Forestry for mitigating the greenhouse effect: an ecological and economic assessment of the potential of land use to mitigate CO2 emissions in the highlands of Chiapas, Mexico
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
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| Format: | Abschlussarbeit Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
[s.l.]
2000
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| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | Includes bibliographical references |
| Beschreibung: | XVII, 220 S. Ill., Kt. 24 cm |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Forestry for mitigating the greenhouse effect |b an ecological and economic assessment of the potential of land use to mitigate CO2 emissions in the highlands of Chiapas, Mexico |c Ben H.J. de Jong |
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| adam_text | Titel: Forestry for mitigating the greenhouse effect
Autor: Jong, Ben H. J. de
Jahr: 2000
Inhoud
List of Figures xjj
ListofPhotos x;v
List of Tables xv
General acknowledgements xvjj
1. BVTRODUCTION 1
General 1
Institutional context 4
Ecological and social context 5
References 7
2. CONCEPTS 10
Introduction 10
Forest 10
Land use, land cover, and land-use change 11
Deforestation 12
Forest degradation an restoration 13
Land-Use Change and Management 13
Carbon Pools 15
Carbon Flows 16
Dynamics of the Carbon Baiance over Different Time Scales 16
Lateral flows of carbon 18
Soils 18
Soil Organic Matter 18
Measurement Methods 19
Stocks or Fluxes 19
Measurement of Areas 20
Accounting Systems 20
Consistency 20
Transparency 20
Verifiability 21
Efficiency 21
Baselines 21
Static versus dynamic baselines 23
Project Boundaries 23
Leakage 25
vu
References 25
3. LAND-USE CHANGE AND CARBON FLUX BETWEEN 1970s AND 1990s
IN THE CENTRAL HIGHLANDS OF CHIAPAS, MEXICO 29
Introduction 29
Methods 30
Study area 30
Map data 46
Carbon densities 48
Results 49
Changes in land use and land cover 49
Carbon densities and flux 51
Discussion 54
Acknowledgments 59
References 59
4. FORESTRY AND AGROFORESTRY LAND-USE SYSTEMS FOR CARBON
MITIGATION: AN ANALYSIS IN CHIAPAS, MEXICO 65
Introduction 65
Description of the study areas 68
Methods 69
Results 72
Land available for a carbon-sequestration project 72
Selected agroforestry systems 74
Carbon sequestration potential of the selected systems 74
Economic costs of the carbon sequestration 76
Summary and conclusions 78
Acknowledgments 80
References 81
5. AN ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF THE POTENTIAL FOR CARBON SEQUESTRATION
BY FORESTS: EVIDENCE FROM SOUTHERN MEXICO 83
Introduction 83
Methods 84
Study area 84
Baseline Land Use I Land Cover (L U/LC) change dynamics 85
The costs of transferring current land use to forestry and agroforestry S6
Carbon sequestration estimation 88
Model of adoption of fores try systems 90
Results 91
Baseline g
Costs and benefits 92
Carbon sequestration potential of the management options 96
Model outputs and sensitivity analysis 97
Discussion 98
Conclusions 101
Acknowledgements 101
References 102
6. UNCERTAINTIES IN ESTIMATING THE POTENTIAL FOR CARBON
MITIGATION OF FOREST MANAGEMENT 106
Introduction 106
Methodology 108
Study area 108
Calculation of Greenhouse Gas-mitigation benefits 110
Establishment of a baseline III
Project scenario 112
Land use I Land cover data 113
C-stock and growth measurements 114
Historical evidence ofC-storage depletion 114
C-flux modeling of reference and project scenarios 115
Estimation of the Carbon mitigation potential 117
Uncertainty analysis 117
Results 118
Carbon stocks and allometric relations between carbon pool quantities in forests 118
Historical land-use change and related carbon storage depletion 121
Uncertainties in carbon flux simulation and modeling variables 125
Carbon mitigation potential and levels of uncertainty. 127
Discussion 127
Uncertainties in classification of land me/land cover types, carbon stock estimation and historical
evidence of carbon depletion 128
Flux estimations 130
Baseline assumptions 132
Concluding remarks 133
Acknowledgements 133
References 134
IX
7. A FRAMEWORK FOR MONITORING AND EVALUATION OF CARBON
MITIGATION BY FARM FORESTRY PROJECTS: EXAMPLE OF A
DEMONSTRATION PROJECT IN CHIAPAS, MEXICO 139
Introduction 139
Assessment, Monitoring and Evaluation of Forestry Projects 141
Carbon Sequestration Assessment 141
Monitoring 144
Evaluation 144
Monitoring and Evaluation in the Scolel Te Pilot Project 145
Project Management 146
Concluding comments 150
Integrated 150
Participatory 155
Simple 155
Reflective 156
Acknowledgments 156
References 156
8. COMPLEMENTARY ISSUES AND CONCLUSIONS 159
Forestry-based land management options for carbon mitigation 160
Conserving existing pools in forests
Enhancing pools in existing forests 161
Storage management K 1
Substitution management 1^1
Afforestation for carbon storage 1 ^
An abstracted parametric approach to simulate C fluxes in complex forest ecosystems 162
Compartments 1^6
Flows 66
Increment per compartment ^
Concluding remarks ^
Temporal and spatial variation of deforestation and forest degradation in the Highlands
of Chiapas 170
Impact of LU/LC change variability on C fluxes 174
Concluding remarks 77
Variability within a forest fragment 178
Concluding remarks ^
Presentation of GHG-mitigatiort benefits in forestry projects 183
Concluding remarks 185
Monitoring of carbon sequestration projects with multiple participants and high variety
of land-use systems and ecological conditions 185
References 189
SUMMARY 194
RESUMEN 198
SAMENVATTING 202
GLOSSARY 206
ABOUT THE AUTHOR 220
XI
List of Figures
Figure 1.1 Topographic profile of the Highlands of Chiapas 4
Figure 2.1 Schematic diagram of the vegetative carbon compartments of a
terrestrial ecosystem 15
Figure 2.2 Highly simplified diagram of carbon flows between aboveground and
belowground vegetative biomass, and the atmosphere 16
Figure 3.1 Chiapas highlands study area 50
Figure 3.2 Land-use/land-cover in the Chiapas highlands, Mexico, circa 1975 31
Figure 3.3 Land-use/land-cover in the Chiapas highlands, Mexico, circa 1991 33
Figure 3.4 Estimated mean carbon flux between ca. 1975 and ca 1991 35
Figure 4.1 Current annual increment of the selected systems during the first
rotation 74
Figure 4.2 Carbon allocation at the end of the first rotation 76
Figure 5.1 Location of the study area 85
Figure 5.2 Outline of the information flow to calculate the sequestration potential
of an incentive / service payment - based forestry program 90
Figure 5.3 Historical Carbon depletion in a sub-area of 308,000 ha, based upon
data from Landsat MSS (1974, 1984,1990) and Landsat TM (1996)
images 92
Figure 5.4 Costs of Carbon sequestration in $US MgC 1 for the four quartiles of
the Land use / Land Cover classes 96
Figure 5.5 Predicted carbon sequestration supply curves for total, forest, fallow
and development management options, based on low, medium and high
baseline assumptions 98
Figure 5.6 Predicted carbon sequestration supply curves for total, forest, fallow
and development management options using 5%, 10% (default), 20%,
and 40% discount rates 99
Figure 6.1 Hypothetical effect of a GHG-mitigation project, compared to a
business-as-usual scenario 107
Figure 6.2 Location ofthe Highlands of Chiapas and Juznajab La Laguna 109
Figure 6.3 Simplified representation of the model outline, used to simulate the
biomass accumulation in forest stands 115
Figure 6.4 Relation between aboveground tree biomass and total biomass
XII
(excluding tree biomass) 116
Figure 6.5 Relation between crown biomass and stem biomass allocation, based on
ratio and loglinear regression, and the linear allocation ratio, as applied
in the simulation model. A = pine species; B = oak species 121
Figure 6.6 Example of the modeling output of the baseline and project scenario 124
Figure 6.7 Relation between C density in soil organic matter and aboveground
living biomass in forests 129
Figure 6.8 Relation between C-density in soil organic matter and aboveground
living biomass in shrub and tree fallows 129
Figure 6.9 Relation between Current Annual Increment of pine trees and total
standing volume 131
Figure 7.1 Hypothetical effect of a farm forestry project on C-mitigation,
compared to a without-project baseline 140
Figure 7.2 Example of a Plan Vivo map 146
Figure 7.3 Current and proposed land-use change strategies 152
Figure 7.4 Information flows between monitoring and evaluation results for carbon
sequestration estimation 153
Figure 8.1 Growth equation used in the model 165
Figure 8.2 Plot wise conversion of shrub fallow, tree fallow, closed forest and
open areas from 1974 to 1996 172
Figure 8.3 Spatial variation in the change of closed forest from 1974 to 1996 37
Figure 8.4 Land use and land cover in six municipalities of the Highlands of
Chiapas in 1974, 1984,1990, and 1996 173
Figure 8.5 Downward trend in vulnerable C densities in the LU/LC classes of the
Highlands of Chiapas 175
Figure 8.6 Estimated trend in average vulnerable carbon density per land unit
between 1974 and 1996 of six municipalities of the Highlands of
Chiapas 176
Figure 8.7 Variations observed in the relation between height and Di 30 in the forest
of Juznajab la Laguna, Chiapas, Mexico 179
Figure 8.8 Frequency distribution of Hd=so of Pinus oocarpa Schiede in Juznajab la
Laguna, Chiapas 180
Figure 8.9 Frequency distribution of Hd=so of Pinus devoniana Iindl in Juznajab la
Mil
Laguna, Chiapas, Mexico 180
Figure 8.10 Non-linear relation between diameter increment and Duo for Pinus
oocarpa Schiede in Juznajab la Laguna, Chiapas, Mexico 181
Figure 8.11 Non-linear relation between diameter increment and Duo for Pinus
devoniana Lindl. in Juznajab la Laguna, Chiapas, Mexico 181
Figure 8.12 Variability in basal area and forest types, classified on the basis of
percentage basal area of the most important species assemblages of a
forest of 3000 ha in Juznajab la Laguna, Chiapas, Mexico 182
Figure 8.13 Procedures to present carbon offset benefits 184
List of Photos
Photo 1
Photo 2
Photo 3
Photo 4
Photo 5
Photo 6
A highly fragmented landscape with sharply defined borders 39
Forest fragments with fuzzy borders 39
Area under traditional slash-and-bum management. 41
A highly fragmented landscape, in which the tree element has been
removed almost completely 41
Cattle grazing in closed pine-oak forest 43
Fuelwood production resulting from converting a tree fallow to
cropland 43
List of Tables
Table 2.1 Ecosystem productivity measures and loss processes 17
Table 2.2 A procedure matrix for ranking carbon pools according to their
significance, vulnerability, and direction of change 24
Table 3.1 Chiapas highlands land-use/land-cover change from 1970s to 1990s 45
Table 3.2 Estimated carbon densities for Chiapas highlands land-use/land-cover
classes 52
Table 3.3 Carbon pool and flux estimates resulting from land-use change between
1970s and 1990s in Chiapas highlands 53
Table 3.4 Reported above plus belowground biomass and soil organic carbon
densities compared to three closed forest land use/land cover classes
represented in Chiapas highlands 55
Table 4.1 Parameters used in the CO2FIX simulation model to calculate the C-
fluxes through the proposed systems 71
Table 4.2 Forestry and agroforestry systems considered viable in Chiapas, Mexico 73
Table 4.3 Net accumulated carbon, including product decomposition during the 150
year cycle 75
Table 4.4 Estimated costs per ha of carbon sequestration for the selected systems. 77
Table 5.1 Costs and benefits of the management options 93
Table 5.2 Annual opportunity costs to convert current land use practices into C
sequestration management alternatives and one-off socio-technical costs
for community capacity building in forest management 94
Table 5.3 Areas of Land Use / Land Cover types within the study area, the average
total initial C-density, the estimated long-term increase in C stock and the
net sequestration potential for each ha entering the C sequestration
program under low, medium and high baseline scenarios 97
Table 6.1 Harvesting schedule used to model the expected C-fluxes in reference
and project management options for each LU/LC class 117
Table 6.2 Estimated total and tree carbon densities for the different land-use/land-
cover classes, based on data collected in the Highlands of Chiapas 119
Table 6.3 Relations between aboveground tree biomass and other major biomass
xv
pools in the forests of the Highlands of Chiapas 120
Table 6.4 Land use/Land cover from 1974 to 1996 in percentage of total area in the
Highlands and Juznajab La Laguna, and estimated annual and total
reductions in C-stock 122
Table 6.5 Comparison of area and tree biomass estimations of Juznajab La Laguna,
based on data collected in the highlands versus data collected in Juznajab
La Laguna 123
Table 6.6 Uncertainty analysis of the major parameters used in the C-flux model to
estimate the C-flux of forest management 125
Table 6.7 Carbon mitigation of natural forest management in Juznajab La Laguna,
Chiapas, Mexico 126
Table 7.1 Methods used in the assessment of sequestration by forestry projects 142
Table 7.2 Carbon mitigation categories for three intervention intensities and two
ecoregions 147
Table 7.3 Sustainability criteria and indicators to be used in the farm forestry
carbon sequestration pilot project 154
Table 8.1 Biomass compartments that were separated in the model 166
Table 8.2 Flows between the various compartments that result from natural or
human-.induced events 167
Table 8.3 Trends in LU/LC change and main driving forces for six municipalities
of the Highlands of Chiapas, Mexico 174
Jable 8.4 Activities and requirements for a regional GHG mitigation program with
individual projects 188
XVI
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| spelling | Jong, Ben H. J. de Verfasser aut Forestry for mitigating the greenhouse effect an ecological and economic assessment of the potential of land use to mitigate CO2 emissions in the highlands of Chiapas, Mexico Ben H.J. de Jong [s.l.] 2000 XVII, 220 S. Ill., Kt. 24 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Includes bibliographical references Wageningen, Univ., Diss., 2000 Kohlendioxidemission (DE-588)4164507-8 gnd rswk-swf Forstwirtschaft (DE-588)4017966-7 gnd rswk-swf Treibhauseffekt (DE-588)4226436-4 gnd rswk-swf Landnutzung (DE-588)4259046-2 gnd rswk-swf Mexiko (DE-588)4039058-5 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)4113937-9 Hochschulschrift gnd-content Mexiko (DE-588)4039058-5 g Landnutzung (DE-588)4259046-2 s Kohlendioxidemission (DE-588)4164507-8 s DE-604 Forstwirtschaft (DE-588)4017966-7 s Treibhauseffekt (DE-588)4226436-4 s HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=020526104&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Jong, Ben H. J. de Forestry for mitigating the greenhouse effect an ecological and economic assessment of the potential of land use to mitigate CO2 emissions in the highlands of Chiapas, Mexico Kohlendioxidemission (DE-588)4164507-8 gnd Forstwirtschaft (DE-588)4017966-7 gnd Treibhauseffekt (DE-588)4226436-4 gnd Landnutzung (DE-588)4259046-2 gnd |
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| title | Forestry for mitigating the greenhouse effect an ecological and economic assessment of the potential of land use to mitigate CO2 emissions in the highlands of Chiapas, Mexico |
| title_auth | Forestry for mitigating the greenhouse effect an ecological and economic assessment of the potential of land use to mitigate CO2 emissions in the highlands of Chiapas, Mexico |
| title_exact_search | Forestry for mitigating the greenhouse effect an ecological and economic assessment of the potential of land use to mitigate CO2 emissions in the highlands of Chiapas, Mexico |
| title_full | Forestry for mitigating the greenhouse effect an ecological and economic assessment of the potential of land use to mitigate CO2 emissions in the highlands of Chiapas, Mexico Ben H.J. de Jong |
| title_fullStr | Forestry for mitigating the greenhouse effect an ecological and economic assessment of the potential of land use to mitigate CO2 emissions in the highlands of Chiapas, Mexico Ben H.J. de Jong |
| title_full_unstemmed | Forestry for mitigating the greenhouse effect an ecological and economic assessment of the potential of land use to mitigate CO2 emissions in the highlands of Chiapas, Mexico Ben H.J. de Jong |
| title_short | Forestry for mitigating the greenhouse effect |
| title_sort | forestry for mitigating the greenhouse effect an ecological and economic assessment of the potential of land use to mitigate co2 emissions in the highlands of chiapas mexico |
| title_sub | an ecological and economic assessment of the potential of land use to mitigate CO2 emissions in the highlands of Chiapas, Mexico |
| topic | Kohlendioxidemission (DE-588)4164507-8 gnd Forstwirtschaft (DE-588)4017966-7 gnd Treibhauseffekt (DE-588)4226436-4 gnd Landnutzung (DE-588)4259046-2 gnd |
| topic_facet | Kohlendioxidemission Forstwirtschaft Treibhauseffekt Landnutzung Mexiko Hochschulschrift |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=020526104&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT jongbenhjde forestryformitigatingthegreenhouseeffectanecologicalandeconomicassessmentofthepotentialoflandusetomitigateco2emissionsinthehighlandsofchiapasmexico |