Chrystyjansʹki pochovalʹni pamʺjatky davnʹorusʹkoho Kyjeva:
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Ukrainian |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Kyïv
KYT
2008
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract |
| Beschreibung: | In kyrill. Schr., ukrain. - Zsfassung in engl. und russ. Sprache |
| Beschreibung: | 265 S. Ill., Kt. |
| ISBN: | 9789668550713 |
Internformat
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Chrystyjansʹki pochovalʹni pamʺjatky davnʹorusʹkoho Kyjeva |c Ivakin V. H. |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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|---|---|
| adam_text | Івакін В.
Г.
■
Християнські поховальні пам ятки лавньоруського Києва
ЗМІСТ
Вступ
................................................................. 4
Історія археологічних досліджень
................................. 7
Топографія
.......................................................... 12
I. Місто Володимира
............................................... 13
II.
Місто Ярослава
................................................. 28
III.
Місто Ізяслава—Святополка
.................................... 42
IV.
Некрополі
Подола
.............................................. 43
V.
Копирів кінець
.................................................. 55
VI.
Щекавиця
...................................................... 58
VII.
Юрковиця
...................................................... 60
VIII.
Дитинка
....................................................... 62
IX.
Приміські монастирі
............................................ 65
Хронологія
........................................................... 77
I. Друга половина
IX
—
X
ст
......................................... 77
II.
Кінець
X
—
початок
XII
ст
......................................... 82
III.
XII —
перша половина
XIII
ст
..................................... 87
Особливості поховального обряду
................................. 91
I. Категорії поховальних пам яток
.................................. 93
II.
Орієнтація за сторонами світу
................................... 111
III.
Розміри та глибина могильних ям
.............................. 113
IV.
Стан збереження поховань
..................................... 114
V.
Положення кістяка, рук, ніг, черепа
............................. 114
VI.
Засипка могильно! ями
......................................... 116
VII.
Види поховальних споруд
...................................... 119
VIII.
Категорії поховального інвентаря
.............................. 132
Висновки
............................................................ 145
Список скорочень
................................................... 151
Література
........................................................... 152
Додатки
.............................................................. 164
Summary
.............................................................262
Християнські поховальні пам ятки лавньоруського Києва
·
Івакін В. Г.
SUMMARY
The monograph covers the question about the Christian
cemeteries of Old
Rus Kyiv.
Being based on the materials
known in present days and also on the data of archaeological
excavations, the history of investigations of the urban cemete¬
ries of the
1
0th—
1
3th centuries has been elucidated. Wide
chronological span allowed both tracing the peculiarities of the
formation of cemeteries as an integral part of the medieval
infrastructure of the town and analyzing the characteristic
features of the burial rite of the Old
Rus
capital during the
whole Christian period. The information from the scientific
reports of the Institute of Archaeology of the National
Ukrainian Academy of Sciences concerning the burial sites of
the Old
Rus
town has been published in the book.
The analysis of the burial sites of Kyiv of the
1
0th—
1
3th
centuries confirms the idea about the important meaning of
the data on the burial rite for the study of social and econo¬
mic, cultural, and ethnical questions and allows making the
following conclusions. The changes connected with the pene¬
tration of Christianity into the Middle Dnieper Area started
already in the mid 9th century. Overall analysis of the burial
sites of Old Kyiv, which were fixed archaeologically, elucidates
the processes which took place both in the final stage of
christianizing as well as in the early ages after the official
adoption of Christianity in
Rus .
The new religion caused
changes in the burial rite and brought new burial traditions.
The inhumations in the churchyard cemeteries without (or
with sparse) grave-goods were widely distributed in this pe¬
riod. The monks of Kyiv Cave monasteries introduced new
burial rite which had been unknown before among the
East-Slavonic world.
262
Івакін В.
Г.
·
Християнські поховальні пам ятки лавньоруського Києва
The position of a body in the majority of cases coincides with
canonical examples of the orthodox Middle Ages i.e. the inhu¬
mation put on the back, with the hands crossed on the breast
or on the stomach [although the original position of the skeleton
was often changed due to the pressure of soils or caused by
anthropological aspects]. According to the canons of Christian
burial tradition the deceased was put with his head to the West.
The ground burials were made to the insignificant depth from
that time day surface. The analysis of deviations from the
West-East axis testifies to the fact that the period starting
from the end of November to the beginning of April was the
most difficult season of the year for the inhabitants of Old Kyiv.
This was the time of the highest rate of mortality according to
the chronicles and the majority of Kyiv graves were made
namely in this time spam (the author has taken into account the
graves, where according to the sun position one can define a
season of the year).
With the distribution of Christianity burying in the urban
churchyard cemeteries becomes the most spread practice. A
small part of Kyiv inhabitants were buried directly inside the
church (in narthex] or in chapels. One may say with confidence
about the elite character of the burials in the interior of the Old
Rus
churches. Numerous finds of burials in sarcophagi in Kyiv
churches testify to this fact. Founders (Creators) i.e. the per¬
sons who made generous contributions to the church were
buried in such a way. As a rule, persons buried in the church
interior were representatives of the ruling clique i.e. princes,
boyards,
and the highest clergy.
The great number of cemeteries discovered in the districts
and outskirts of Kyiv testify to the high density of population in
the Old
Rus
capital. According to the latest calculations
42
cemeteries functioned on the territory of the Old
Rus
city.
Taking into consideration the fact that less than
1
0
percents
of
Kyiv territory have been excavated archaeologically till present,
263
Християнські поховальні пам ятки лавньоруського Києва
·
Івакін В. Г.
this number is not definitive. Three main categories of Christian
burial constructions have been singled out. They obviously cor¬
respond to the main social layers. Only noble aristocratic
highest rank such as the representatives of princely and
boyards
families and secular clergy could afford being buried in
the stone sarcophagi in churches.
Wooden coffins were the most distributed burial construc¬
tions; and the main mass of Kyivites was buried in them. Simple
grave pits could have been made for the representatives of the
lowest social layers, and perhaps nomads-visitants. The exis¬
tence of such burials can be explained by the lack of time for the
classical funeral
rite.
The study of Old Kyiv burial sites gives the information which
specifies the topographic characteristics of the different dis¬
tricts of the city and the hills, which spread starting from
Volodymyrs ka Hill to Kyrylivs ki Hills. The main mass of the
cemeteries including the monastic ones were concentrated on
the territory of the Upper Town. To our suggestion this fact tes¬
tifies to the existence of a strong tradition which had been in use
starting from the «retinue» period. According to this tradition
Sacral centers and cemeteries were situated on Kyiv Hills while
the main mass of the population lived in the Lower Town, the
Podil district.
The finds of the grave goods in Old Kyiv graves, which have
been met more rarely than in the pagan period, witness to the
strong roots of pagan mentality. Weapons were still met in the
graves of Kyiv nobility of the developed period of Christianity,
when the church had already won pagan institutions. The
paucity of finds of the burials with the rich grave goods can be
explained by their robbery and also by the secondary usage of
the burial constructions. Archeological excavations in Upper
Kyiv have discovered some cases of burying the horse in the full
arming on the territory of the town s cemetery. This must be
another confirmation of the strength of pagan mentality among
264
Івакін В.
Г.
·
Християнські поховальні пам ятки давньоруського Києва
the Old
Rus
nobility. The send-off to the «other world» was
obviously accompanied by the merely pagan activities such as:
burial meal and funeral feast. This fact is confirmed by the finds
of animal bones in the infill of Kyiv grave pits. Beside the remains
of the funeral feast in the grave pits, the traces of strewing
them with coal have been also met, which witness to the
existing of remains of cremation tradition in the burial comp¬
lexes of the
11
th—
1
3th centuries in Kyiv. This testifies to the fact
that the majority of the Kyivites continued to follow the tradi¬
tions of their ancestors after the adopting of Christianity.
265
Bayerische
Staatsbibliothek
München
|
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| spellingShingle | Ivakin, V. H. Chrystyjansʹki pochovalʹni pamʺjatky davnʹorusʹkoho Kyjeva Bestattung (DE-588)4006054-8 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4006054-8 (DE-588)4030522-3 |
| title | Chrystyjansʹki pochovalʹni pamʺjatky davnʹorusʹkoho Kyjeva |
| title_auth | Chrystyjansʹki pochovalʹni pamʺjatky davnʹorusʹkoho Kyjeva |
| title_exact_search | Chrystyjansʹki pochovalʹni pamʺjatky davnʹorusʹkoho Kyjeva |
| title_full | Chrystyjansʹki pochovalʹni pamʺjatky davnʹorusʹkoho Kyjeva Ivakin V. H. |
| title_fullStr | Chrystyjansʹki pochovalʹni pamʺjatky davnʹorusʹkoho Kyjeva Ivakin V. H. |
| title_full_unstemmed | Chrystyjansʹki pochovalʹni pamʺjatky davnʹorusʹkoho Kyjeva Ivakin V. H. |
| title_short | Chrystyjansʹki pochovalʹni pamʺjatky davnʹorusʹkoho Kyjeva |
| title_sort | chrystyjansʹki pochovalʹni pamʺjatky davnʹorusʹkoho kyjeva |
| topic | Bestattung (DE-588)4006054-8 gnd |
| topic_facet | Bestattung Kiew |
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