Verfügbarkeit: The spinal cord

The spinal cord: a Christopher and Dana Reeve Foundation text and atlas

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Format:	Buch
Sprache:	English
Veröffentlicht:	Amsterdam [u.a.] Elsevier, Acad. Press 2009
Ausgabe:	1. ed.
Schlagworte:	Rückenmark
Online-Zugang:	Inhaltsverzeichnis
Beschreibung:	XV, 387 S. zahlr. Ill., graph. Darst.
ISBN:	9780123742476

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Datensatz im Suchindex

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adam_text	Contents Preface xv 1 The Organization of the Spinal Cord ι Charles Watson and Gulgun Kayaliogiu Introduction .................................................................................1 The gross anatomy of the spinal cord .......................................................1 Spinal cord segments ........................................................................2 Spinal nerves .................................................................................2 Spinal cord gray and white matter ...........................................................3 Lateral cervical nucleus ......................................................................5 Lateral spinal nucleus ........................................................................5 Onuf s nucleus ...............................................................................5 Central canal .................................................................................5 Spinal cord meninges ........................................................................6 Vasculature of the spinal cord ...............................................................6 References ....................................................................................6 2 Development of the Spinal Cord 8 Ken WS Ashwell From neural plate to neural tube ............................................................8 Neural crest development ....................................................................9 Alar and basal plates and their derivatives ..................................................9 Segmentation of the developing spinal cord ...............................................10 Motoneuron development and cell death ..................................................10 Development of spinal cord afférents and dorsal horn interneurons .....................12 Development of glia in the spinal cord ....................................................12 Development of major ascending and descending tracts ..................................12 Myelination of spinal cord pathways .......................................................13 Relative growth of the spinal cord and vertebral column .................................13 References ...................................................................................14 3 The Vertebral Column and Spinal Meninges 17 Gulgun Kayaliogiu The vertebral column .......................................................................17 General features of the vertebrae in mammals ............................................17 Interspecific variation in vertebral number ................................................19 The rodent vertebral column ...............................................................19 Cervical vertebrae in humans ..............................................................20 Thoracic vertebrae in humans .............................................................21 Lumbar vertebrae in humans ..............................................................21 The sacrum in humans .....................................................................21 The coccyx in humans ......................................................................22 Curvatures of the spine .....................................................................22 Joints of the vertebrae ......................................................................23 Joints between vertebral bodies ............................................................23 Joints between vertebral arches .............................................................24 The craniovertebral joints ..................................................................24 Lumbosacral joints .........................................................................25 Sacrococcygeal joint ........................................................................25 Intercoccygeal joints ........................................................................26 Sacro-iliac joints ............................................................................26 The intrinsic muscles of the vertebral column .............................................26 The spinal meninges ........................................................................28 Intermediate Ieptomeningeal layer .........................................................30 References ...................................................................................31 The Spinal Cord Watson, Paxinos & Kayaliogiu IX 4 The Spinal Nerves 37 Gulgun Kayalioglu The anatomy of the dorsal and ventral roots and spinal nerves ...........................37 Dorsal root (spinal) ganglia ................................................................40 Spinal nerves ...............................................................................42 Dermatomes ................................................................................48 References ...................................................................................50 5 The Spinal Cord Blood Vessels 57 Oscar U Scremin Blood flow and spinal cord function .......................................................57 Capillary networks ..........................................................................57 Spinal cord blood flow imaging ............................................................58 Arterial anatomy ............................................................................58 Venous anatomy ............................................................................60 Spinal cord lymphatic drainage ............................................................60 Experimental spinal cord ischemia .........................................................61 Blood flow in spinal cord trauma ..........................................................61 References ...................................................................................61 6 Cytoarchitecture of the Spinal Cord 64 Claire Heise and Gulgun Kayalioglu The laminae of Rexed .......................................................................64 Lamina 1....................................................................................64 Lamina 2....................................................................................67 Lamina 3....................................................................................69 Lamina 4....................................................................................70 The dorsal nucleus ..........................................................................71 Lamina 5....................................................................................73 Lamina 6....................................................................................74 Lamina 7....................................................................................74 Lamina 8....................................................................................77 Lamina 9....................................................................................78 Lamina 10...................................................................................79 References ...................................................................................80 7 Localization of Motoneurons in the Spinal Cord 94 Steve McHanwell and Charles Watson Introduction - motoneuron types .........................................................94 Cellular organization of neurons within the ventral and intermediate horns ............94 Experimental approaches to motoneuron localization ....................................95 Topography of motoneuron pools in the upper cervical spinal cord .....................96 Topography of forelimb motoneuron pools in the cervical enlargement .................99 Topography of motoneuron pools in the thoracic and upper lumbar spinal cord ......103 Topography of hindlimb motoneuron pools in the lumbosacral spinal cord ...........106 Muscles of the perineum ..................................................................110 Deep muscles of the back and tail ........................................................110 Conclusions ............................................................................... Ill References ................................................................................. Ill The Spina! Cord Watson, Paxinos & Kayalioglu 8 Spinal Autonomie Preganglionic Neurons: the visceral efferent system of the spinal cord 115 Colin R Anderson, Janet R Keast and Elspeth IVI McLachlan Visceral efferent pathways .................................................................115 Spatial distribution of preganglionic neurons ............................................115 Morphology of preganglionic neurons and arrangement of their dendrites ............116 Sympathetic preganglionic neurons ......................................................117 Parasympathetic preganglionic neurons ..................................................119 Chemistry of preganglionic neurons .....................................................120 Chemistry of synaptic inputs to preganglionic neurons .................................120 Regulation of pelvic organ function ......................................................122 Summary ..................................................................................122 References .................................................................................123 9 Central Nervous System Control of Micturition ізо Gert Holstege and Han Collewijn Introduction ...............................................................................130 Afferent fibers from bladder to sacral spinal cord ........................................130 Sensory endings in the bladder wall ......................................................130 Sensory endings in the urethra ............................................................131 Sacral cord .................................................................................131 Bladder C-fibers ...........................................................................131 Bladder А -delta fibers .....................................................................131 Ascending projections .....................................................................132 Motor innervation of bladder and bladder sphincter ....................................132 Somatomotor innervation of the external bladder sphincter ............................134 Sacral micturition reflexes ................................................................136 Periaqueductal gray .......................................................................136 Pontine micturition center (PMC) .......................................................138 Continence center or L-region ............................................................140 Other brainstem-spinal pathways possibly involved in bladder and sphincter motoneuronal control ..................................................141 Forebrain micturition control ............................................................142 Conclusion ................................................................................144 References .................................................................................144 10 Projections from the Spinal Cord to the Brain ш Gulgun Kayalioglu Introduction ...............................................................................148 Ascending spinal projections in the ventrolateral funiculus .............................148 Other ascending projections in the ventrolateral funiculus .............................154 Projections from the spinal cord to the cerebellum ......................................155 The dorsal spinocerebellar tract ..........................................................155 Dorsal column ascending pathways .......................................................157 References .................................................................................158 The Spinal Cord Watson, Paxinos & Kayalioglu 11 Projections from the Brain to the Spinal Cord m Charles Watson and Alan R Harvey Introduction ...............................................................................168 The corticospinal tract ....................................................................168 Hypothalamic and diencephalic projections to the spinal cord ..........................171 The rubrospinal tract ......................................................................171 The tectospinal tract .......................................................................172 Cerebellospinal projections ...............................................................172 The reticulospinal tracts ..................................................................173 Descending trigeminal and dorsal column nuclei projections ...........................173 The vestibulospinal tracts .................................................................173 Raphespinal and coeruleospinal tracts ....................................................174 The solitariospinal tract ..................................................................174 Projection from the retroambiguus nucleus to the spinal cord ..........................174 References .................................................................................174 12 The Propriospinal System ш Amanda С Conta and Dennis J Stelzner The propriospinal system: definition and overall function ..............................180 Subgroups of propriospinal networks ....................................................181 Propriospinal networks and neurotransmitters ..........................................183 Locomotor propriospinal system across species .........................................184 Propriospinal projections and experimental spinal cord injury .........................184 Conclusion ................................................................................185 References .................................................................................186 13 Spinal Cord Transmitter Substances 191 Claire Heise and Gulgun Kayalioglu Introduction ...............................................................................191 Cholinergic neurons .......................................................................191 Substance P ................................................................................193 Noradrenergic projections to the spinal cord .............................................194 Serotoninergic projections from the raphe nuclei ........................................196 Dopaminergic projections to the spinal cord .............................................197 References .................................................................................198 14 Spinal Cord Injury: experimental animal models and relation to human therapy 209 Stuart I Hodgetts, Giles W Plant and Alan R Harvey Introduction ...............................................................................209 General pathophysiology of SCI ..........................................................209 Types of spinal cord injury ................................................................210 Immune and inflammatory responses following SCI ....................................211 Methods to induce spinal cord injury ....................................................212 Assessing functional recovery in animal models of SCI ..................................214 Assessing human functional recovery ....................................................215 Differences between animal models and humans and functional recovery after SC .... 216 Strategies to treat SCI .....................................................................218 Clinical trials ..............................................................................222 References .................................................................................222 XII The Spinal Cord Watson, Paxinos & Kayalioglu 15 Atlas of the Rat Spinal Cord 2З8 Charles Watson, George Paxinos, Gulgun Kayalioglu and Claire Heise Introduction............................................................................... 238 Methods ...................................................................................238 Cresyl violet staining and AChE histochemistry .........................................239 Immunohistochemical processing ........................................................239 Mounting ..................................................................................240 Photography and diagrams ...............................................................240 Nomenclature and abbreviations .........................................................240 Basis of delineation of structures .........................................................240 Naming of spinal cord segments ..........................................................240 Identification of regions and segments of the spinal cord in the rat and mouse .......241 References .................................................................................241 List of structures ...........................................................................242 Permission to reproduce figures ..........................................................243 Acknowledgements ........................................................................243 Rat spinal cord figures and plates ............................................244 16 Atlas of the Mouse Spinal Cord зов Charles Watson, George Paxinos, Gulgun Kayalioglu and Claire Heise Introduction ...............................................................................308 Methods ...................................................................................308 Mouse spinal cord sections provided by the Allen Institute for Brain Science ..........308 Photography and diagrams ...............................................................309 Basis of delineation of structures .........................................................309 References .................................................................................309 List of structures ...........................................................................310 Permission to reproduce figures ..........................................................311 Acknowledgements ........................................................................311 Mouse spinal cord figures and plates .........................................312 17 Toward a Spinal Cord Ontology зво Charles Watson and Amandeep Sidhu What is an ontology? ......................................................................380 Regional subdivisions in the spinal cord ..................................................380 A new regional classification based on development .....................................380 An ontological outline of spinal cord nomenclature .....................................381 Six levels in the spinal cord ontology .....................................................381 Subdividing the limb enlargements into rostral and caudal groups .....................381 Detailed similarities between the arrangement of motoneuron groups in the brachial and lumbar enlargements ..............................................381 Similarities between the segments that immediately precede the upper and lower limb enlargements ..........................................................382 Does this spinal cord ontology have any practical application? ..........................383 References .................................................................................383 Index 384 Tiie Spinal Cord Watson, Paxinos & Kayalioglu
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