Bresle şi arme în Transilvania: (secolele XIV - XVI)
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Romanian |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Bucureşti
Ed. Militară
2009
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Abstract Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: The guilds of the weapons producers of Sibiu, Brasov and Cluj. |
| Beschreibung: | 236 S. Kt. |
| ISBN: | 9789733208143 |
Internformat
MARC
| LEADER | 00000nam a2200000 c 4500 | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| 001 | BV036672345 | ||
| 003 | DE-604 | ||
| 005 | 20101122 | ||
| 007 | t | ||
| 008 | 100916s2009 b||| |||| 00||| rum d | ||
| 020 | |a 9789733208143 |9 978-973-32-0814-3 | ||
| 035 | |a (OCoLC)705819674 | ||
| 035 | |a (DE-599)BVBBV036672345 | ||
| 040 | |a DE-604 |b ger |e rakwb | ||
| 041 | 0 | |a rum | |
| 049 | |a DE-12 |a DE-Re13 |a DE-M496 | ||
| 084 | |a 7,41 |2 ssgn | ||
| 100 | 1 | |a Ţiplic, Ioan Marian |d 1972- |e Verfasser |0 (DE-588)131697161 |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Bresle şi arme în Transilvania |b (secolele XIV - XVI) |c Ioan Marian Ţiplic |
| 264 | 1 | |a Bucureşti |b Ed. Militară |c 2009 | |
| 300 | |a 236 S. |b Kt. | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 500 | |a Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: The guilds of the weapons producers of Sibiu, Brasov and Cluj. | ||
| 648 | 7 | |a Geschichte 1300-1600 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf | |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Zunft |0 (DE-588)4068112-9 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Politik |0 (DE-588)4046514-7 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Gilde |0 (DE-588)4157349-3 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Wirtschaft |0 (DE-588)4066399-1 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Waffe |0 (DE-588)4064228-8 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 651 | 7 | |a Siebenbürgen |0 (DE-588)4054835-1 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf | |
| 689 | 0 | 0 | |a Siebenbürgen |0 (DE-588)4054835-1 |D g |
| 689 | 0 | 1 | |a Waffe |0 (DE-588)4064228-8 |D s |
| 689 | 0 | 2 | |a Gilde |0 (DE-588)4157349-3 |D s |
| 689 | 0 | 3 | |a Zunft |0 (DE-588)4068112-9 |D s |
| 689 | 0 | 4 | |a Wirtschaft |0 (DE-588)4066399-1 |D s |
| 689 | 0 | 5 | |a Politik |0 (DE-588)4046514-7 |D s |
| 689 | 0 | 6 | |a Geschichte 1300-1600 |A z |
| 689 | 0 | |5 DE-604 | |
| 856 | 4 | 2 | |m Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen |q application/pdf |u http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=020591419&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |3 Abstract |
| 856 | 4 | 2 | |m Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen |q application/pdf |u http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=020591419&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |3 Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| 940 | 1 | |n oe | |
| 999 | |a oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-020591419 | ||
| 942 | 1 | 1 | |c 909 |e 22/bsb |f 09031 |g 439 |
| 942 | 1 | 1 | |c 330.09 |e 22/bsb |f 09031 |g 498 |
| 942 | 1 | 1 | |c 909 |e 22/bsb |f 09024 |g 439 |
| 942 | 1 | 1 | |c 330.09 |e 22/bsb |f 09023 |g 498 |
| 942 | 1 | 1 | |c 330.09 |e 22/bsb |f 09024 |g 498 |
| 942 | 1 | 1 | |c 330.09 |e 22/bsb |f 09031 |g 439 |
| 942 | 1 | 1 | |c 330.09 |e 22/bsb |f 09024 |g 439 |
| 942 | 1 | 1 | |c 330.09 |e 22/bsb |f 09023 |g 439 |
| 942 | 1 | 1 | |c 909 |e 22/bsb |f 09023 |g 439 |
Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804143297534361600 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Abstract
THE GUILDS OF THE WEAPONS PRODUCERS
OF
SIBIU, BRAŞOV
AND
CLUJ
(МТН-ібТНС.)
I. Introduction
The historiography of the 19th Century as well as the con-
temporany historiography neglected a broader approach on
guilds and their function; they only focused on their system of
organisation that is why there
arę
only few monographical stu¬
dies on the guilds in Transylvania. Old historiography did not
show too much interest in this matter as compared to its con¬
stant interest in the political and religious problem of history.
Even thQugh wheni some representatives of the last century his¬
toriography tried to present some aspects of the production of
guilds, t^hey dealt mostly with their political and economic influ¬
ences within the medieval society. The research and the studies
that havp been done in the middle 19th century and its latter half
by historians M. Horwath,
A. Ipoly,
О,
Meltzl as well as those
from the beginning the 20th Century for example the one of L.
Sządeezky
ignore these aspects, too. The last study we have is
in fact the first synthesis
jt^ąt
intends to present all the trades in
Hungary from
1307
to
184$,
but it has several negative aspects:
ist
presentó
the trades in an unsystematic way; it is highly nati¬
onalist presenting ntainly the fights between the Hungarian and
20th Cen-
. Rosier approached the theme of the guilds and trades
j
84________________________-——_____---------------
loan
Marian Ţiplic
focusing only on the guilds in
Sibiu
and succeeds in writing a
synthesis on the local guilds, which later on will be source of in¬
formation for various studies on the guilds from
Sibiu. R.
Rosier
presents their internal organization, their type and their specific
functions namely
-
economic, religious, military
-,
the role of
the craftsmen and apprentens. R. Rosier is the first who tries and
partly succeeds in doing a study more profound on the different
kinds of guilds.
Starting from these references point, there were other at¬
tempts to write monographical studies on guilds but these stu¬
dies are very few and those on the guilds of the armourers are
practically nonexistent. In keeping with the category of synthe¬
ses we may mention
A. Veress
s
work on
thè
guilds from Transyl¬
vania, unfortunately it deals with the matter rather superficially.
Starting with the second decade of the 20th century there ap¬
peared a series of studies/works on the guilds or collections of
documents mainly about the relations between the guild from
Sibiu
and
Braşov
and those from Moldavia and Wallachia.
This is explainable in this period because the new state orga¬
nization of Romania had to be legitimated first of all historically,
so that there were brought to light those documents that certi¬
fied long-termed political and economic relations between the
3
regions of Romania, we have to mention
Şt. Meteş s
work
Le¬
găturile economice dintre ţara Românească şi Transilvania până în
secolul al XVIII-lea. Şt. Meteş
approaches the
economic
exchan¬
ges between the goldsmiths guilds, the guilds of the armourers
and the other guilds
from^
Transylvania, but mainly from
Braşov
and
Sibiu.
In fact, most studies on the guilds from Transylvania
will focus on the economic aspects. At the beginning of the 20tfe
century, I.
Bogdan
made a more detailed research
báseé-ön
do¬
cuments collected froin the
аѓШШѕ
of
ШеШгиЅ
M
Bresle şi arme în Transilvania (secolele XIV-XVI)
----------------- 185
and east of Transylvania and those from the both countries at
South Carpathians Principalities.
In
1927,
S. Dragomir wrote a book on the guilds especially
about the connections between
Sibiu
and Wallachia. Its title is
Documente noi cu privire L·
relaßle
dintre Sibiu şi Muntenia în se¬
colele XV-XVI
and it comprises documents that reflect the eco¬
nomic and political connections between the two regions of the
country* documents that had not been published before.
V. Motogna continued
Şt. Mefceş
s
work and in
1928
he publi¬
shed
Relaţiile
dintreMpldova
şi Transilvania în secolul alXVII-lea.
This study adds new information on the commercial relations
between the guilds from Transylvania and the countries beyond
the Carpathians. These new pieces
óf
information were useful to
those who were to continue their general study on guild. In
1930,
E. Sigerius wrote
Kranik
der Stadt Hermannstadt 1
WO-I
920
ba¬
sed on this new information. He organized his study exactly as a
chronicle focusing on the same political and economic relations
between
П00-ШЯ
In
1938,
PP. Panaitescu brings out a new collection of docu¬
ments concerning
Sibiu
s
relations with Wallachia. His work is
entitled
Documente
slavo-române din Sibiu- 1470-16S3M
com¬
prises all the documents from the archives of
Sibiu.
It chronolo¬
gically follows
thè
study published by S. Dragomir in
1927.
As a result of Romania s involvement in
W
II, the publica¬
tion of studies ©n guilds almost stopped. In fact, this phenome¬
non is happening to other fields of history.
In postwar period, the historiography on the theme of guilds
improves its quality but unfortunately few studies were publi¬
shed. Consequently, the first and tht only synthesis on the guilds
щ.)^4^и
i$ written by
Şt.
Pascu
and
<Ш.
Sm^lvmiapânaîn secolul alXVI-ka.
186---------------------------------------------------------
loan
Marian
Ţiplic
The work deals with the appearance and the development of tra¬
des from villages and towns during the period between, the 13th
century and the
1
6th century. All the other works that were writ¬
ten after the year
1954
were based on this book. But its greatest
flaw is that it presents a Marxist interpretation of history. In his
opinion the appearance and the development of guilds had as an
origin and driving force the fight between social classes but the
same reason lead to their disappearance in the 19th century.
Two years later, having a starting point in
Meşteşugurile în
Transilvania, Şt.
Pascu
published an article which focused only
on the economic relations between Transylvania and Moldavia
during the reign of
Ştefan cel Mare
(Stephen the Great). Fol¬
lowing
Şt.
Pascu s example, R. Manolescu published Relafile
economice între Ţara Românească şi Sibiu la începutul secolului al
XVI-lea.
Using the valuable documents given by P. P. Panaites-
cu, Gr. Tocilescu and S. Dragomir, R. Manolescu makes a more
profound research of the import and the export of goods from
Sibiu
at the beginning of the 16th century. He makes use of the
customs
registets
from the archives of
Sibiu
tò
draw a diagram
of goods and their prices which is a real proof of the economic
evolution of the guilds.
Developing Manolescu
s
idea S.
Goldenberg
publishes some
new and incredible information concerning the customs of
Si¬
biu
in an article called Despte
vama
(vigessima)
Sibiului în secolul
al XVI-lea. He
also presents the economic and commercial evo¬
lution of the main guilds in
Cluj
(information taken from the
registers of goods) in his moftographical work
Clujul
Ы
secolul
al
XVI-lea.
Producţia şi schimbul de mărfuri.
The year
1967
is very
important
for the Romanian histori¬
ography because
Dinü
G.
Giuresc« and
Аз
Pžtoôiu
publish
Fe-
ronerie
veche româneasca)
a work concerning the guilds involved
Bresle şi arme in Transilvania (secolele XW-XVI)
------------------187
in the processing of iron. They did a good work but they pre¬
sented only the main iron mines in the three Romanian regions.
However their work together with
Şt.
Pasca s
remaining the only
syntheses that give a general view on the Romanian guilds. A
year later appears G.
Nussbächer
s
work entitled
Statutele breslei
arcarilor din
Braşov.
At that time it was the only book that pre¬
sented the statute of guild in detail*» Taking
tato
account the in¬
formation given by
G.
Nussbacher s study, LBidianu published
2
articles in which he referred
tó
the organisation and the role of
guilds from
Braşov
between the 15th century and the 16th cen¬
tury. He only enumerates following
Şt.
Pascu s example without
discussing each in detail. More general information about the
guilds of armourers is given byM. Nistor in the article Producpa
şi comerţul cu arme, clopote şi
mojare
în Braşov intre secolele
XV-
XV1U.
ft is one of the few articles on trade, which was in fact qui¬
te flourishing between
Braşov
and the other regions. The work
Die
Bürger von Kronstadt im 14. und IS. Jahrhundert
is important
for the fact that it presents the economic and political activity of
the craftsmen in
Braşovand
the guilds as well.
Another attempt to approach in a more profound way the is¬
sue of the guilds of armourers was a catalogue,
Arme în muzeele
din
România,
published by
С.
Vlădescu,
С.
König
and
D.
Popa.
The book provides a whole history of arms and of the armou¬
rers and a great number of pictures with the parts found in the
History and Military Museums from Romania. Unfortunately
a number of compilations on the different military items and
the guilds are brought together. In
1986
there appeared another
work
istoria militară a poporului român,
coordinated by
Şt.
Pas¬
tu.
1џ
aim
wâ»to^pi»s«Bt
thëdev^pment
of the armament and
the Romanian military thinking beginning with Burebista s reign
andending with the 19th century but it was a complete failure.
188-------------------------------—-----------------------
loan Marian
Ţiplic
The work has a sort of nationalist feeling it exaggerates emphasi¬
zing the idea of the unity of the Romanians and it does not bring
anything new on the various types of military items.
These preoccupations of the military history had been befo¬
re this appeared; so in the
1974-1975,
P. Abrudan
şi
F.
Szontag
published the article
Sistemul de apărare a cetăfii Sibiului în sec.
XV-XVI.
A work, written as a catalogue for exhibition, signed by
E. Roman, offers to its readers information to a certain catego¬
ry of arms that is portable fire arms, found in the collection of
the Brukenthal Museum. In addition, she also written an article
Arme şi armuri în colecţia muzeului Eruhenthal. Arme de foc por¬
tative.
This article is very important as it mentions some of the
pieces from
Sibiu.
Both works are unique in the local bibliogra¬
phy among the works that appeared in the last
20
years on this
theme: the guilds from
Sibiu.
And at least there appears in
1989
the work of
AL I. Gon¬
ta,
Relaftile
comerciale între
Moldova
şi Transilvania în perioada
secolelor XIlhXVIL
This last work is a synthesis concerning the
commercial relations between the
3
regions
iní
Romania» As we
may well notice in both the Romanian and the German histori¬
ography, although there appeared a great number of syntheses
concerning the guilds there are no works that focus on «very
guild in detail.
II. The Organisation of the Armourers Guilds
lhe
Leadership of Guilds
■-..·-..
The system of the guilds organisation and functioning was
well regulated
-т&рйфаяісА
thimigh,
Ή*
statute of
ІШ
*&
ved
the most important economic political and judicial ppoble-
Bresle şi arme în Transilvania (secolele
XIV-XVI)
------------------189
ms
of the guilds, the election of guild leaders and their relati¬
ons with the members of the guild, with the management of the
town etc.
The most important assembly of the members of the guild
was the annual one, which was usually held in the first week after
Christmas, on the New Year s Eve. In this assembly, the leaders
of the guilds read reports about the activity and the wealth of the
guild from the previous year. At these assemblies usually partici¬
pated representatives of the local authorities, too. The members
of the guild were invited to participate individually notices, the
table of the guild. The table was provided with a box of copper
in which there was,
thé
order of the day and the punishment for
those who will be absent from assembly. There, were four ordina¬
ry assemblies a year and whenever it was considered necessary a
special assembly was held. The leaders of the guilds were elected
in the annual assemblies and they had different roles: economic,
administrative, judicial and religious. Initially there were only
two and they had different names, according to the language in
which it was called the guild, fort example:
magistri
fraternitaes,
magistri
cehae,
seniores
magistri,
primarij
magistri,
Zechmeister.
The
leaders had to be elected by all the members that is why some¬
times, the elections lasted longer, two or three days. The oldest
leader was called father of the guild (senior magistrarum, Zechva-
ter), and the others were called: the
2nd,
the
3rd,
the 4th leader
(according
tö
their importance). If there were only two leaders,
the older was called the senior and the younger the Junior. Such
an example we have in die Archers guild from
Sibiu
at
thè end
of
thè Ì
5th Century where
2
егааѕтШ
aie
mentioned:
Nidos
Bogneř
aitô Jttttg
(Jjunör)
-ЪйаМ
lögnfefc
^TfceAíeřiéadeřteei^^
décisions,
and the
оЉегѕ
leaders,
libe
any
#thêr
member of the guild, could not re-
190---------------------------------------------------------
loan
Marian Ţiplic
fuse any task were given by the senior. After elections, any leader
had to take an oath in front of the members of the guild; among
his duties for the community were to supervise the quality of
the products, to reject the unsatisfactory products of low qua¬
lity from the market, to keep the honesty and the honor of the
guild.
He also used to keep all the registers of the guild: such as,
the register of the members of the guild and the punishments.
The father of the guild was the one who accepted distributions
of the apprentices and he decided where and with whom they
served their apprenticeship. He also examined the craftsmen s
works and he gave the title of craftsmen for those who proved
to be one. He solved some judicial problems which were not so
complicated concerning the production of the guild and perso¬
nal problems
ôf
the members as well. If the father of the guild
could not solve the problem because it was too complicated for
his competence, then the case was brought to court in a general
assembly. Ibis court could give the sentence during the trial, the
litigant was not allowed in the room so that he could not influ¬
ence the decision of the court. It is very obvious that the leaders
of the guild could not do so many tasks all by themselves, so they
used to choose some trustworthy people to help them do their
jobs. These people were craftsmen, of course.
The most important man was the father of the journeymen
(pater sodarium,
Knechvaţer)
who was elected by the general
assembly of
tihe
guild. He was in charge with the journeymen
and all the tasks and the .problems concerning them (economic,
social, moral); he looked for job for those who had to travel to
Sibiu
gave honors like the father of the guild and supervised the
journeymen*work.·; ¡-
-.;.
-..^yy
:.г^г.;
:γ
—:,<·.,;,,.,; ■·,·;; :■;·...
Bresle şi arme în Transilvania (secolele XIV-XVI)
-----------------191
The
second
most
important
men, after the father of journey¬
men were the supervisor craftsmen
(Schaumeister)
and then the
Council of the Oldest Craftsmen which was a permanent council of
the father of the guild. There was also a notary who drew out the
minutes of the assemblies and the apprenticeship certificates as
well as the journeymen s moral certificates did the book keeping
and took care of the mail. Apart from them, there was also a yo¬
ung craftsman
(Jüngster Zechmeister)
who was not elected but
he was the last who joined the guild. He had this job until he pas¬
sed the craftsmanship exam when he became a craftsman of the
guild. The young craftsman took care of the assembly of the guild,
of the altar and he served at tables at the feasts of the guild.
The Functions of the Guilds
The strict and complex organization of the guilds had as its
purpose the strict control of their functions that the entire soci¬
ety demanded at that time. Due to this strict organization they
were able to accomplish their roles: economic, social, political
and military and religious roles.
a. The Ecomonic Functions. The first preoccupation of the
guilds as well as their leaders was to produce enough products
of good quality and at a fair price. That is why the guilds were
very careful with the products that were sold at great distance.
This was not a only a matter of honor of the guild but also an
very important economic matter: the craftsmen and the guilds
had a good profit if they were better than their competitors, in
order to be sure of the good quality of their products they took
different measures: some general measures for all the guilds and
some special onesfcr someof the guilds (such as the imprint of
:-ér ,©fetìte
:
.guild s seal. The producers of
192_____-________________________——-------
loan
Marian
Ţiplic
armament of Sibiu
were not obliged to have a personal mark that
is why we know only three signatures of these kinds and we do
not know to whom they belong to.
b.
lhe
Social Functions. The social relations between the mem¬
bers of the guild were very tight. They used to organize parties to
welcome the apprentices or the new members of the guild and
it was a very good occasion to have fun and be happy. The nicest
feast was when the guild leaders were elected and all the mem¬
bers of the guild and their wives participated.
When a member of the guild was short of money the guild
helped him giving him a loan or raw materials. When a member
of the guild fell ill, the guild paid him and his family some money
during his illness until his recovery. Afterwards, he was obliged
to give the money back. The guilds were very strict concerning
the character of its members; they were very careful when cho¬
osing the apprentices or the new members so that no one wo¬
uld disgrace them; they were very cautions when checking their
character. They demanded discipline, honesty and loyalty. The
one who destroyed the harmony within the community, accu¬
sed another member of cheating or offended somebody else was
severely punished with a fine of
4
kilos of wax.
с
The Political and Military Functions. Once the guilds develo¬
ped from economic point of view, they became powerful politi¬
cal and military forces.
Starting with the end of the 16th century when
Sigismund
of Luxemburg
(1387-1437)
demanded the consolidation of the
towns and defence walls surrounding them, the guilds were in
charge with the preservation, the arming »id the defence of the
towns. The guilds were the most indicated for the defence and
die consolidation of towns as its members were obliged to leam
Bresle şi arme în Transilvania (secolele XIV-XVl)
--------------------
I93
how to use and to practice every day bow and crossbow shoo¬
ting. The interest for practising was due to the organization of
contests where the award was materials and money. In addition,
once a year they made a mention of all the members of guild
who were able to carry arms and who were obliged to be equip¬
ped with bows, crossbows, swords and spears or gun and armo¬
urs. All the equipment cost
8
florins: a spear
45
denary, a sword
1,90
florins, a helmet
20
denary and the rest was spent on guns.
The craftsman was obliged by law to be ready to fight anytime.
For example in the code of law of the producers of arms,
ід
1514,
it was written that the one who wanted to become a craftsman
had to prove that he possessed aguttepuxzwm
czyli.
lhe
guilds had military functions but they had political
fune-
.
tions as well. Unlike in Germany, in Transylvania, the citizen s
influence that is the craftsman s influence on the political admi¬
nistration was permanently maintained more powerful as the re¬
lations between guilds became closer. Ibis is due to the fact that
in the guilds regulations from
1376
there was a law concerning
the political influence of the guilds. This document attests clear¬
ly that of the influence guild
s
was beyond the boundaries of the
field, as the craftsmen had the duty to participate to the court as¬
semblies four times a year; they did not take part in solving only
the economic problems but also the social problems that were
concerned with the public welfare. This power became bigger
ät
the end of the 15th century and along the 16th century when all
the German territories united politically and the guilds created
an organic unit as a result of a similar economic life.
d. Religions Functions. The guild didn t mean only a handicraft
community bat
älsö
sa
relgioas community. Its religion and mo¬
ral influences
ХпіЮМ ЩфапШ,
as the economic ones. A great
ce prove
194---------------------------------------------------------
loan
Marian
Ţiplic
the relation of their own with the church. They burned candles
and they sang religions songs at the mass on holidays especial¬
ly on the Saint Protector s day. What we know about the guilds
from
Sibiu
is that they had altars but we know nothing about a
Saint Protector. The participation in the masses was compulsory,
each guild had a separate pew of its own where the craftsmen
had to sit in the rows according to their rank.
Various statutes of the guilds consist of strict instructions
concerning the occasions when the mass had to be read. All the
members of the guild participated in the procession which was
another religious activity. It was also a tradition for all to accom¬
pany their deceased mate in great retinue. The accomplishment
of this obligation was punished with a wax fine. The first rule of
this kind we find in the regulations of law of the blacksmiths
guild and of the tanners guild.
The religious issue becomes less and less important as the
years went by and the economic, social and political problems
became more important. As the guilds developed, their interests
were different from those of the church; the guilds try to become
independent from this institution that was the church.
Apprentices, Journeymen and Craftsmen
To join a guild and to become a member was not a simple
thing at all; it took long and hard years of preparation, depri¬
vation and humiliation. The sons of a craftsman were educated
in such the way to take over their father s workshop since early
childhood so they were used to work in a workshop of a guild.
We do not have specific information about the age when a yo¬
ung man was to become an apprentice, but all we know from the
documents is that he had to be old enough; he could be probably
10
or
12.
Before ayoimgman was received as am
afłprentiee
by a
Bresle şi arme în Transilvania (secolele
XIV-XVI)
—--------------- 195
craftsman he had to work part time in the workshop for almost
2-3
weeks in order to prove his skills. No craftsman had the right
to keep an apprentice without paying him more than the time
established by law; if he did, he was obliged to pay the guild
1
florin and
2
kilos of wax.
Another condition for a youngman to become an apprentice
was to belong to an honest family and from legitimate marriages.
First of all the apprentice needed two witnesses to prove that
he belong to
vero et legittimo
thoro habeatur matrimonium, as it
wás
specified in the law on November, 12th,
1484
of the Uni¬
ted Guild of Archers, Sword Makers, Shield Makers and Saddle
Makers from
Cluj.
their code of law had as model the one of
the guild of spur makers and sword makers from
Sibiu.
These
years of apprenticeship were not very easy because in the law
was mentioned that during thew period of
4
years the apprentice
could be used for some other jobs outside his work two hours a
day.
When the youngman finished his apprenticeship he was gi¬
ven a certificate that proved he learned the trade only after he
had paid a tax of
25
denary. Having this certificate he had the
right qualification to become a journeymen. The new journey¬
men was welcomed by his fejow-jorneymen with a ritual that en¬
ded with a feast that was called the drink of friendship. This feast
was rather expensive: fifty cracknels, bread, steak and
10
liters of
wine. Once he was accepted by them he had two possibilities: ei¬
ther to keep working at the craftsman where he learned the trade
Oř
to leave on his own, to travel to other towns where the trade
be. was interested in
waá
more developed. There he would have
the opportunitytolearamuckmore about the trade and beco¬
me an expert.
Nürnberg was
the town where the trade of arms
196_______________________________——-----
loan
Marian
Ţiplic
was well
-
developed where we have information from the 16th
century, more exactly
1530,
of a craftsman Valentin
Transilvă¬
neanul.
He may have decided to stay and settle in this town and
marry the daughter of his craftsman Wilhem Worms as a result
of performing the guild journey.
After travelling so long, the journeymen had to give a craft¬
sman exam and they were obliged to present also the birth cer¬
tificate, in order to prove that they came from a legitimate mar¬
riage, apprenticeship certificate; moral certificate and a journey
certificate. With all these proofs, the craftsman was declared
citizen of the town and he could go in for the proper exam whi¬
ch consisted of a practical exam that represented the making of
crafty work or a masterpiece.
In order to be received in a guild and to have all the rights that
a member of a guild had, the candidate had to do some other
things, some of them rather expensive. First of all he had to in¬
vite the members of the guild to dinner. We have some informa¬
tion about the meal. It consisted of many dishes:
4
dishes, the
first one: caraway cake and
2
capons of rice; the second: diffe¬
rent steaks (stuffed pork, goose capon,
4
stuffed chicken,
5
slices
of pork,
8
slices of beef and a half of rabbit; the third: meat and
cabbage; the fourth: milk and rice and scraps and at the end fruit
were served. If the new member was not able to prepare suih a
dinner he had to pay
12
florins and the craftsmen prepared tlfeir
dinner themselves.
There was one more condition for a craftsman to
becorííe
a
member of the guild that is marriage. This was compulsory beca¬
use of two reasons: on one hand in order to secure the tranquil¬
lity of thecraftsmenb
faatítíes
and o» the morality of the gaild
and the other hand, in this way the other craftsmen could marry
their daughters,
s
Lr
■к:-Ь? -тл*>-ь
:жѕ -¿тц^гпг-^
Χ
.-■■ ;■■· ■ ■■■< ■■-■■■ «· ■
Bresle şi
arme
ín
Transilvania (secolele
XIV-XVI)
--------------------- 197
III.
The guilds of the weapons producers
of
Sibiu, Braşov şi Cluj
The guilds from
Sibiu
First we have to mention that at least at the beginning, the
craftsmen who produced arms were the blacksmiths. They beca¬
me more qualified as the economic conditions were better and
there was a great need of arms as the towns developed. That was
why, for a while they had too many orders that they could handle.
Later on there appeared other guilds: those of sword makers, of
shield makers and of archers. Once these guilds improved their
economic situation, they divided
ід
to separate guilds.
The first documentary information on a guild or on a
blacksmith s association is from
1291,
during king Andrew the
3rd
who speaks of the craftsmen· who were processing iron
öre
(ferri
fabri)
and of iron foundry
(ferri
fusores).
The guild of
blacksmiths appeared, as it is attested by documents in
1376
when the codes of law were renewed; its name was Fabrorum
fraternitatiś.
At that time, the blacksmiths were specialized in different
branches: knives makers, bucket makers, locksmiths and sword
makers (the latter were named
gladiatores).
Beginning with the latter half of the 15th century the guilds
develop more and more rapidly that is why a great number of
other
guiţds
that detached themselves from the guild of black¬
smiths appear. These branches were
stïictiy
specialized in pro¬
ducing armament. This fact is illustrated ui the Counting register
from
Sibiü
beginning with the 7th decade of the
1
5th century in
which a fairly great ttumblf ofera&snien: sword makers, archers,
shíeldmafeera-c^si^^
are men¬
tioned.
. .»Z
■îC-.V
!.;, - ·<■ ■■■:■ . ■ ■· ■/■■ ■■ ■ ■
198________________________________----------
loan
Marian
Ţiplic
In the 15th century sword and spur makers who detached
from the guild of blacksmiths reorganise in separate branches
and later on they will have the same privileges. A real proof of
the foundation of separate guilds of sword and spur makers in
Sibiu
is the fact that the guilds of locksmiths and spur makers
from
Cluj
had as their model those from
Sibiu.
At the end of
the ISth century and at the beginning of the 16th century there
are mentioned light craftsmen
(schwerţfeger
or schwert-macher)
in the Counting Register of
Sibiu.
Another guild that developed greatly and produced unique
and specific products is the one of shield makers. During the
15th century this guild managed to impose itself on the markets
in Transylvania and later in Moldavia and Wallachia due to the
high quality of their products. At the end of the 15th century
and at the beginning of the 16th century in the Counting Regis¬
ter four great craftsmen
-
shield makers
-
are mentioned. As a
proof of their importance in the economic and military field in
the latter half of the 16th century one of the towers of the for¬
tress of
Sibiu
was given to be taken care of to the shield makers.
The Arches guild was historically attested in
1492,
they even
owned one of
Sibiu
fortress
s
towers. The production of archers
lasted until the former half of the 16th century when the arch
was replaced by the crossbow. As the archers craftsmen are men¬
tioned as being isolated towards the latter half of the 16th cen¬
tury it means that they were
до
longer organized in a guild and
they didn t have any economic power, fa the Counting Register
of
Sibiu,
apart from the archers (sagitarii arcum), the crossbow
makers (sagitarii balistarum) are mentioned towards the end of
the 15th century. At the end of the 15th century and beginning
of the 16th century
9
archeiSiCraftiiiieii are mentioned in the
Counting Register.
Bresle şi arme în Transilvania (secolele
XIV-XVI)
-----------------
I99
As I already mentioned above, the arch was gradually repla¬
ced by the crossbow that was widely used in Transylvania in the
15th and the 16th century. In the collection of the History Mu¬
seum from
Sibiu
there have been preserved
25
crossbows from
the 15th century which were produced by craftsmen from
Sibiu,
as
J.
Bielz believes, because of the badges of
Sibiu
that were dis¬
covered on them. The crossbow makers are not mentioned so
constantly at the end of the 14th century but in the following
years their become more and more important. In the Counting
Register of the town, beginning with the year
1495 1
florin was
spent on saggitario
...
dato. Infomation
about the price of cross¬
bow we find in the Counting Register of
Braşov;
in
1541
were
spent pro
4
arcubus fl.
1
asp.
17
and pro
14
arcubus fl.
4.
In the
Counting Register of
Sibiu
we found a document on the price
of bolts of a crossbow from
1501
that attests the existence of the
crossbow makers: Clemens
...flor.
1.
During the 15th century and 16th century the method of
processing
metats
developed more and more and there appeared
a new trade foundry and consequently there appeared canons
and harquebus.
A proof that Transylvania was important in the production
of arms is also the fact that the most ancient portable
rire
arm,
very Well known in the history studies as the Loshult gun, was
discovered in Sweden, dating from the former half of the 14th
century; as a result of spectral analysis of the bronze that it was
made of, it has been proved that the raw material care from Tran¬
sylvania,
Apuseni
Carpathians. Even though we can discuss furt¬
her more the place of its origin, the
information
above confirms
the existence of dje ere of copper from Transylvania which was
a very important
elemest
is
$№
development of the production
of portable fire arms. In the year
1370,
in
Sibiu,
an armourer of
200______—____________________________■----------
loan
Marian
Ţiplic
the town is mentioned and three years later the same armourer
is attested as bombard maker; he provided the town with fixed
bombs and on wheels. In
1481,
March 10th, in an indulgence
issued by the dean of
Sibiu
is mentioned a certain
Johann
Straws
kannonengiesser who received the dean s forgiveness for his fu¬
ture sins as he was going to war against the Turks.
The guilds of the armourers from
Braşov
It goes without saying that when we talk in general about
the researches from the Medieval Transylvania that we no lon¬
ger have to mention the importance of
Braşov
as the town was
one of the most important economic centres of trades from So¬
uth Transylvania during three centuries.
Braşov s
began to de¬
velop later than the other towns from South but its ascension
is favoured by its strategic position at the crossroads between
Moldavia, Wallachia and the Black Sea coast and it managed
to maintain dose relations with the principalities from East
Carpathians and with those from South Carpathians as well
Historically, such a guild is first attested only in
1408,
the year
when we have the oldest Register of Guilds of
Braşov,
but we
have some craftsmen mentioned in the 14th century, a fact that
makes us believe that the organization of the guilds might date
from at least at the end of the 14th century. During the 14th and
15th century the trades develop into
2
distinct periods, when
the production increased. Those period are: Sigismund s reign
and the one of Matias
Corvin.
The king s support consisted of
numberless orders (especially military) but more importantly
of the concession of certain royal rights. In the I6th century
trades develop a great deal and iri the year
1562
approximale
43
guilds are attested and In
tihe
©ôtt«ing
register many arm
producers are attested as well.
:
-чх эд-
fl·
-ж,-:
j .-:
¿
■■-■-.■·; ·■
Bresle şi arme în Transilvania (secolele XTV-XVI)
—__________201
The guild of blacksmiths. The organization of the guild of
blacksmiths is attested in the
1
5th century and in the former half
of the 16th century is attested the existence of a bastion of the
blacksmiths, a fact that proves that the guild was powerful enou¬
gh from economic point of view of they afforded the keeping of
such a fortress. At the end the 15th century, between
1480-1488,
23
blacksmiths are attested in
Braşov;
they are distributed in the
following:
8
craftsmen in quartal Portica,
9
in quartal Corpus
Christi
and
6
in quartal Catharina.
The guild of Shield makers. This guild is mentioned in the 15th
century, when the number of the shield makers who paid taxes
was relatively large; in the latter half of the 15th century
21
are
mentioned and this number relatively is constant. The shields
made in
Braşov
were different from those made in other towns
from Transylvania, especially
Sibiu,
that was the main centre of
production. These shields were very much required especially
on the market from beyond Carpathians.
The Archers Guild. The trade of the archers from
Braşovis do-
cumentarily attested in
1397
in the Register of taxes at the end
of the 15th century, where
23
archer makers are mentioned. In
the first years of the 14th century the archers guild renews its
state, a fact that proves that there had been others but due to
the new socio-economic conditions, it no longer corresponded;
consequently we can say that the archers guild from
Braşov
was
set up sometime in the former half of the 15th century and it
developed mostly at the end of the century when the number of
its members was about
23.
Their number increased in the for¬
mer half of the
lőtb.
century? this lead to the economic deve¬
lopment
ßSiutegaild/ma
eventttajtty to the growth of its social
and political
importance,
Thå«
lattei
feet;if illustrated in the. Re-
10th
1524
202---------------------------------------------------------
loan
Marian
Ţiplic
is attested the election of
Luca Czeresch
as owner of the castle
beside Clemens. Obtaining a job of such importance it is obvio¬
usly clear that Clemens s economic position assured him a good
place among the leaders of
Braşov
at the beginning of the 16th
century. From September 6th,
1547
when a new statute is drawn
they preserved the one of the archers guild from
Braşov,
drawn
out in August 25 th,
1505
from the initiative of the guild s lea¬
ders, Clemens, Stephen and Kristel.
The guild of crossbow makers. At least until present, we have no
documents to prove the existence of separate guilds of crossbow
makers but the large number of such craftsmen in the 16th cen¬
tury makes us believe that they organized themselves separately
from the archers guild. As far as the existence of the crossbow
makers in
Braşov
is concerned, they are attested in the 16th cen¬
tury, more exactly in
1514,
when in the Counting Register of
Braşovis
mentioned a certain
Michaelis ambusher
who receives
a carpet which valued
36
florins. Between the years
1514-1555
in
Braşov
7
craftsmen are attested.
The guild of sword makers. The trade of making swords is attes¬
ted even in the 13th century
-
the best example is the hardware
from
Şelimbăr
-
but as an organized guild only in the 14th cen¬
tury, when within the trade centre (the blacksmiths guild) they
produced swords. We do not have exact information about the
existence of a guild of sword makers in
Braşov
during the 14th
century, but sometime at the end of the 14th century and the
beginning of the 15th century the sword makers separated from
the locksmiths guild, as in the year
1424
in the register of the
furriers are mentioned two craftsmen, Hanis and Jorg whose pa¬
rents worked in the trade of making arms. On the other hand, in
the latter half of the 15th century an economic relation between
the sword makers in
Braşov
with
MoWävtó
ili
attested
/~%šStefeit
Bresle şi arme în Transilvania (secolele XIV-XVI)
------------------203
cel Mare
(Stephen
the Great) sent for swords various times. In
the latter half of the 15th century, in
Braşov,
20
swords makers
belonging to a guild are mentioned. Most of these craftsmen are
mentioned too in the Tax Registers in the
formerhalf
of the 16th
century beside several new members of the guild.
The armourers guild. The method of moulding of cast iron
in
Braşov
developed a great deal,
Braşov
being one of the most
important suppliers with armament of the prince loan
de Hune¬
doara,
for Moldavia and Wallachia until these principalities be¬
came under the power of Ottoman Empire. Information about
the existence of this trade we have even from the 14th century,
when in
Bistriţa
is attested a certain Andrei Bombardengiesser
who can be identified with the craftsman Andrei
-
magister
Andreas
-,
native of
Braşov
and who at the same time moulded
many bells. Nevertheless, we must make a remark concerning
this trade
-
within the armourers guild we have historically at¬
tested on one hand guns and harquebus makers and on the other
hand bombards and canon makers and separately from those
two, bell makers. And apart from those mentioned previously
we have several craftsmen who dealt with the moulding of bells.
The trade of harquebus making is attested in
Braşov
by a do¬
cument in which Matia
Corvin
orders
100
guns (pixidae),
5
quintals of gun powder and
100
canon balls, in
1471,
during a
military campaign operation. Other proofs for the existence of
this guild come from some receipts which attest the payment for
some harquebus by a third person.
The guild of
canori
founders existed in
Braşov
ever since the
former half ofthe 15th century and
tei
prove that, we have some
indirect information that comes from the Princely Office of
ЋтеуШгш
arid of the5 Royal Gotirt and they refer to the in¬
terdictions of fire arms export in the Romanian Principalities
204---------------------------------------------------------
loan Marian
Ţiplic
or refusal for canons, gun powder and canon balls orders of the
Prince of Transylvania or of the princes of the other two princi¬
palities,
lhe
increasing development of this trade is
attestedin
the 16th century when in
1514-1547
the canon makers in
Bra¬
şov
are mentioned.
The armourers guild from
Clu)
Once the Angevin Dynasty came to the throne of Hungary the
political situation within Transylvania is stabilized and there had
been created a good environment to the economic development
of the towns due to
thè
politic support and counterbalance be¬
tween the large feudal autonomous domains and the main power
-
royalty. In these conditions there appeared and developed the
guilds from
Cluj
between the 14th and 16th centuries; the Inco¬
me register of the town in the year
1453
offered us the opportu¬
nity to know
èie
structuré
of the working population which was
as the following:
6%
tailors,
4%
boots and shoe makers,
2,64%
blacbmiths,
2%
bag hunter makers,
1,5%
archers,
1,3%
arrow
makers and
0,17%
shields makers. There were approximately
4500-4800
workers who paid taxes and together with those who
didn t pay taxes their number was about
6,000
inhabitants.
The blacbmiths guild. In
Cluj,
the blacksmiths are documen-
tarily attested for the first time in the year
1362
in a document,
more exactly a sale contract of
Nicolauş
and Henhnus fabric-of a
yard that they owned together in
Podului
Street
(nowsdayş Ho¬
rea
Street). A century later, in
1467,
July, 20th the Magistrate of
Cluj
approved the statutes of the guild at the request of se^al
blacksmiths .
Antoni^
Simon,
ŞtejEan
and
Ieranim;
their
-
tents demonstrate» that
ЈШ
Bresle şi arme în Transilvania (secolele XIV-XVI)
--------------------205
The guild of the sword makers. The sword polishers are mentio¬
ned for the first time in
Cluj
in the document dating from
1484,
November, 12th when the magistrate of
Cluj,
Johannes
Markus
certifies the statutes of several guilds reunited: of archers, saddle
makers, belts makers, sword makers, shield makers and arrow
makers. In the year
1557
the sword makers asked the boots ma¬
kers permission to use their mill of tannery in order to install a
grindstone for sharpening and polishing their swords.
The Archers guild. Information about this trade we have only
from the 15th century when a certain Jacobo
literato
the son of
Gabriel, an archer is mentioned as a witness in a trial. This do¬
cument dates from
1432,
April, 12th. Starting from this remark,
we can say that Gabrielis arcupis worked as an archer sometime
between
1410-1460
if we take into consideration that he could
not become a deacon at an age less than
20.
An organization of the archers is not attested until the end
of the 15th century, more exactly until November, 12th,
1484
when they organize themselves in guilds beside the sword ma¬
kers, spur makers, shield makers, saddle makers and locksmiths.
Beside, the representatives of the other branches, there appea¬
red
2
archers,
Martinus
Kufferbart and Johannes Gabrielis who
were of the main initiators of the text of the statutes that is why
we may draw the conclusion that, at that time, the archers had a
better economic situation than those from other branches who
wanted to found some new guilds. In the 16th century the ar¬
chers are more and more rarely mentioned in documents and
gradually their place is taken by the crossbow makers.
The guild of shield makers. This guild is hardly attested in do¬
cuments from the 14th century but this does not prove that it
was not organized as a guild and consequently it is not mentio¬
ned inlhe
ďécmaeatóattíiattiine.
Apiöof
©f its existence before
206---------------------------------------------------------
loan
Marian
Ţiplic
the 15th century are many documents that attest the existence of
the shield makers in
Cluj
at the beginning and at the middle of
the 15th century. A very good example is the partial register of
the people of Hungarian origin who paid taxes in
1453
where a
certain Valentin paysgyarto appears. Towards the end of the 15th
century the shield makers guild organizes itself and together
with the archers, belt makers, sword makers, etc. want to found
a mixed guild.
In the 16th century numberless shield makers are still attes¬
ted, although the shield, as a defence arm was used less and less,
that is why these craftsmen had some other functions (for exam¬
ple they were painters, too).
The armourers guild. The documentary material which
abounds in mentions about fire arms and white arms makes us
think of the hypothesis that there existed in the 16th century of
the iron and bronze founders, of the craftsmen who produced
harquebus, muskets, falconets. In the Counting Register of the
town there are mentioned a series of expenses for little canons
(manuaria
bombärdaria)
and guns
äs
well as the price paid for
them. The existence of an armourer (Hans
Jörg Burghart)
is cle¬
arly attested in
1585
when the citizen in
Bistriţa
made an order
for an armour (Stecharnisch).
TV. The Economic Relations of the Guilds Producing
weapons in
Sibiu, Braşov
and
Ciuf
with Moldavia and Wallachia
The economic exchangee in
Sibiu
;
^
The guilds from Transylvania had commercial relations ma¬
inly with the other two Romanian countries and the trade
de«
Bresle şi arme în Transilvania (secolele XIV-XVl)
—-----------------207
veloped
very much. The guilds from
Sibiu
had close commer¬
cial relations with Wallachia and Moldavia, they were always in
competition with those from
Braşov
especially beginning of the
15th century when the latter tried to impose themselves on the
market. The trade between Transylvania and the principalities
from South Carpathians is attested ever since
1211,
in the Teu¬
tonic Knights Certificate. This trade was made on the commerci¬
al road that connected Moldavia and Transylvania
-
via
Braşov.
This thoroughfare
Sibiu
-
Braşov
-
Suceava
was the main trade
road; in Moldavia, the customs was placed in fairs in Roman,
Ba¬
cău,
Trotas.
The prince of Moldavia used to give the trade rights
to the German tradesmen from
Sibiu
-
in
1433,
April, 9th Jacob
the
Burgmeister
of
Sibiu
(Mayor), accompanied by two jurymen
Gaspar
and
Johann
who were the delegates of the guilds from
Sibiu
went to Moldavia and asked the prince
Siaş
the trade ri¬
ghts and he was given,
lhe
goods (mentioned in the books with
privileges) which were privileged on this occasion were: thick
cloths, arms (swords), armours, daggers etc
During the campaigns of loan
de Hunedoara
there had been
given some prohibitive acts concerning the trade with arms, so
for a short period of time the armourers guild from
Sibiu
deli¬
vered arms only to the armies of the principalities in Transylva¬
nia. In this period this kind of items were mostly required and
as a proof stand the various letters of
Ştefan cel Mare
who gave
permission to his subject to buy swords and arms against the
pagans, as we need them, or to bring armours (loricae) that they
have (in
Sibiu
-
η,α.).
Towards the end of his reign the prince of
Moldavia bought in great quantity armours and other arms from
the craftsmen in
Sibiu.
These arms were bought in order to pro¬
vide his army ¿ft the future
balile
with the Turb but they were
used against the Tatars in the battle of
Sărata.
The Moldavians
208________________■■--------------------------------------
loan
Marian
Ţiplic
continued to buy arms from them even after the threat of Turks
and Tatars was over and this can be proved by a document from
1502,
July, 7th signed by the Magistrate of
Braşovwho
asked the
armourers from
Sibiu
to give the coats of mail of
Ştefan cel
Mare
he had been sent for.
As an indirect proof concerning trade with smuggled arms
may be the reinforcement the trade interdiction of these items,
given by the
Ştefan
Báthory.
On this occasion, he clearly speci¬
fied that the goods that were prohibited to export: arms, horses
and sheep. At the same time, in order to stop some people
s
de¬
sire to cross the border little quantity of arms as belonging to
their own arsenal,
Báthory
signs an edict through which he cle¬
arly establishes the maximum number of arms that one could
carry across the border of Wallachia: whoever passed through
Bran pass gorge to Wallachia must not carry more than a sword,
an arch, a shield and
8-9
arrows. This document supports our hy¬
pothesis above mentioned, concerning the trade with smuggled
arms. In
1511,
the king of Hungary Vladislav II, ordered a tem¬
porary embargo relaxation of the arms trade to Wallachia and
allows the help given to the prince of Wallachia,
Vlăduţ.
A document that attests a transaction of arms is in fact a letter-
receipt of
Calotă
Ban of the armourers of
Sibiu
and which dates
from
1599-1600.
In this act, he confirmed that he received
100
swords as a contribution of the craftsmen of
Sibiu;
these swords
were to be handed in to the foot soldiers in Strehaia.
The Commercial Exchanges of
Braşov
Apart from the commercial routes that linked Poland throu¬
gh Moldavia with the seaside and Wallachia, there existed other
routes that connected Poland and the towns of Transylvania via
Suceava.
These routes existed
тепШот
toe foundation ofthe
Bresle şi arme în Transilvania (secolele XIV-XVI)
—---------------209
principality of Moldavia and due to them, the towns developed
along the years; two of these routes were mentioned in
1408
by
Alexandru cel Bun
his privilege and later on in many other privi¬
leges. One of these routes linked Poland and
Braşov
via
Suceava
-
Fălticeni
-
Ciumuleşti
-
Tg.
Neamţ
-
Tg.
Trotuş.
Another va¬
riant of the route was via
Suceava
-
Bacău
-
Oneşti
-
Tg.
Trotuş
-
Oituz
-
Ghimeş
-
Braşov.
Both routes were used by the Polish
and German merchants. But the trade of arms was most of the ti¬
mes interdicted due to the laws of war in certain periods of open
or avowed conflicts, especially during the military campaign of
loan
de Hunedoara
and Matthia
Corvin.
In the periods that fol¬
lowed the end of the conflicts, in most cases the craftsmen from
Transylvania resumed their relations in direct contact with the
merchants and princes from Moldavia. The same thing did the
messenger Hanea arcufex and
Mihail
the town
concilier,
both
from
Braşov,
they had the mission to resume the commercial re¬
lations between
Braşov
and the towns from Moldavia and to ob¬
tain privileges for the tradesmen from
Braşov
to the detriment
Of others who were interested in the market of Moldavia as well.
In most of cases, these privileges were nothing but the former
ones which were accepted again, for example the one of
Ştefan
cel
Mare in the fall of the year
1457
and reprinted in
1458
to all
the people of
Braşov
and to all the merchants from the entire
region
-
Ţara Bârsei:
[...]
they are allowed to come with their goods,
as many products as they have.,:
io
travel all over the country... towns,
fairs in order to sell their goods
[...].
As far
ás
the arms that could be to be exported, as craftsmen
öf
Brasõ¥haíi
privileges, were
ałl
sorts of arms, swords, armours,
daggers, knives. We know about a craftsman
-
an armourer
-
na-
Med
Miilâi,
whertivas
mitt#Bítsèv
by
Ştefan cel Mare,
in order
210------------------------------.---------------------------
loan
Marian
Ţiplic
In the documents of the time, we have mentioned a situation
when the arms of the craftsmen of
Braşov
were hardly accessible
to the Moldavian market and the only possibility of purchasing
wasinLvow.
Surveying the goods mentioned in the act privileges given
to the merchants from Lemberg and
Braşov,
to which the Ot¬
toman regulations from August 23rd,
1484
and
1502
has been
added, the trade of Moldavia consisted of- according to
Nicoară
Beldiceanus table
-
among other handicraft products, swords,
Hungarian swords and other arms as well. Due to a dynamic
period from military
pont
of view it was obvious that the most
popular items that were needed in
Suceava
were arms and con¬
sequently
Ştefan cel
Mare sends
Trotuşan,
the sword bearer to
Braşov,
in
1502,
to buy some saddles, arms and ropes. He was
accompanied by another man who was supposed to buy arms
from
Sibiu.
In
1503,
the Moldavians bought
5000
swords and daggers
from the craftsmen of
Braşov,
but it is obvious that any interrup¬
tion of the normal commercial flow had as result the diminution
of the profits of the craftsmen of
Braşov,
so according to the re¬
gisters of
Braşov
from
1529-1554,
we could notice that the com¬
mercial activity was lower by almost
3/5
in comparison with the
activity from
1503.
The main reason why this activity was less
productive was that there was a period of military preparations
during Alexandra
Lăpuşneanu s
reign and to this a hard winter is
added according to Azarie.
We have many
piecesíof
information concerning the arm ex¬
port to Wallachia inthe latinpifvilegeof Mircea
cèlBâtrân
from
1413;
August 6th; this privilege enumerates the goods exfmft
from customs
taxesáraong
which there were the two«te land the
arches. These
иеш^щ^те^.трА^^
ÖHMf»!
Bresle şi arme în Transilvania (secolele XW-XVI)
_______—- 211
when he first came to the throne of Wallachia (December
1431
-January
1432),
his request was: to prepare
-
the craftsmen of
Braşov
- 100
guns and all the necessary equipment arches and ar¬
rows, shields as many as you
can¬
in
order to give a more general view to the arms trade we must
mention that not only the princes of the two regions bought the¬
se items but also private persons who bought arms for their own
needs, in small quantity. Unfortunately, we have little proof for
this fact. Nevertheless we could give an example of such transac¬
tion in the documents of the town councillors of
Braşov
where a
certain
Duca de Greci,
a boyar
of
Radu cel Frumos
s
Court bou¬
ght among other things
2
swords and a sword holder.
lhe
interdiction of arms export was maintained, though with
short periods of interruption, until
1484
when the craftsmen
from
Braşov
interred with the king of Hungary for giving up this
measure that brought damages to them. Consequently, after a
while they were allowed to export iron and steel without restric¬
tions and arms, that could carry one person. The renouncement
of theinterdiction of arm export to Wallachia was required by
Vlad
Călugărul,
who towards the year
1483
assures the craft¬
smen of
Braşov
that they had free passing and permission to sell
their products in the fairs of the country so that his men could
freely buy arches, arrows, swor4s>,shields and iron for arms.
lhe,
settlement of the commercial relations with Wallachia,
concerning the arm trade in the first decade of the 16th century
is during the reign of Prince
Vlăduţ Vodă,
the son of Vlad
Călu¬
gărul,
who succeeded, with help from West WaJbchia, in doing
away with
Mihnea, Vlăduţ,
as soon as he came to the throne, sent
the
boyards
Radia,
the great gatekeeper and Dragomir the trea¬
sury keeper to negotiate the renewal of the commercial relations
year,
1511,
he
212_________________________________------—
loan
Marian
Ţiplic
sents
Iştvan
purveyor to
Braşov
in order to buy arches, arrow for
1000
aspri. In
the same period he sent to
Sibiu
another man of his,
Ruhan, in order to buy the necessary equipment for his army.
As far as the commercial activity from the last decade of the
16th century we do not have much information because it is a
period of great military conflicts caused on
orte
hand by
Sigis¬
mund
Báthory
and on the other hand by
Mihai Viteazul;
this
period is not favourable at all for the development of a produc¬
tive trade.
In order to know the real importance of the arm trade betwe¬
en
Braşov
and Moldavia and Wallachia we must take into consi¬
deration two elements: customs exemptions and smuggling. The
customs exempts facilitated the passing of
thè
products through
the customs and because of this fact, in most cases they were not
recorded. The smuggling played more important role than some
documents
oí
the time show. The trade between
Braşov
and
Moldavia developed in two ways: through legal trade
-
using
the usual routes and roads, respecting the temporary privilege of
storing in
Braşov
and the sell of the goods in town, the registra¬
tion and the passing of the goods through the customs and the
other way through smuggling trade using hidden paths, avoiding
customs taxes. The activity, the volume and the value
öf
the smu¬
ggling trade cannot be established not even with
approximìtóon.
The numberless cases, the frequent and repeated measures of
stopping it prove its proportions and its permanent character.
The acts given by the Hungarian Royal Court respectively by
the Austrian Hapsburg Court in
1508,1517^ 1519,1533,1*537)
1555,1570,1572,1576
etc. stand for proofs of the efforts of the
authorities to stop this smuggled trade;
SUMAR
CUVÂNT ÎNAINTE
....................................................................................... 9
INTRODUCERE
.................
.......л
..........:..................,...............-.............._...., 11
Capitolul
I
Scurtă incursiune in istoriografia breslelor
............................................. 17
Capitolul
II
Organizarea breslelor
.................................................................................... 35
Conducerea breslelor.
.................................................................................... 36
Funcţiile breslelor
.......................................................................................... 43
a. Funcţia economică
........................................................................... 43
b. Funcţia socială
................................................................................. 45
с
Funcţia politico-militară
................................................................ 46
d. Funcţia religioasă
............................................................................. 51
Ucenicii, calfele şi meşterii
............................................................................ 53
Capitolul III
Breslele din Sibiu, Braşov şi Cluj
............................................................... 59
Breslele din Sibiu
........................................................................................... 59
Breasla lăcătuşilor şi pintenarilor
...................................................... 66
Branşa săbierilor
.................................................................................. 67
Branşa scutarilor
................................................................................... 70
Breasla arcarilor (Bognerzunfi)
.......................................................... 72
Branşa archebuzierilor şi breasla armurierilor
................................ 77
Breslele din Braşov
........................................................................................ 83
Breasla fierarilor
................................................................................... 85
Branşa scutarilor
................................................................................... 86
Breasla arcarilor
................................................................................... 90
Branşa
arbaletarilor
.............................................................................. 98
Breasla săbierilor
.................................................................................. 99
Breasla armurierilor
................................................................:............ 104
Breslele din Cluj
............................................................................................. 111
Breasla fierarilor
................................................................................... 113
Branşa săbierilor
................................................................................... 115
Branşa arcarilor
..................................................................................... 118
Branşa scutarilor
................................................................................... 120
Branşa armurierilor
.............................................................................. 123
Capitolul
IV
Armele în contextul relaţiilor politico-diplomatice ale Sibiului,
Braşovului şi Clujului cu Moldova şi Ţara Românească
..................... 129
Schimburile comerciale ale Sibiului
............................................................ 137
Schimburile comerciale ale Braşovului
....................................................... 161
Schimburile comerciale ale Clujului
............................................................ 179
Abstract
............................................................................................................... 183
Glosar de termeni
............................................................................................ 213
Abrevieri bibliografice
................................................................................... 217
Bibliografie generală
....................................................................................... 219
Indice selectiv
................................................................................................... 231
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Ţiplic, Ioan Marian 1972- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)131697161 |
| author_facet | Ţiplic, Ioan Marian 1972- |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Ţiplic, Ioan Marian 1972- |
| author_variant | i m ţ im imţ |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV036672345 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)705819674 (DE-599)BVBBV036672345 |
| era | Geschichte 1300-1600 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1300-1600 |
| format | Book |
| fullrecord | <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><collection xmlns="http://www.loc.gov/MARC21/slim"><record><leader>02555nam a2200601 c 4500</leader><controlfield tag="001">BV036672345</controlfield><controlfield tag="003">DE-604</controlfield><controlfield tag="005">20101122 </controlfield><controlfield tag="007">t</controlfield><controlfield tag="008">100916s2009 b||| |||| 00||| rum d</controlfield><datafield tag="020" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">9789733208143</subfield><subfield code="9">978-973-32-0814-3</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="035" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">(OCoLC)705819674</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="035" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">(DE-599)BVBBV036672345</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="040" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">DE-604</subfield><subfield code="b">ger</subfield><subfield code="e">rakwb</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="041" ind1="0" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">rum</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="049" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">DE-12</subfield><subfield code="a">DE-Re13</subfield><subfield code="a">DE-M496</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="084" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">7,41</subfield><subfield code="2">ssgn</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="100" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Ţiplic, Ioan Marian</subfield><subfield code="d">1972-</subfield><subfield code="e">Verfasser</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)131697161</subfield><subfield code="4">aut</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="245" ind1="1" ind2="0"><subfield code="a">Bresle şi arme în Transilvania</subfield><subfield code="b">(secolele XIV - XVI)</subfield><subfield code="c">Ioan Marian Ţiplic</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="264" ind1=" " ind2="1"><subfield code="a">Bucureşti</subfield><subfield code="b">Ed. Militară</subfield><subfield code="c">2009</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="300" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">236 S.</subfield><subfield code="b">Kt.</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="336" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">txt</subfield><subfield code="2">rdacontent</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="337" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">n</subfield><subfield code="2">rdamedia</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="338" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">nc</subfield><subfield code="2">rdacarrier</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="500" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: The guilds of the weapons producers of Sibiu, Brasov and Cluj.</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="648" ind1=" " ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Geschichte 1300-1600</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1="0" ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Zunft</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4068112-9</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1="0" ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Politik</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4046514-7</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1="0" ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Gilde</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4157349-3</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1="0" ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Wirtschaft</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4066399-1</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1="0" ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Waffe</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4064228-8</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="651" ind1=" " ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Siebenbürgen</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4054835-1</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2="0"><subfield code="a">Siebenbürgen</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4054835-1</subfield><subfield code="D">g</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2="1"><subfield code="a">Waffe</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4064228-8</subfield><subfield code="D">s</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2="2"><subfield code="a">Gilde</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4157349-3</subfield><subfield code="D">s</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2="3"><subfield code="a">Zunft</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4068112-9</subfield><subfield code="D">s</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2="4"><subfield code="a">Wirtschaft</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4066399-1</subfield><subfield code="D">s</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2="5"><subfield code="a">Politik</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4046514-7</subfield><subfield code="D">s</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2="6"><subfield code="a">Geschichte 1300-1600</subfield><subfield code="A">z</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2=" "><subfield code="5">DE-604</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="856" ind1="4" ind2="2"><subfield code="m">Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen</subfield><subfield code="q">application/pdf</subfield><subfield code="u">http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=020591419&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA</subfield><subfield code="3">Abstract</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="856" ind1="4" ind2="2"><subfield code="m">Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen</subfield><subfield code="q">application/pdf</subfield><subfield code="u">http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=020591419&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA</subfield><subfield code="3">Inhaltsverzeichnis</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="940" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="n">oe</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="999" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-020591419</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="942" ind1="1" ind2="1"><subfield code="c">909</subfield><subfield code="e">22/bsb</subfield><subfield code="f">09031</subfield><subfield code="g">439</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="942" ind1="1" ind2="1"><subfield code="c">330.09</subfield><subfield code="e">22/bsb</subfield><subfield code="f">09031</subfield><subfield code="g">498</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="942" ind1="1" ind2="1"><subfield code="c">909</subfield><subfield code="e">22/bsb</subfield><subfield code="f">09024</subfield><subfield code="g">439</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="942" ind1="1" ind2="1"><subfield code="c">330.09</subfield><subfield code="e">22/bsb</subfield><subfield code="f">09023</subfield><subfield code="g">498</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="942" ind1="1" ind2="1"><subfield code="c">330.09</subfield><subfield code="e">22/bsb</subfield><subfield code="f">09024</subfield><subfield code="g">498</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="942" ind1="1" ind2="1"><subfield code="c">330.09</subfield><subfield code="e">22/bsb</subfield><subfield code="f">09031</subfield><subfield code="g">439</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="942" ind1="1" ind2="1"><subfield code="c">330.09</subfield><subfield code="e">22/bsb</subfield><subfield code="f">09024</subfield><subfield code="g">439</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="942" ind1="1" ind2="1"><subfield code="c">330.09</subfield><subfield code="e">22/bsb</subfield><subfield code="f">09023</subfield><subfield code="g">439</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="942" ind1="1" ind2="1"><subfield code="c">909</subfield><subfield code="e">22/bsb</subfield><subfield code="f">09023</subfield><subfield code="g">439</subfield></datafield></record></collection> |
| geographic | Siebenbürgen (DE-588)4054835-1 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Siebenbürgen |
| id | DE-604.BV036672345 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T22:45:25Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9789733208143 |
| language | Romanian |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-020591419 |
| oclc_num | 705819674 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 DE-Re13 DE-BY-UBR DE-M496 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 DE-Re13 DE-BY-UBR DE-M496 |
| physical | 236 S. Kt. |
| publishDate | 2009 |
| publishDateSearch | 2009 |
| publishDateSort | 2009 |
| publisher | Ed. Militară |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Ţiplic, Ioan Marian 1972- Verfasser (DE-588)131697161 aut Bresle şi arme în Transilvania (secolele XIV - XVI) Ioan Marian Ţiplic Bucureşti Ed. Militară 2009 236 S. Kt. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: The guilds of the weapons producers of Sibiu, Brasov and Cluj. Geschichte 1300-1600 gnd rswk-swf Zunft (DE-588)4068112-9 gnd rswk-swf Politik (DE-588)4046514-7 gnd rswk-swf Gilde (DE-588)4157349-3 gnd rswk-swf Wirtschaft (DE-588)4066399-1 gnd rswk-swf Waffe (DE-588)4064228-8 gnd rswk-swf Siebenbürgen (DE-588)4054835-1 gnd rswk-swf Siebenbürgen (DE-588)4054835-1 g Waffe (DE-588)4064228-8 s Gilde (DE-588)4157349-3 s Zunft (DE-588)4068112-9 s Wirtschaft (DE-588)4066399-1 s Politik (DE-588)4046514-7 s Geschichte 1300-1600 z DE-604 Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=020591419&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=020591419&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Ţiplic, Ioan Marian 1972- Bresle şi arme în Transilvania (secolele XIV - XVI) Zunft (DE-588)4068112-9 gnd Politik (DE-588)4046514-7 gnd Gilde (DE-588)4157349-3 gnd Wirtschaft (DE-588)4066399-1 gnd Waffe (DE-588)4064228-8 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4068112-9 (DE-588)4046514-7 (DE-588)4157349-3 (DE-588)4066399-1 (DE-588)4064228-8 (DE-588)4054835-1 |
| title | Bresle şi arme în Transilvania (secolele XIV - XVI) |
| title_auth | Bresle şi arme în Transilvania (secolele XIV - XVI) |
| title_exact_search | Bresle şi arme în Transilvania (secolele XIV - XVI) |
| title_full | Bresle şi arme în Transilvania (secolele XIV - XVI) Ioan Marian Ţiplic |
| title_fullStr | Bresle şi arme în Transilvania (secolele XIV - XVI) Ioan Marian Ţiplic |
| title_full_unstemmed | Bresle şi arme în Transilvania (secolele XIV - XVI) Ioan Marian Ţiplic |
| title_short | Bresle şi arme în Transilvania |
| title_sort | bresle si arme in transilvania secolele xiv xvi |
| title_sub | (secolele XIV - XVI) |
| topic | Zunft (DE-588)4068112-9 gnd Politik (DE-588)4046514-7 gnd Gilde (DE-588)4157349-3 gnd Wirtschaft (DE-588)4066399-1 gnd Waffe (DE-588)4064228-8 gnd |
| topic_facet | Zunft Politik Gilde Wirtschaft Waffe Siebenbürgen |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=020591419&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=020591419&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT tiplicioanmarian breslesiarmeintransilvaniasecolelexivxvi |