Introduction to biofuels:
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Boca Raton [u.a.]
CRC Press
2010
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| Schriftenreihe: | Mechanical engineering series
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| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Klappentext |
| Beschreibung: | XXVI, 429 S. graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 1439812071 9781439812075 |
Internformat
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| 100 | 1 | |a Mousdale, David M. |e Verfasser |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Introduction to biofuels |c David M. Mousdale |
| 264 | 1 | |a Boca Raton [u.a.] |b CRC Press |c 2010 | |
| 300 | |a XXVI, 429 S. |b graph. Darst. | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 490 | 0 | |a Mechanical engineering series | |
| 650 | 0 | |a Biomass energy | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804143301793677312 |
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| adam_text | Contents
Preface
......................................................................................................................xv
Acknowledgments
...................................................................................................xxi
The Author
...........................................................................................................xxiii
Units and Conversion Factors
................................................................................xxv
Chapter
1
Ethanol
as the Leading First-Generation Biofuel
.............................1
1.1
Introduction
...............................................................................1
1.2
Historical Development of
Ethanol
as a Fuel from
Neolithic Times to the Twentieth Century
................................1
1.3
Oil Supply and Oil Price in the Twentieth Century:
Necessity and Alternative Fuel Programs
.................................6
1.4
Case Study
1:
Brazil and Sugarcane
Ethanol
..........................10
1.5
Case Study
2:
Starch-Based
Ethanol
in the United States
......18
1.6
Thermodynamic and Environmental Aspects of
Ethanol
as a Biofuel
..............................................................................31
1.6.1
Net Energy Balance
....................................................31
1.6.2
Effects on Emissions of Greenhouse Gases
and Other Pollutants
...................................................37
1.7
Summary
.................................................................................41
References
..........................................................................................41
Chapter
2
Cellulosic
Ethanol
as a Second-Generation Biofuel
.......................45
2.1
Introduction
.............................................................................45
2.2
Bioethanol and Cellulosic
Ethanol:
The Rise
of Biomass-Based Biofuels
......................................................45
2.3
Structural and Industrial Chemistry of Cellulosic
Biomass
....................................................................................46
2.3.1
Cellulose, Hemicelluloses, and
Lignin
.......................46
2.3.2
Lignocellulose as a Biochemical Resource
................51
2.3.3
Pretreatment
of Lignocellulosic Materials
.................53
2.3.3.1
Physical and Chemical
Pretreatment
of Lignocellulosic Biomass
.........................53
2.3.3.2
Acid Hydrolysis of Pretreated
Lignocellulosic Biomass
.............................59
2.4
Cellulases: Biochemistry, Molecular Biology,
and Biotechnology
...................................................................61
2.4.1
Enzymology of Cellulose Degradation
by Cellulases
...............................................................61
2.4.2
Cellulases in Lignocellulosic Feedstock Processing
.....65
VII
viii Contents
2.4.3
Molecular
Biology and Biotechnology
of Cellulase Production
..............................................68
2.4.3.1
Physiological Regulation of Cellulase
Production
...................................................68
2.4.3.2
Regulatory Genes Involved
in Cellulase Production
...............................69
2.4.3.3
New-Generation Cellulases
........................70
2.4.3.4
Novel Molecular Features of Cellulases
.....74
2.4.3.5
Immobilized Cellulases
..............................75
2.5
Hemicellulases: New Horizons in Energy Biotechnology
......75
2.5.1
A Multiplicity of Hemicellulases
...............................75
2.5.2
Hemicellulases in the Processing
of Lignocellulosic Biomass
........................................78
2.5.3
Molecular Biology of Hemicellulases
........................79
2.5.4
Multifunctional Hemicellulases?
................................79
2.6
Lignin-Degrading Enzymes as Aids to Saccharification
........80
2.7
Commercial Choices of Cellulosic Feedstocks
for
Ethanol
Production
............................................................81
2.8
Biotechnology and Platform Technologies for Cellulosic
Ethanol
.....................................................................................82
2.9
Summary
.................................................................................83
References
..........................................................................................83
Chapters Microbiology of Cellulosic
Ethanol
Production I: Yeasts
..................91
3.1
Introduction
.............................................................................91
3.2
Traditional Ethanologenic Yeasts
............................................91
3.2.1
Conventional Yeasts
...................................................92
3.2.2
Nonconventional Yeasts
.............................................99
3.3
Metabolic Engineering of Yeasts for Cellulosic
Ethanol
......100
3.3.1
Increased Pentose Utilization by Ethanologenic
Yeasts by Genetic Manipulation with Yeast
Genes for Xylose Metabolism via Xylitol
.................100
3.3.2
Increased Pentose Utilization by Ethanologenic
Yeasts by Genetic Manipulation with Genes
for Xylose Isomerization
..........................................106
3.3.3
Engineering Arabinose Utilization
by Ethanologenic Yeasts
...........................................107
3.3.4
Comparison of Industrial and Laboratory Yeast
Strains for
Ethanol
Production
.................................109
3.3.5
Improved
Ethanol
Production by Naturally
Pentose-Utilizing Yeasts
..........................................115
3.4
Toward the Perfect Yeast Ethanologen?
................................116
3.4.1
Omic Analyses of Yeast Metabolism during
Ethanol
Production
...................................................117
3.4.2
Stress Responses in Yeast Ethanologens
..................120
Contents
IX
3.5
Summary
...............................................................................121
References
........................................................................................122
Chapter
4
Microbiology of Cellulosic
Ethanol
Production II: Bacteria
...........131
4.1
Introduction
...........................................................................131
4.2
Assembling Gene Arrays in Bacteria for
Ethanol
Production
..............................................................................131
4.2.1
Metabolic Routes in Bacteria for Sugar
Metabolism and
Ethanol
Formation
.........................132
4.2.2
Genetic and Metabolic Engineering of Bacteria
for Cellulosic
Ethanol
Production
............................135
4.2.2.1
Recombinant Escherichia
coli:
Lineages and Metabolic Capabilities
........135
4.2.2.2
Engineering Zymomonas mobilis for
Xylose and Arabinose Metabolism
...........143
4.2.2.3
Development of Klebsiella Strains for
Ethanol
Production
...................................146
4.2.2.4
Other Bacterial Species
............................148
4.3
Thermophilic Species and Cellulosome
Bioproduction
Technologies
..........................................................................149
4.4
Designer Cells and Synthetic Organisms
..........................150
4.5
Summary
...............................................................................151
References
........................................................................................152
Chapters Biochemical Engineering of Cellulosic
Ethanol
..............................159
5.1
Introduction
...........................................................................159
5.2
Case Study: The
logen
Corporation Process with Wheat
Straw
......................................................................................159
5.3
Biomass Substrate
Pretreatment
Strategies
...........................162
5.3.1
Wheat Straw
.............................................................163
5.3.2 Switchgrass...............................................................165
5.3.3
Corn Stover
...............................................................166
5.3.4
Softwoods
.................................................................170
5.3.5
Sugarcane Bagasse
...................................................173
5.3.6
Other Large-Scale Agricultural and Forestry
Biomass Feedstocks
.................................................174
5.4
Fermentation Media and the Very High Gravity Concept
.... 175
5.4.1
Fermentation Media for
Ethanol
Production
............ 176
5.4.2
High-Concentration Media Developed
for Alcohol Fermentations
........................................177
5.5
Fermentor Design and Novel Fermentor Technologies
.........182
5.5.1
Continuous Fermentations for
Ethanol
Production
................................................................182
5.5.2
Fed-Batch Fermentations
.........................................187
Contents
5.5.3
Immobilized Yeast and Bacterial Cell Production
Designs
.....................................................................189
5.5.4
Contamination Events and Buildup in Fuel
Ethanol
Plants
...........................................................192
5.6
Simultaneous Saccharification and Fermentation
and Consolidated
Bioprocessing
...........................................192
5.7
Downstream Processing and By-Products
............................196
5.7.1
Ethanol
Recovery from Fermented Broths
..............196
5.7.2
Continuous
Ethanol
Recovery from Fermentors
......198
5.7.3
Solid By-Products from
Ethanol
Fermentations
......199
5.8
Summary
...............................................................................202
References
........................................................................................203
Chapter
6
The Economics of Fuel
Ethanol
.......................................................217
6.1
Introduction
...........................................................................217
6.2
Market Forces and Incentives
................................................217
6.2.1
The Impact of Oil Prices on the Future
of Biofuels after
1980...............................................217
6.2.2
Production Price, Taxation, and Incentives
in the Market Economy
............................................218
6.3
Cost Models for Fuel
Ethanol
Production
.............................221
6.3.1
Early Benchmarking Studies of Corn and
Lignocellulosic
Ethanol
in the United States
...........222
6.3.1.1
Corn-Derived
Ethanol
in
1978..................222
6.3.1.2
Wheat-Straw-Derived
Ethanol
in
1978.....224
6.3.1.3
Fuel
Ethanol
from Sugarcane Molasses
... 226
6.3.1.4
Farm-Scale
Ethanol
Production
................226
6.3.2
Corn
Ethanol
in the
1980s:
Rising Industrial
Ethanol
Prices and the Development of the
Incentive Culture
......................................................228
6.3.3
Western Europe in the
Mid-1980s:
Assessments
of Biofuels Programs Made at a Time of Falling
Real Oil Prices
.........................................................231
6.3.4
Brazilian Sugarcane
Ethanol
in
1985:
After the
First Decade of the
PROALCOOL
Program to
Substitute for Imported Oil
......................................234
6.3.5
Economics of U.S. Corn and Biomass
Ethanol
Economics in the
Mid-1990s....................................234
6.3.6
Case Study: The View from Sweden
........................236
6.3.7
Subsequent Assessments of Lignocellulosic
Ethanol
in Europe and the United States
.................240
6.3.7.1
Complete Process Cost Models
................240
6.3.7.2
Reviews of Gray Literature
Estimates and Economic Analyses
...........243
Contents
6.4 Pilot Plant and
Industrial
Extrapolations
for Cellulosic
Ethanol
...................................................................................245
6.4.1
Near-Future Projections for Cellulosic
Ethanol
Production Costs
......................................................245
6.4.2
Short- to Medium-Term Technical Process
Improvements and Their Anticipated Economic
Impacts
.....................................................................246
6.4.3
Bioprocess Economics: A Chinese Perspective
.......250
6.5
Governmental and
Macroeconomic
Factors
.........................253
6.5.1
Mandatory Biofuels Targets
.....................................253
6.5.2
Impact of Fuel Economy on
Ethanol
Demand
for Gasoline Blends
..................................................257
6.5.3
Biofuels Pricing in the Era of Carbon Taxation
.......258
6.6
Summary
...............................................................................259
References
........................................................................................260
Chapter
7
Advanced Biofuels: The Widening Portfolio of Alternatives
to
Ethanol
.........................................................................................265
7.1
Introduction
...........................................................................265
7.2
Biobutanol and ABE
..............................................................265
7.3
Bacterial Production of C3-C7 Alcohols and Related
Compounds
............................................................................268
7.4
Glycerol
.................................................................................271
7.5
The MixAlco Process
............................................................272
7.6
Biohydrogen
...........................................................................273
7.6.1
The Hydrogen Economy and Fuel Cell
Technologies
.............................................................273
7.6.2
Bioproduction
of Gases: Methane and H2 as
Products of Anaerobic Digestion
.............................276
7.6.2.1
Heterotrophic Microbes Producing H2
by Hydrogenase Activity
..........................277
7.6.2.2
Nitrogen-Fixing Microorganisms
.............280
7.6.2.3
Development of Dark H2 Production
Systems
.....................................................281
7.6.3
Production of H2 by Photosynthetic Organisms
.......284
7.7
Microbial Fuel Cells: Eliminating the Middlemen
of Energy Carriers
.................................................................291
7.8
Summary
...............................................................................293
References
........................................................................................293
Chapter
8
Chemically Produced Biofuels
.........................................................301
8.1
Introduction
...........................................................................301
8.2
Biodiesel:
Chemistry and Production Processes
...................301
8.2.1
Vegetable Oils and Chemically Processed
Biofuels
.....................................................................301
x¡¡
Contents
8.2.2
Biodiesel
Composition
and Production Processes
... 303
8.2.3
Biodiesel
Economics
................................................308
8.2.4
Energetics of
Biodiesel
Production and Effects
on Greenhouse Gas Emissions
.................................311
8.2.5
Case Study
1:
Hydrogenated Plant Oils
and Green Diesel
...................................................315
8.2.6
Case Study
2:
Enzymes for
Biodiesel
Production....
316
8.3
Fischer-Tropsch Diesel: Chemical Biomass-Liquid Fuel
Transformations
.....................................................................318
8.3.1
The Renascence of an Old Chemistry
for Biomass-Based Fuels?
.........................................318
8.3.2
Economics and Environmental Impacts
of FT Diesel
..............................................................320
8.4
Biodiesel
from Microalgae and Microbes
.............................322
8.4.1
Marine and Aquatic Biotechnology
.........................322
8.4.2
Microdiesel
...............................................................325
8.5
Chemical Conversions of Glycerol Produced by
Fermentation
..........................................................................326
8.6
Chemical Routes for the Production of Monooxygenated
C6 Liquid Fuels from Biomass Carbohydrates
.....................327
8.7 Biomethanol
and Biodimethylether
.......................................328
8.8
Chemistry and the Emergence of the Hydrogen
Economy
...............................................................................330
8.9
Summary
...............................................................................333
References
........................................................................................334
Chapter
9
Sustainability of Biofuels Production
..............................................341
9.1
Introduction
...........................................................................341
9.2
Delivering Biomass Feedstocks for Cellulosic
Ethanol
Production: The Logistics of a New Industry
.......................341
9.2.1
Upstream Factors: Biomass Collection
and Delivery
.............................................................344
9.2.2
Limitations Imposed by Land Availability
and Land Use
............................................................346
9.3
Sustainable Development and Biomass Production
..............354
9.3.1
Definitions, Semantics, and Analysis
.......................354
9.3.2
Case Study: Sustainability of Brazilian
Sugarcane
Ethanol
....................................................360
9.3.3
Future Horizons for Cane Sugar
Ethanol
.................365
9.4
Bioenergy Crops and Genetically Manipulated Plants
.........367
9.4.1
Engineering Resistance Traits for Biotic
and Abiotic Stresses
.................................................368
9.4.2 Bioengineering
Increased Crop Yield
......................369
Contents xiii
9.4.3
Optimizing Traits for Energy Crops Intended
forBiofuel Production
..............................................371
9.4.4
Genetic Engineering of Dual-Use Food Plants
and Dedicated Energy Crops
....................................374
9.5
Summary
...............................................................................376
References
........................................................................................377
Chapter
10
Biofuels as Products of Integrated Bioprocesses (Biorefineries)
.....383
10.1
Introduction
...........................................................................383
10.2
The Biorefinery Concept
.......................................................383
10.3
Biorefinery Entry Routes
.......................................................386
10.3.1
Fermentation of Biomass-Derived Substrates
..........387
10.3.2
Biomass Gasification
................................................390
10.4
Biorefinery Pivotal Products
.................................................392
10.4.1
Case Study
1:
Succinic Acid
....................................395
10.4.2
Case Study
2:
Xylitol and Rare Sugars as Fine
Chemicals
.................................................................400
10.4.3
Case Study
3:
Glycerol
.............................................403
10.5
Central Substrates and Biorefinery Flexibility
......................405
10.6
When Will the Biobased Economy Be Possible
and When Will It Be Unavoidable?
.......................................407
10.7
Summary
...............................................................................413
References
........................................................................................413
Index
......................................................................................................................421
Mechanical Engineering
What role will biofuels play in the scientific
portfolio that might bring energy
independence and security, revitalize rural
infrastructures, and wean us off of our addiction
to oil? The shifting energy landscape of the 21st
century, with its increased demand for renewable energy
technology, poses a worrying intellectual challenge. Discussing
the multidisciplinary study of bioenergy and its potential for
replacing fossil fuels in the coming decades, Introduction to
Biofuels provides a roadmap for understanding the broad sweep
of technological, sociological, and energy policy issues that
intermingle and intertwine.
Copiously illustrated and with numerous examples, this book
explores key technologies, including biotechnology,
bioprocessing,
and genetic reprogramming of microorganisms. The author
examines the future of biofuels from a broader
perspective, addressing the economic,
social, and environmental issues crucial
for studying the sustainable
development of bioenergy.
Each chapter begins with
questions and provides the
answers later in the chapter as
key informational points. Embedded
Science, Technology, Engineering, and
Math (STEM) sections provide detailed
derivations and equations for a subset of topics
that can be found easily as buzzwords in popular media
and on web sites. Together, the STEM topics form a thread
of essential technologies and a guide to how researchers have
established quantitative parameters that are crucial to the ever¬
growing biofuels database.
With so much information scattered throughout the literature,
it is often difficult to make sense of what is real and what is
an optimistic selling of ideas with no scientific credibility. This
book does an excellent job of filtering through volumes of data,
providing a historical perspective on which to anchor the
information, and outlining the strengths and constraints of the
different biofuels.
CRC
Press
Taylor
&
Francis Group
an
informa
business
www.
с
repress, com
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Suite
300.
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К1ОДЗ?
ISBN:
470-1-4340-1207-5
90000
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Mousdale, David M. |
| author_facet | Mousdale, David M. |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Mousdale, David M. |
| author_variant | d m m dm dmm |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV036675320 |
| classification_rvk | VN 5470 ZE 37000 ZO 4280 |
| classification_tum | CIT 647f |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)699554675 (DE-599)BSZ318234300 |
| discipline | Chemie / Pharmazie Chemie-Ingenieurwesen Agrar-/Forst-/Ernährungs-/Haushaltswissenschaft / Gartenbau Verkehr / Transport |
| format | Book |
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| id | DE-604.BV036675320 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T22:45:30Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 1439812071 9781439812075 |
| language | English |
| lccn | 2010022941 |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-020594316 |
| oclc_num | 699554675 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-91S DE-BY-TUM DE-29T DE-83 DE-11 DE-703 |
| owner_facet | DE-91S DE-BY-TUM DE-29T DE-83 DE-11 DE-703 |
| physical | XXVI, 429 S. graph. Darst. |
| publishDate | 2010 |
| publishDateSearch | 2010 |
| publishDateSort | 2010 |
| publisher | CRC Press |
| record_format | marc |
| series2 | Mechanical engineering series |
| spelling | Mousdale, David M. Verfasser aut Introduction to biofuels David M. Mousdale Boca Raton [u.a.] CRC Press 2010 XXVI, 429 S. graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Mechanical engineering series Biomass energy Biokraftstoff (DE-588)4145658-0 gnd rswk-swf Biokraftstoff (DE-588)4145658-0 s DE-604 Digitalisierung UB Bayreuth application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=020594316&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung UB Bayreuth application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=020594316&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Klappentext |
| spellingShingle | Mousdale, David M. Introduction to biofuels Biomass energy Biokraftstoff (DE-588)4145658-0 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4145658-0 |
| title | Introduction to biofuels |
| title_auth | Introduction to biofuels |
| title_exact_search | Introduction to biofuels |
| title_full | Introduction to biofuels David M. Mousdale |
| title_fullStr | Introduction to biofuels David M. Mousdale |
| title_full_unstemmed | Introduction to biofuels David M. Mousdale |
| title_short | Introduction to biofuels |
| title_sort | introduction to biofuels |
| topic | Biomass energy Biokraftstoff (DE-588)4145658-0 gnd |
| topic_facet | Biomass energy Biokraftstoff |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=020594316&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=020594316&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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