country are indicated on a map (Fig.
274).
The finds are not enough to
enable statistical processing.
Chronological Development of Instruments
The results from the study of prehistorical sites present the first very primitive im¬
plements used by man. Initially, the instruments for tilling the land represented a staff
or a deer's antler, with which the soil could be turned over. A stone or a solid animal
bone used for digging were attached to the staff, thus making it a prototype of the hoe
or the pick. It was also used for making furrows, thus becoming a primitive plough
respectively. The tools used for cutting and working of leather are in the form of well-
shaped flints. At first, the sickles were made of horn or wood and a groove was cut on
their inner side for placing flint flakes with pointed edges. The next stage is the use of
copper implements during the Chalcolithic period. Some of these tools have preserved
their shapes unchanged for millennia. Such are the axe-hoes of Type
13,
the axes of
195
Римски и ранновизантийски
метални инструменти
от
територията
на
България
Type
1
and the hoes of Type
1.
After the introduction of bronze as material new types
of tools were put in use, which resulted in increased productivity. The use of sickles
made of bronze has been established on the territory of Bulgaria in hoards from Pleven
and Varna district. A dramatic change in the use of implements occurred with the disco¬
very of iron during the first millennium
ВС.
The new material enabled the production
of tools of great solidity and high productivity. During the Classical, Hellenistic and
Roman period, the economic life on the territory of Bulgaria consisted mainly of agri¬
culture and stock-breeding. This tendency did not change until the end of Antiquity and
the early Middle Ages. Most of the implements acquired their optimal appearance even
before the Roman rule was established. The shape of the tools was determined by the
purpose they were designed for and different variants of the same type were introduced
depending on the specific activity they were intended for. This specialisation of the
shapes of the implements is especially noticeable among the agricultural tools. There
are several names for the hoe
-
sarculum,
ligo, bidens,
marra,
rastrum
and for the
billhook -falx arboraria,fa!x
silvática,
faix
vinator
ia,
faix putatoria.
In their works,
the antique authors
Cato (Cato
Agr.
I,
10-13),
Varro (Varro,
Rust.
1,22)
and Columella
(Colum. IV,
25)
provide us not only with the names of the implements, but also with
their definitions. The examples of significant innovations during the Roman period are
not many. Such is the use of the plough-share together with coulter, as a variant simi¬
lar to the plough with a plough-share only. Owing to its help, quality and productivity
increased
-
it became possible to make deeper furrows, and a larger area of land could
be cultivated. Information about its use as early as the
1st
century is offered by Pliny
the Elder in his „Natural History"
(Plin.
Nat.
XVIII, 171-173).
In the provinces along
the Lower Danube have been discovered finds of coulters. Some are from the territory
of Romania and are dated to the end of the
1st
century, and there is one artefact from
north-east Bulgaria, which is dated to the period of the
2nd
to the
3rd
century. All other
coulter finds from Bulgaria date back to the period of the 4th
-
the beginning of the
7th century, which suggests that this innovation was introduced later. After the 4th cen¬
tury, the scythe with a long blade, designed for cutting very close to the ground, was
introduced. The scythe finds, dated to the period before the 4th century, were of Types
3
and
4,
which have a shorter blade and are smaller. The scythes of later times are big¬
ger. The spades with a massive working part were first used after the Roman dominion
was established and are more characteristic of the time after the
3rd
century. Another
example of an innovation is the protuberant tip (securis) of the billhooks of Types
2,
4
and
6.
Although the securis is presented as part of the billhook, according to Colu-
mella's description dating from as early as the
1st
century (Fig. 45a), the types with a
protuberant tip from the territory of Bulgaria only date back to the period after the 4th
century. Some types of hoes do not occur in the discussed territory during the period
before the 4th century (Types
8
and
19),
but parallels from other provinces indicate
their use in earlier periods. The axes with massive and wide working parts (Types
2
and
4),
are more characteristic of the period of the 4th to the beginning of the 7th century,
since for Type
2
there are also finds dated to an earlier period. These types developed
later during the Middle Ages as well. All plane knife finds also relate to the period of
the 4th
-
to the beginning of the 7th century. The discovered artefacts are too few to
196
Summary
allow well-grounded conclusions, but perhaps this implement was first used in today's
Bulgarian territory comparatively later. The appearance of the trowels occurred during
the time of he Roman rule, when plaster was employed in construction. There are no
examples from earlier times, as the method of dry masonry did not require this tool.
No turf cutters dated to pre-Roman times have been discovered either. Similar is the situation
with the brands, although on vessels, coins and horse-trappings from the Late Iron Age
there are horse images branded through various signs. The brand finds, which are an
indicator of economies developing cattle-breeding and agriculture, date back mainly to
the second half of the 4th century. Perhaps the number of cattle-breeding farms sharply
decreased during the period of the 5th to the beginning of the 7th century.
All innovations and improvements of instruments were made in connection with
the increased requirements for greater comfort and higher productivity, resulting from
their use.
Territorial Distribution of Instruments
During Roman times, varied economic activities developed throughout today's Bul¬
garia. They lasted till the end of Antiquity, the beginning of the 7th century (the re¬
forms of Emperor Heraclius
610-641),
despite the frequent barbarian raids, especially
those after
235.
During these six centuries, the economy had a predominantly agricul¬
tural and stock-breeding nature, greatly facilitated by the relief and climate conditions.
Many antique sources provide data about the developed agriculture and cattle-breed¬
ing, about the rich harvests in Moesia and Thrace. The yields were enough to satisfy
the needs of the provinces and the large military units along the frontier of the Roman
Empire, as well as to provide export during certain periods of time. For instance, in
the 4th century the export of produce from today's Bulgarian territory consisted mostly
of wine, grain, salt, weapons, processed and unprocessed iron (Cod. lust. IV
41, 1-2).
The spread of implements offers a clearer picture of the development of economy. The
instruments reveal a noticeable continuity of traditional shapes (many of which are
pre-Roman) during the entire Roman period, and with some tools
-
also during the
Middle Ages. The simultaneous use of „old" and new types can be observed with some
of the instruments, such as the billhooks.
The finds of tools mostly connected with the production of grain, i.e. ploughshares,
coulters and plough-staffs (Fig.
23, 34, 105),
are distributed along the Danube Plain,
the Thracian lowland, Sofia Valley and along the rivers Yantra, Maritsa, Tundzha and
Struma.
It can be noticed that along the valleys of the river
Mesta
and the middle
course of the river
Struma,
as well as in the higher parts of south Bulgaria, such finds
have not been discovered. Few are the ploughshares along the Black Sea coast, where
the traditional priority are the non-grain crops, crafts, trade and fishing. Naturally, this
particular distribution of finds is also the result of the uneven archaeological excava¬
tions performed in the different parts of the country. Despite this fact, if we make a
comparison with the modern highlights of the agricultural production, we can establish
that in the regions where ploughshare finds have been discovered, even today the pro¬
duction of grain crops continues to be a characteristic feature. The possible reason for
this are the traditions in this particular production and the stable climate conditions.
197
Римски и ранновизантийски
метални инструменти
от
територията
на
България
The same situation is valid among the sickle finds (Fig.
61).
They are popular in the
regions suitable for growing grain crops. There are no finds discovered in the
Mesta
and middle
Struma
valleys. Along the Black Sea coast, sickles have been found only in
the region of the Roman colony Deultum (today's village of Debelt, Burgas district).
No finds from the mountainous areas in the country have been discovered. The sheath
finds (Fig.
30)
exhibit the same tendency, despite the few artefacts, among which there
are no examples from the west parts of the country. The billhooks (Fig.
55)
are spread
over the entire territory of the country. The finds are mainly from the Danube Plain
-
from the settlements located along the limes, in the western parts of the country, the
Thracian fields, the northern slopes and central parts of the Rhodopes and Strandzha
mountains, and the Black Sea coast in the regions of Burgas and Varna. This type of
tools is rare along the Maritsa River valley, in its upper and middle stream. There are
almost no billhook finds discovered along the valleys of
Mesta
and Middle
Struma
riv¬
ers either. Again a possible explanation might be the poor study of the region, rather
than the absence of this particular livelihood there. The numerous finds of these tools
point to well-developed vine-growing and fruit-growing. The production of grapes and
respectively wine-production were popular and flourishing even before the Roman
dominion was established on the today's Bulgarian territory. With the introduction of a
better organisation of labour and more advanced instruments, this branch of economy
took a significant place in the production and export of the local Roman provinces.
The tools related to agriculture with the highest number of finds are the hoes. They are
spread over the entire territory (Fig.
97).
The hoes can be found in the lowland areas,
as well as in the mountainous and hilly regions in the country. Some of the tools can be
found in a particular locality only. This is the case with the hoes belonging to Type
1,
which is characteristic mostly of the northeast Bulgaria, with single finds occurring in
Thrace too. Type
2
has no representatives in the west and southwest parts of the coun¬
try. For Types
1
and
2
there are no parallels from the other provinces in the Empire.
Type
7
occurs in the east parts of Thrace, with only one artefact discovered to the north
of the Balkan Mountain. Types
8
and
11
are mostly characteristic of north Bulgaria.
Artefacts of Type
19
have been found only in central and east Thrace. There are no
hoe finds from the mountainous areas of south Bulgaria and the region of Strandzha.
Very often the hoards including hoes, also contain various agricultural implements
-
sickles, ploughshares and billhooks. Moreover, the same finds reveal various types of
hoes together
-
they are specialised for different purposes. This is a sign of diverse
production in self-sufficient farms, which sell their produce on the market given a good
yield. The agricultural instruments comprise
54.3%
of all tools discussed in the present
study (Fig.
1).
This high percentage confirms the predominantly agricultural nature of
the antique economy. From the territory of north Bulgaria originate
64%
of all finds
of agricultural tools, and
36%
are from south Bulgaria. The obtained results indicate
a more advanced agriculture in the regions to the north of the Balkan Mountain. To
some extent this is due to the various degrees of research into this issue. The diagrams
presenting the length and the width of the agricultural tools provide the average va¬
lues and the deviations from them (Fig.
3-11).
The results indicate values close to the
average ones, with the exception of some lengths for the ploughshares of Type
7,
the
198
Summary
scythes of Type
1
and the hoes of Type
13.
This fact suggests a certain unification in
the production of agricultural instruments in the different parts of the studied territory.
The tools related to animal husbandry are spread along the territory of the entire
country (Fig.
115, 121, 127, 133).
The bell finds can be found in the whole of north
Bulgaria, the Thracian lowlands, Sofia Valley, the upper stream of
Struma
river, Cen¬
tral and Eastern parts of the Rhodope Mountain, and the Black Sea coast. Often the bell
finds coincide with those of the shears of Type
1.
The brands occur in the regions of
north Bulgaria and Thrace, where there are favourable conditions for the existence
of large farms. Animal husbandry is a branch of the antique economy, which was very
well-developed even before the Roman rule was established, since it was a significant
source of food and raw materials. The natural conditions in the discussed territory, as
well as the availability of numerous pastures in the plains and hilly areas contributed
to the breeding of farm animals. This fact is confirmed by the many discovered imple¬
ments related to stock-breeding, as well as by the large amount of animal bones found
during archaeological excavations. The stock-breeding instruments comprise
10.1%
of all tools included in the present study (Fig.
1).
From the territory of north Bulgaria
originate
66%
of all tool finds connected with stock-breeding, and
34%
are from south
Bulgaria. Similarly to the situation with agriculture, the attained results suggest better
development in the lands to the north of the Balkan Mountain. To some extent this is
again the result of the various levels of research into the topic. The diagrams indicat¬
ing the length and the width of the implements related to stock-breeding provide the
average values and the deviations from them (Fig.
110-113).
The results indicate val¬
ues comparatively close to the average ones. Some lengths among the shears of Type
1
and the currycombs of Type
1
make an exception. The lengths of the brands of Type
2
vary significantly. Similar is the case with some widths of the bells of Type
2.
Strictly
speaking, the brands are not implements with an established optimal shape and size.
This fact accounts for the lack of unification; therefore, the differences in the size of
the tools appear to be local peculiarities.
The tools related to the crafts in the fields of woodwork and stonework, are mainly
discovered in various settlements. They occur on the territory of the entire country
(Fig.
154, 158, 164, 170, 174, 183, 187, 190, 199, 204, 209, 214, 223, 227).
In the
Thracian lowlands there are almost no examples of drawknives and augers of Type
2,
which to some extent is an indication of the weaker development of woodwork in
the region. On the other hand, single finds of chisels, saws and adzes of Type
2
were
discovered, which confirms the existence of this production. The axes were popular
on the entire territory of the country, and the finds of these tools were among the
most numerous ones. Perhaps this is due to fact that they can be used for different
purposes. The same is the case with the hammers, of which there are fewer artefacts
but they can also be found on the entire territory of the country. The instruments con¬
nected with woodwork and stonework comprise
25.6%
of all tools included in the
present study (Fig.
1).
From the territory of north Bulgaria originate
56%
of all finds
of implements related to woodwork and stonework, while
44%
are from south Bul¬
garia. With these crafts no great differences are observed in the distribution of tools
on the territory of the country. The diagrams indicating the length and the width of
199
Римски и ранновизантийски
метални инструменти
от
територията
на
България
the woodwork and stonework instruments provide the average values and the devia¬
tions from them (Fig.
141-150).
The results show values comparatively close to the
average ones, with some exceptions. Such are the lengths of the drawknives of Type
1,
the chisels of Type
2,
the augers of Type
2,
the hammers of Type
1, 4
and
5,
and
the axes of Type
5.
More significant differences are observed with the height of the
blades of Type
2
axes.
The tools related to metalworking (Fig.
234, 241, 243, 246)
usually originate
from hoards and represent a set of tools belonging to smithies. They were often hid¬
den together with agricultural tools or tools connected with stock-breeding. Such
are the hoards from the village of Kolyu Marinovo,
Stara Zagora
district, the village
of Yarlovtsi,
Trun
district and the village of Angelariy, Dobrich district. They occur
in Roman villa complexes, in which there were workshops for the production and
repair of the agricultural inventory, or in larger settlements with a well-developed
production of ironware. The larger part of the finds of metalworking tools origi¬
nate from the territory of north Bulgaria. Few are the examples of tongs and anvils
discovered in Thrace, and the melting-pots do not occur in the central and south
parts of the country. There are no finds of specialised implements from the Black
Sea coast either. So far the tool for wire drawings is unique for the territory of the
country. From the metal-working tools under discussion, statistical processing has
been performed only of the tongs, due to the insufficient number of the rest of the
artefacts. The diagrams presenting the overall lengths and widths of the jaws of the
tongs, provide their average values and the deviations from them (Fig.
228).
The
results reveal values close to the average ones, with some exceptions in Type
1.
This
indicates uniformity in the production of this type of tools in the different parts of
the studied territory.
The specialised instruments designed for construction, such as trowels, compasses
and plumbs, are comparatively few in number (Fig.
249, 251, 254).
However, this
does not cast doubt on the scale of the construction activities on the territory under
discussion. A number of tools related to construction activities are also characteristic
of other crafts
-
woodwork and stonework
-
of which we have plenty of artefacts from
the entire territory of the country.
The instruments used in the working of cloth and leather were mostly discovered in
settlements and villas. The largest share among them belongs to the finds of ceramic
items
-
spindle whorls and loom weights, which fall outside the scope of this study.
The metal tools are mainly presented by punching instruments
-
punches, borers and
awls, needles, currier knives and hackles. The needle finds included here are from
the territory of the entire country, and those of punching tools and hackles originate
mostly from northeast and west Bulgaria (Fig.
256, 258, 260, 266).
The few finds are
the result of insufficient archaeological excavation activities rather than of the lack
of such tools.
The finds of fishing tackle have been discovered in various places and obviously
most originate from territories in the vicinity of the larger rivers or the Black Sea coast
(Fig.
271, 274).
This is the case with the fishing-net sinkers, which are not a subject
of the present study.
200
Summary
Production Centres
The largest amount of the presented agricultural tools were discovered in small
settlements
- 28.5%
(Fig.
2).
Judging by the tool finds, these were small farms with
varied production that satisfied their own needs and sold on the market as well. Similar
is the situation with a number of villa complexes
(6.3%
of the total share), located near
the big town centres and engaged in agricultural activities. The conclusions that can be
reached based on the finds of farming tools suggest the existence of small and medium
farms, lacking a highly specialised production. The agricultural tools are presented al¬
most equally both by the large city centres and the military camps
- 20.7%
and
20.3%
of the total share respectively. This is an indication of the predominantly agricultural
character of the economy even in the large settlements.
The implements related to animal husbandry are mostly presented by the territories
of military camps
- 32.9%
(Fig.
109).
Bigger is the share of the finds from the small
settlements and villas
-18.7%
and
15.8%
respectively. Even lower is the percentage for
the large city centres
- 8.1%.
This is due to the varying degree of examining the sites.
The comparatively high percentage of tools discovered in sanctuaries
- 11.3%,
is the
result of the finds of small bells. Perhaps they were used as votive offerings or items
of clothing. However, the possibility that some of the artefacts had practical function
must not be precluded. The small bells might have been used in the breeding of sheep
and goats.
The craftsman's tools designed for woodwork and stonework were discovered in
settlements of various scale and function (Fig.
140).
The percentage of finds from the
large city centres, military camps and small settlements have close values. They are
21.2%, 23%
and
27.8%
respectively. Smaller is the number of the instruments found in
villa complexes
- 9.9%.
These tools were used in various areas of production, where
the main raw materials were stone and wood. Their close values are due to their wide¬
spread use, and to a large extent, to the universal character of the implements. The
same percentage has been established for the tools discovered in sanctuaries, churches
and necropoleis
- 0.2%.
There are no examples of hoards, entirely composed of wood¬
work and stonework tools, which suggests a highly specialised production; more ex¬
actly, these tools belonged to the inventory of the farms with various activities.
Different is the situation with the metalworking tools. They are usually discovered
as part of hoards and come from smithies. Their distribution is made on the basis of the
finds of tongs, which are tools emblematic for metalworking. The largest share belongs
to the tools originating from the small settlements
- 50%
(Fig.
236).
The discovered
instruments on the territory of military camps are
27.8%.
Metalworking implements
have also been found in large city centres
- 11.1%
and in villas with workshops for the
production and repair of agricultural inventory
- 8.3%.
The finds of tools used in construction, such as trowels, compasses and plumbs,
mainly originate from the large city centres and military camps. This is understandable
with a view to the intensive construction activities that took place there. A large num¬
ber of the woodworking and stoneworking implements were also used in construction.
Some stages of the working of cloth and leather were carried out in craftsman's
shops. The finds of tools from the studied territory do not indicate the location of such
201
Римски и ранновизантийски
метални инструменти
от
територията
на
България
workshops. The results suggest that working processes such as spinning, weaving and
sewing were also performed at home. The ceramic, stone and bone tools used in the
working of leather and cloth were made in the very households, while the tools made of
metal were the output only of specialised workshops. Such tools are the bone needles
and awls, the spindle whorls and loom weights.
The major fishing implements discussed here are fish hooks and harpoons. The small
number of harpoon finds does not allow us to reach well-grounded conclusions. The
fish hooks were mainly discovered in large city centres and military camps. Limited is
the number of those originating from villa complexes and
1
settlements. The metal
wire necessary to make the hooks was produced in metalworking shops. For the main
part, the fishing-net sinkers are made of re-used ceramic fragments. Their production
technology is simple and this makes it possible for them to be produced at home.
The output of the specialised craftsman's shops provided for the needs of all strata
of society at the time. In many cases the large agricultural farms produced the neces¬
sary tools in their own workshops. The needs of the other farms usually coincided with
the produce of the nearby city centres or military units and were satisfied by them. In
every military camp there were workshops and craftsmen who served the legions
(Veg.
Mil. II,
11).
The artisans who practiced the same craft formed their own guilds, such
as the ones discovered in the cities of Serdica, Pautalia, Philippopolis, Nicopolis ad
Istrum, Augusta
Troiana, Ratiaria
and Oescus.
Hoards
Tools have always been indispensable and valuable for people. For this reason any
instrument is used for the maximum possible period of time and is repaired as far as
this is possible. After its complete wearing out and becoming irreparable, the metal
is re-used for the production of a new tool. The discovered implements were in most
cases stored away or hidden because of some cataclysm. The hoards made up of such
instruments are often found inside different vessels or concealed under the then floor
levels, where they were kept until danger passed. In many cases they were placed
together with other valuables. Another cause for the presence of such finds is the col¬
lection of worn out and broken tools all in one place, so that they could be eventually
melted. These hoards are extremely valuable (especially when they are discovered in
sealed archaeological complexes), since they convey important information about the
morphological development of tools and about the livelihood in the respective region.
This study presents sixty six hoards of different parts of Bulgaria. The specified dates
of the laying of the discussed tools as a rule coincide with barbarian raids that have
been established archaeologically and/or through written sources. It has been ascer¬
tained that eight of the hoards were hidden during the time of the invasions of east
Germanic tribes and their allies in the middle of the
3rd
century. A large number of
hoards, i.e. fifteen, were concealed because of the raids of the Goths in the 70ies of
the 4th century, three of the hoards are connected with the invasions from the Huns in
the 40ies of the 5th century, and one was stored away during the period of the end of
the first
-
the beginning of the second decade of the 7th century, possibly due to the
202
Summary
Avar and Slavic attacks. At least part of the rest of the hoards, as well as many of the
single finds are also connected with cataclysms, but the lack of
stratigraphie
observa¬
tions upon their discovery precludes the opportunity of achieving a reliable historical
interpretation. A large part of these finds were laid in vessels of various shape. For this
purpose were used dolia, e.g. the finds from Mirovci and
Voivoda, Shumen
district and
Malko
Gradishte,
Haškovo
district; cauldrons, e.g. two finds from Razgrad and two
from Belokopitovo, Shumen district; a pot, e.g.
Novo selo,
Plovdiv district and wooden
vessels (only the hoops are preserved), e.g. a find from the city of Razgrad. Another
method of hiding tools is laying them in a pit dug into the ground in advance, e.g. a
find from Angelariy, Dobrich district, or under the floor level of a building, e.g. finds
from
Veliko Tarnovo
and Montana. The hoards were usually hidden in farm buildings,
e.g. in Archar,
Vidin
district and
Dolna
Kremeňa,
Montana district, but there are also
cases of concealing items in stronghold towers, e.g. in Montana, or near fortress walls
and gates, e.g. in Razgrad and
Voivoda,
Shumen district and even outside the fortified
area, e.g. in
Kula, Vidin
district. With some of the hoards, a deliberate selection of the
set of instruments is noticeable. Apart from the well-preserved tools, such as the finds
from Angelariy, Dobrich district and
Novakovo,
Varna district, some of the hoards
contain bronze and copper vessels and objects that were of value for their owners, e.g.
those from Archar,
Vidin
district; Radingrad and Lipnik, Razgrad district; Razgrad and
Voivoda,
Shumen district. Other hoards also contain faulty tools, as well as various
metal objects, which suggests their eventual melting. Such are the finds from Topchii,
Razgrad district; Mirovtsi and Belokopitovo, Shumen district and Angelariy, Dobrich
district. Similar is the situation with the hoards discovered on the neighbouring terri¬
tory of Serbia. In most cases, the laying of these implements coincides with established
barbarian raids in the lands to the south of the Lower Danube limes.
The discovered instruments provide a comparatively accurate information about
the economic life during the discussed period. On the territory of today's Bulgaria, the
type of agriculture and stock-breeding, the extraction of raw materials and production
of timber, and to some extent the craft industry also depend on the specific features of
the local nature and climate. The cultivation of grain crops in the Roman and late Byz¬
antine Thrace was well-developed, which was typical of the lowlands of the discussed
territory. Vine-growing was more popular in north of Bulgaria than in the south. The
production of fruits and vegetables was characteristic of almost all plains and hilly
areas of the territory under discussion. Animal husbandry was widespread in the whole
country. The different crafts were practiced in large city centres, in smaller settlements
and in villas. According to the tools included here, in many regions the traditional
branches of economy during Roman times have been preserved till the present day
-
the production of grain, grapes, wine, and ore-mining. The specific productions influ¬
enced the instruments, the building architecture, the ceramics, the epigraphic sources
and the objects of everyday use.
It can be concluded that the numerous finds of tools are indicative of their great
significance for people during Antiquity. The discussed types of tools by no means
cover all spheres of the life of the people who lived during the Roman and early Byz¬
antine period on the territory of Bulgaria. There is a large number of very interesting
203
Римски и ранновизантийски
метални инструменти
от
територията
на
България
finds connected with medicine, the processing of agricultural output, trade, etc. The
inclusion of more groups of tools would have made the study too voluminous and
unsuitable for a balanced presentation of the diverse labour activities in the antique
society. Instruments are not a reliable dating material and the condition in which they
are discovered often obstructs their interpretation. On the other hand, they constantly
enrich our idea of the everyday life of man during Antiquity, since they were a major
part of it. In this sense, the present study remains open in time for the addition of new
finds and conclusions.
204 |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Čolakov, Ivo D. 1970- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)142393568 |
| author_facet | Čolakov, Ivo D. 1970- |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Čolakov, Ivo D. 1970- |
| author_variant | i d č id idč |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV036686400 |
| ctrlnum | (gbd)0958678 (OCoLC)705865592 (DE-599)BVBBV036686400 |
| edition | 1. izd. |
| era | Geschichte 395-700 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 395-700 |
| format | Book |
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| geographic | Byzantinisches Reich (DE-588)4009256-2 gnd Bulgarien (DE-588)4008866-2 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Byzantinisches Reich Bulgarien |
| id | DE-604.BV036686400 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-08-10T01:08:03Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9789549256611 |
| language | Bulgarian |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-020605138 |
| oclc_num | 705865592 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 |
| physical | 403 S. zahlr. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. |
| psigel | gbd_4_1009 |
| publishDate | 2010 |
| publishDateSearch | 2010 |
| publishDateSort | 2010 |
| publisher | Izdat. NOUS |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Čolakov, Ivo D. 1970- Verfasser (DE-588)142393568 aut Rimski i rannovizantijski metalni instrumenti ot teritorijata na Bălgarija (I - načaloto na VII vek) = Roman and early Byzantine metal tools on the territory of Bulgaria Ivo Dinčev Čolakov Roman and early Byzantine metal tools on the territory of Bulgaria 1. izd. Sofija Izdat. NOUS 2010 403 S. zahlr. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier In kyrill. Schr., bulg. - Zsfassung in engl. Sprache Geschichte 395-700 gnd rswk-swf Metallfund (DE-588)4128496-3 gnd rswk-swf Römerzeit (DE-588)4076769-3 gnd rswk-swf Byzantinisches Reich (DE-588)4009256-2 gnd rswk-swf Bulgarien (DE-588)4008866-2 gnd rswk-swf Bulgarien (DE-588)4008866-2 g Metallfund (DE-588)4128496-3 s Römerzeit (DE-588)4076769-3 s DE-604 Byzantinisches Reich (DE-588)4009256-2 g Geschichte 395-700 z Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=020605138&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=020605138&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
| spellingShingle | Čolakov, Ivo D. 1970- Rimski i rannovizantijski metalni instrumenti ot teritorijata na Bălgarija (I - načaloto na VII vek) = Roman and early Byzantine metal tools on the territory of Bulgaria Metallfund (DE-588)4128496-3 gnd Römerzeit (DE-588)4076769-3 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4128496-3 (DE-588)4076769-3 (DE-588)4009256-2 (DE-588)4008866-2 |
| title | Rimski i rannovizantijski metalni instrumenti ot teritorijata na Bălgarija (I - načaloto na VII vek) = Roman and early Byzantine metal tools on the territory of Bulgaria |
| title_alt | Roman and early Byzantine metal tools on the territory of Bulgaria |
| title_auth | Rimski i rannovizantijski metalni instrumenti ot teritorijata na Bălgarija (I - načaloto na VII vek) = Roman and early Byzantine metal tools on the territory of Bulgaria |
| title_exact_search | Rimski i rannovizantijski metalni instrumenti ot teritorijata na Bălgarija (I - načaloto na VII vek) = Roman and early Byzantine metal tools on the territory of Bulgaria |
| title_full | Rimski i rannovizantijski metalni instrumenti ot teritorijata na Bălgarija (I - načaloto na VII vek) = Roman and early Byzantine metal tools on the territory of Bulgaria Ivo Dinčev Čolakov |
| title_fullStr | Rimski i rannovizantijski metalni instrumenti ot teritorijata na Bălgarija (I - načaloto na VII vek) = Roman and early Byzantine metal tools on the territory of Bulgaria Ivo Dinčev Čolakov |
| title_full_unstemmed | Rimski i rannovizantijski metalni instrumenti ot teritorijata na Bălgarija (I - načaloto na VII vek) = Roman and early Byzantine metal tools on the territory of Bulgaria Ivo Dinčev Čolakov |
| title_short | Rimski i rannovizantijski metalni instrumenti ot teritorijata na Bălgarija |
| title_sort | rimski i rannovizantijski metalni instrumenti ot teritorijata na balgarija i nacaloto na vii vek roman and early byzantine metal tools on the territory of bulgaria |
| title_sub | (I - načaloto na VII vek) = Roman and early Byzantine metal tools on the territory of Bulgaria |
| topic | Metallfund (DE-588)4128496-3 gnd Römerzeit (DE-588)4076769-3 gnd |
| topic_facet | Metallfund Römerzeit Byzantinisches Reich Bulgarien |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=020605138&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=020605138&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT colakovivod rimskiirannovizantijskimetalniinstrumentiotteritorijatanabalgarijainacalotonaviivekromanandearlybyzantinemetaltoolsontheterritoryofbulgaria AT colakovivod romanandearlybyzantinemetaltoolsontheterritoryofbulgaria |