Slobodomurárske hnutie v českých krajinách a v Uhorsku v 18. storočí:
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Slovak |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Prešov
Vyd. Prešovskej University
2009
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract |
| Beschreibung: | Zsfassung in engl. und franz. Sprache |
| Beschreibung: | 177 S. Ill. |
| ISBN: | 9788080689711 |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text | OBSAH
Üvod
...........................................................................................................................6
1
Vznik a
šírenie slobodomurárskeho hnutia v Európe
.................................16
2
Slobodomurárstvo v spoločnosti
18.
storočia
..............................................36
2.1
Spoločenská štruktúra slobodomurárskeho hnutia.
Úradnícke a armádne elity v slobodomurárskom hnutí
.........................36
2.2
Slobodomurári a cirkev
...............................................................................50
3
Organizácia a štruktúra slobodomurárskeho hnutia
v Habsburskej monarchii v
18.
storočí
...........................................................91
4
Hlavné oblasti pôsobenia slobodomurárskych lóži
v českých krajinách a v Uhorsku
...................................................................128
4.1
Vedecká, kultúrna a osvetová činnosť
(slobodomurárske vedecké spolky a časopisy)
.......................................128
4.2
Filantropická
a charitatívna činnosť
........................................................140
5
Záver
...................................................................................................................146
Menný register
..........................................................................................................150
Miestny register
........................................................................................................157
Pramene a literatúra
................................................................................................159
Resumé
.......................................................................................................................170
Summary....................................................................................................................
174
Slobodomurárske hnutie v českých krajinách a v Uhorsku v
18.
storočí
________________
Summary
The Freemason movement won recognition in Bohemia, Moravia and the Hun¬
garian Empire in the
Іб 1
century. Here, the socio-economic situation was entirely
different from the countries where the movement originated. The bourgeoisie and
the emerging upper class which, in England and France, was the movement s core,
in Europe, had only achieved a lower degree of development. In spite of this, fre¬
emasonry achieved notable outcomes in the countries in question.
In the individual countries, variations with respect to spreading the Freema¬
son movement can be seen. Freemasonry reached Bohemia and Moravia mainly
from German regions. The movement in the Hungarian Empire was considerably
influenced by freemasonry in France, spread via Poland. A great deal of lodges
activities was represented by arguments about affiliation to one or another pro¬
vincial lodge. Such activities would consume a lot of time and energy in lodges; it
can be proven from financial records that lodges often significantly contributed
to their provincial lodges. The most considerable outcome in these disagreements
was achieved by the Prague Provincial Lodge, which, for a time, also governed the
provincial Lodge of Vienna. On the other hand, less significant lodges situated
in less developed areas of the monarchy were interested in weakening the connec¬
tion with the provincial lodge and even tried to establish independent provincial
lodges. This is especially obvious in Brno and the Hungarian Empire. By establis¬
hing an independent Moravian freemasonry, Brno freemasons not only tried to
free themselves from the arms of Vienna or Prague, but also tried to solve their
internal problems, which emerged when the second Lodge of Brno was establis¬
hed. In the Hungarian Empire, the effort to create an independent freemasonry
system was rather connected to political issues, especially the growing pressure
of
Germanisation.
These problems were partly solved by the establishment of the
Regional Grand Lodge of Austria, which governed four provincial lodges in
1784
and by Emperor Joseph II s subsequent decision, dated
1785,
regarding the move¬
ment s regulation in the monarchy.
In the areas of the monarchy in question, the Freemason movement was estab¬
lished exclusively in towns. Interestingly, in contrast with Bohemia and Moravia,
where the lodges were established only in Prague and Brno, in the Hungarian
Empire, lodges were established in as many as eight towns
(Prešov,
Bratislava,
Banská Štiavnica, Banská
Bystrica,
Spišská Sobota,
Miskolc,
Pešť and Budín)
and
the lodges in each of them were active for at least several years.
In Bohemia, Moravia and the Hungarian Empire, the movement was almost
exclusively aristocratic. Only a small percentage of members came from non-
privileged classes. In individual countries, differences in the social structure
of membership can be observed, which was caused by different levels of social
174
Martin
Javor
development. In Bohemia, the movement was of an aristocratic character for its
whole existence, it was restricted to a single social class, which spoke German.
The movement was of no interest to the lower social classes. In Moravia, the fre¬
emason movement was, until the 1780s, based mostly among aristocrats, later on,
the lodge accepted some non-privileged members. They were, mainly, state clerks
and tradesmen. In the Hungarian Empire, the membership comprised aristocrats,
officials and bourgeoisie. Most members were of distinguished aristocratic origin.
The aristocracy held the leading positions in
Habsburg
monarchy lodges, even
though the number of bourgeois members in Hungarian lodges was growing.
Aristocratic freemasons used the authority of existing absolutistic regimes to, in
this way, legitimise their leading position within the movement. Unlike the aris¬
tocracy in lodges of Western Europe, freemasons in Central Europe considered
enlightened absolutism their political ideal.
Apart from noble and honourable people devoted to the idea of freemasonry
and deeply convinced of the correctness and mission of their ideals, there were
also members who entered the movement with different goals. It concerned a cer¬
tain kind of snobbery, a fashion wrapped in a special veil of some provocative
mystery. In the course of the 18th century, a fashionable idea emerged in the hi¬
ghest circles of the aristocracy, that, for a good image, an aristocrat should beco¬
me a freemason. It might be fair to say that only a few freemasons actually knew
what the true purpose of the movement was.
Some rather significant differences with regard to particular countries could
be found in the activities of lodges. In Bohemia, activities were mainly focused on
charitable acts such as the maintenance of the Saint John the Baptist
s
Orphanage,
which was also supported by freemasons from other parts of the monarchy. The
orphanage was the most famous matter connected to freemasonry there. It could
be presumed that there was more than just this one orphanage in the monarchy,
there are clues pointing to Bratislava; however, the Prague orphanage was the only
one to provide material voluminous enough to describe its existence in detail. In
the 1770s and 1780s, activities of Prague freemasons focused on scientific and
publishing work, connected to the foundation of the Private Society of Science in
Prague, which achieved notable results. It was the only establishment of its kind
in the monarchy. Apart from the orphanage, it was the most significant product
of Prague freemasons. The success of their activities is proven by the fact that both
the orphanage and the scientific society kept functioning even after the move¬
ment was banned in
1795.
The success of Prague freemasons could be compared
to activities of freemasons in Germanic countries, especially in Prussia.
Freemasons in different parts of the monarchy fell behind their Prague
brothers in their activities. Considerably fewer reports have been preserved about
their activities than about Prague freemasons. Moravian freemasons focused on
175
Slobodomurárske hnutie v českých krajinách a v Uhorsku v
18.
storočí
enlightened activities. They founded the Reading Group, spread interest in rural
science, history and economy of Moravia and education among the peasant class.
They tried to develop the country, which can be proven by their proposals to im¬
prove agriculture in Moravia. Moravian freemasonry was probably weakened by
internal disagreements between two lodges, which hindered the organisation of
masonic activities.
Freemasons in the Hungarian Empire focused their activities on organising
lectures for their members, and although the data are sketchy, it seems that it was
mainly Hungarian freemasons who took an interest in political issues. They were
especially revolutionary, they cared for education and even demanded the refor¬
mulation of the Hungarian Constitution.
Radical offshoots of freemasonry, such as the Rosicrucians and the
Illuminati,
interfered in the countries in question in a different way. The Rosicrucians can be
traced especially in the Hungarian Empire where they were active in every town
touched by freemasonry. Their activities, which can be traced in Prague back to
the 1760s, were aborted due to revelations of their underhanded practices. In all
three countries, they focused on alchemistic work trying to unveil the mystery
of the production of gold and various elixirs. In opposition, the
Illuminati,
who
were active especially in Moravia, tried to educate the masses, open libraries and
establish reading groups, etc.
Publishing magazines was another contribution by freemasons to education.
The Freemason Magazine, Orpheus, The Prague Academic News, Educated So¬
ciety Tracts or Moravian Magazine all contributed to spreading education and
enlightenment throughout the monarchy and, besides, all these magazines were
either published or financially supported by masonic lodges.
The establishment of enlightened organisation by freemasonry provoked
strong reactions on the conservative side, and supported the theory of conspiracy.
This thesis searched for an explanation to the French Revolution and the spread
of its ideas by considering it the work of a wide-spread network of radical organi¬
sations. Although freemasonry played an important role in the building process
of Enlightenment, its members were in the service of Maria Theresa, Joseph II,
Leopold II and Franz II and held important political positions; still, it is not fair to
present this social-political position in connection with the above conspiracy the¬
ory, which suggests that the French Revolution was a masonic plot. Freemasonry,
besides meeting rooms and reading and discussion groups, was only one form of
media which spread philosophers ideas of freedom, equality, tolerance and hu¬
man value and found a response among intellectuals without playing the role of
a revolutionary club.
To summarize, it could be stated that masonic lodges in Central Europe in
the
Іб 1
century did not function as cells of seditious resistance, they were rather
176
Martin
Javor
places
where reformers, artists and scientists could meet and which played an im¬
portant role in history by spreading ideas of Enlightenment. Lodges functioned
as correspondence and organisation centres, places where everybody had an equal
right to express their opinion and where differences among people disappeared.
Freemasonry met the human urge for solidarity, mutual help and shared
enthusiasm. Its secret character and rituals filled a psychological vacuum which
was created by the loss of religious miracles, mysteries and authority. In freema¬
sonry, enlightenment found an institutional way of expressing itself, which could
be found neither in magazines nor in enlightenment despotism. Its aim was to
spread enlightenment opposed to the existing forms of social hierarchy, political
authority and the traditional understanding of religion. The importance of lodges
in the
Habsburg
monarchy primarily lay in the process of overcoming the old
feudalistic corporative connections and the creation of bourgeois emancipatory
awareness of the clerkdom and intelligentsia.
Masonic lodges brought together people of all professions, occupations and va¬
rious Christian beliefs. Here, any differences in origin would disappear, a Count
would sit next to a factory owner, an advisor next to a chancellor, a canon next to
a village Evangelical priest, an officer next to a teacher. Apart from this connec¬
ting role, freemasonry in Central Europe mainly played the role of a propagator
of enlightened ideas.
177
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| spelling | Javor, Martin Verfasser aut Slobodomurárske hnutie v českých krajinách a v Uhorsku v 18. storočí Martin Javor Prešov Vyd. Prešovskej University 2009 177 S. Ill. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Zsfassung in engl. und franz. Sprache Geschichte 1700-1800 Geschichte 1740-1800 gnd rswk-swf Freemasonry / Slovakia / History / 18th century Freemasonry / Hungary / History / 18th century Geschichte Freimaurerei (DE-588)4018348-8 gnd rswk-swf Ungarn Ostmitteleuropa (DE-588)4075753-5 gnd rswk-swf Ostmitteleuropa (DE-588)4075753-5 g Freimaurerei (DE-588)4018348-8 s Geschichte 1740-1800 z DE-604 Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=020523758&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=020523758&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
| spellingShingle | Javor, Martin Slobodomurárske hnutie v českých krajinách a v Uhorsku v 18. storočí Freemasonry / Slovakia / History / 18th century Freemasonry / Hungary / History / 18th century Geschichte Freimaurerei (DE-588)4018348-8 gnd |
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| title | Slobodomurárske hnutie v českých krajinách a v Uhorsku v 18. storočí |
| title_auth | Slobodomurárske hnutie v českých krajinách a v Uhorsku v 18. storočí |
| title_exact_search | Slobodomurárske hnutie v českých krajinách a v Uhorsku v 18. storočí |
| title_full | Slobodomurárske hnutie v českých krajinách a v Uhorsku v 18. storočí Martin Javor |
| title_fullStr | Slobodomurárske hnutie v českých krajinách a v Uhorsku v 18. storočí Martin Javor |
| title_full_unstemmed | Slobodomurárske hnutie v českých krajinách a v Uhorsku v 18. storočí Martin Javor |
| title_short | Slobodomurárske hnutie v českých krajinách a v Uhorsku v 18. storočí |
| title_sort | slobodomurarske hnutie v ceskych krajinach a v uhorsku v 18 storoci |
| topic | Freemasonry / Slovakia / History / 18th century Freemasonry / Hungary / History / 18th century Geschichte Freimaurerei (DE-588)4018348-8 gnd |
| topic_facet | Freemasonry / Slovakia / History / 18th century Freemasonry / Hungary / History / 18th century Geschichte Freimaurerei Ungarn Ostmitteleuropa |
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