Systems and software engineering with applications:
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
New York, NY
IEEE Press
2009
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | Includes bibliographical references and index |
| Beschreibung: | XIX, 443 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 9780738158525 |
Internformat
MARC
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Systems and software engineering with applications |c Norman F. Schneidewind |
| 264 | 1 | |a New York, NY |b IEEE Press |c 2009 | |
| 300 | |a XIX, 443 S. |b Ill., graph. Darst. | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 500 | |a Includes bibliographical references and index | ||
| 650 | 4 | |a Computer software |x Reliability | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Software engineering | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Systems engineering | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text | Contents
Preface
xix
Part
1 :
Systems and Software Engineering Models, Methods,
Tools, and Standards
Chapter
1 :
Quantitative Methods to Ensure the Reliability, Maintainability,
and Availability of Computer Hardware and Software
1
This chapter provides the foundations in probability, statistics, and reliability analysis that
support Chapters
2, 3,
and
4.
Probability and Statistics
2
Design of Experiments: ANOVA Randomized Block Model
9
ANOVA Model
10
Design of Experiments: One-way ANOVA
15
Chebyshev s Theorem: The Rarity of Outliers
18
Reliability and Failure Analysis
19
Normal Distribution
25
Multiple Component Reliability Analysis
27
Computer System Availability and Maintenance
31
Fault Tree Analysis
34
Confidence Intervals Model
38
Chapter
2:
Overview of Software Reliability Engineering
45
This chapter introduces the engineer to the important discipline of software reliability en¬
gineering designed to improve the reliability of software products, and provides the funda¬
mentals to tackle Chapters
5, 6, 7,
and
8.
Scope of Software Reliability Problem
45
What Is Software Reliability Engineering?
47
Principles of Software Reliability Engineering
48
Software Reliability Modeling
49
Software Reliability Applications
54
Software Reliability Data and Failure Scenarios
54
Interpreting Software Reliability Predictions
56
Failure Mode Effects Analysis
58
Bayesian Analysis
60
ix
Contents
Chapter
3:
Statistical Quality Control
63
This chapter covers methods for controlling the quality of hardware and software products
and processes in order to ensure that quality stays within the limits specified by users.
Statistical Quality Control
63
Acceptance Sampling
71
Binomial Distribution Method for Acceptance Sampling
73
Single Sampling Plans for Consumer and Producer
74
Double Sampling Plans for Consumer and Producer
75
Chapter
4:
Risk, Reliability, and Testing Case Study
77
This chapter provides the engineer with a case study that illustrates how software risk
and reliability analysis can be used to reduce the risk of software failures and improve the
overall reliability of the software product. Topics include early predictions of reliability,
reliability risk factors, risk factor metrics as predictors of reliability, risk analysis applied
to safety critical, and risk predictions compared with reliability growth models
Overview of the Principles of Risk-Driven Reliability Model and Test Process
77
Model and Process Basics
78
Safety Critical Software Considerations
78
Risk Analysis
80
Reliability Analysis
82
Predictions and Prediction Accuracy
83
Tradeoff between Consumer s Risk and Producer s Risk
84
Example
Poisson
Process Problem: First and Second Tests
88
NASA Space Shuttle Application
94,99
Chapter
5:
Models for Systems and Software Engineering
103
This chapter is about models that can predict the rates of learning of personnel in test or¬
ganizations and the delays that are incurred during the testing process. These models are
important because, of course, personnel cannot adapt instantaneously to the challenge of,
for example, testing new software. In addition, it must be recognized that queuing delays
must be considered when scheduling activities such as software testing.
Learning Curve Models
103
Learning Curve Exponential Model
108
Software Production Time Model 111
Software Production Regression Model
112
Assessing the Effect of Defects and Complexity of Learning
116
Queuing Analysis
117
Single-Server Fault Detection and Correction Model with Exponentially Distributed
Time between Arrivals and Service Times
119
Multiple-Server Fault Detection and Correction Model with Exponentially Distrib¬
uted Time between Arrivals and Service Times, and Finite Server Capacity
122
Assessing Effectiveness of Fault Correction
127
Contents Xl
Chapter
6: Software
Reliability Metrics
129
Recently new software reliability metrics have been developed and evaluated that are not
included in the
ШЕЕ
982.1
Standard Dictionary of Measures of the Software Aspects of
Dependability. (In plain English, this standard is about software reliability metrics!) In
addition, modifications have been made to metrics in
982.1
to enhance their usability. The
objective of this chapter is to describe, evaluate, and show how to apply these new and
modified metrics, using failure data from several releases of the NASA Space Shuttle flight
software. This chapter supports the use of tools in Chapter
7.
Recognizing that readers have other applications, the methodology, equations, and
prediction plots are explained so that engineers can apply the metrics to their applications.
The metrics are assessed from two standpoints:
1)
identify metrics that support a specified
purpose (e.g., demonstrate reliability growth) and
2)
using the metrics, identify software
releases that, based on reliability predictions, are ready to deploy and identify which soft¬
ware requires additional testing. Prediction accuracy is computed for all metrics and the
metrics are compared based on the results.
Reliability Metric Assumptions
131
New Software Reliability Metrics
132
Modified Software Reliability Metrics
137
Summary of Reliability Metric Results
147
Conclusions
147
Appendix
149
Chapter
7:
Software Reliability and Metrics Tools
153
First, learn how to measure the reliability of software using reliability and metrics predic¬
tion models. Then, learn about software reliability and metrics tools that will assist you in
making predictions to improve the reliability of your software. You will be provided with
background regarding the rationale for using tools and the knowledge required to use them
effectively that includes, for example, reliability goals, risk of inadequate reliability, cost
of prediction, and data requirements.
Background that Supports the Use of Tools
153
Software Reliability Tools
161
Software Reliability Prediction Results
163
Software Metrics and Metrics Tools
168
Appendix
172
Chapter
8:
Integrating Testing with Reliability
187
The activities of software testing and reliability are integrated for the purpose of demon¬
strating how the two activities interact in achieving testing efficiency and the reliability
resulting from tests. Integrating means modeling the execution of a variety of tests on
a directed graph representation of an example program. A complexity metric is used to
construct the nodes, edges, and paths of the example program. Models are developed to
represent the efficiency and achieved reliability of black-box and white-box tests. Evalu¬
ations are made of path, independent path, node, program construct, and random tests to
ascertain which, if any, is superior with respect to efficiency and reliability. Overall, path
testing has the edge in test efficiency. The results depend on the nature of the directed graph
in relation to the type of test. While there is no dominant method, in most cases the tests
xii
Contents
that provide detailed coverage are better. For example, path testing discovers more faults
than independent path testing. Predictions are made of the reliability and fault correction
that result from implementing various test strategies. The methods can be used by research¬
ers and practitioners to evaluate the efficiency and reliability of other programs.
Introduction
188
Challenges to Efficient Testing
188
Test Strategies
190
Testing Process
191
Integrated Testing and Reliability Model
194
Constructing the Directed Graphs of Example Programs
195
Test Strategy Evaluation
196
Test Effectiveness
197
Results of Test Strategies Evaluation
198
Dynamic Testing Analysis
200
Black-Box Testing Analysis
204
Answers to Practical Questions
204
Reliability Models that Combine Fault Correction with Testing
206
Empirical Approaches to Testing
207
Conclusions
208
Chapter
9:
Architecture, Performance, Reliability, and Availability
211
The objectives of this chapter are:
1)
evaluate the effects of configuration complexity, reli¬
ability, and availability on architecture performance, using real-world architectures as ex¬
amples and
2)
compare the architectures using evaluation criteria in
1).
The reason for this
chapter is the increasing reliance on the services provided by Web servers, which mandates
that these services be offered with superior performance and reliability. The architecture of
a Web server has a profound impact on its performance and reliability. The same statement
could be made about any application.
In Chapter
1,
some of the subjects covered were probability distributions
—
for example,
the binomial, hardware reliability and failure analysis, and computer system availability. This
chapter builds on those subjects to show how architecture influences computer performance,
reliability, and availability. Also, recall the application of complexity metrics in Chapter
7
to
analyze the complexity of a computer program. Now, in this chapter, you will see how these
concepts are use to assess the complexity of computer architecture configurations.
Introduction
211
Non-Parallel Computer Availability Model
212
Parallel Computer Architectural Model
213
Architectural Characteristics
214
Integrating Reliability, Availability, and Performance
214
Processor Performance Specifications and Architectural Data Values
218
Comparing Computer Architectures
219
Comparing Hardware and Software Reliability and Analyzing
Incremental Performance
222
Contents XU
j
Chapter
10:
Internet Fault Tree Analysis for Reliability Estimation
227
Fault tree analysis, introduced in Chapter
1,
is a popular analytical technique for reliability
estimation. Fault trees are graphical models that represent logical relationships between
events that lead to system failure. They also provide a systematic mathematical framework
for analyzing potential causes of failure. From a design perspective, they allow the designer
to understand the ways in which a system may fail. Fault trees comprise basic events con¬
nected by gates, in a logical path, to a top node that represents system or subsystem failure.
You use this graphical model to conceptualize the reliability and safety of multiple Internet
services accessed by an Internet user.
Introduction
227
Fault Tree Analysis
228
Model of FTA for Internet Services
230
Event Failure Analysis
234
Fault Tree for Analyzing Internet Service Failures
239
Predicting Failure Rates with Fault Correction
241
Chapter
11 :
Standard for Software Reliability
245
This chapter shows how a new standard
—
the IEEE Recommended Practice on Software
Reliability
—
can be applied to predict the reliability of a software system and assess the
risk of not meeting the reliability specification. It shows reliability basics that can be com¬
bined with the standard s reliability process and applied to the reliability assessment of a
variety of applications. Because hardware and software have different characteristics, cor¬
respondingly, their models must differ.
This standard prescribes the methods for assessing and predicting the reliability of
software, based on a life-cycle approach to software reliability engineering. It provides
information necessary for the application of software reliability measurement to a project,
lays a foundation for building consistent methods, and establishes the basic principle for
collecting the data needed to assess and predict the reliability of software. The document
prescribes how any user can participate in ongoing software reliability assessments and
predictions.
Introduction
245
Reliability Basics
246
Hardware Reliability
247
Software Reliability Engineering Risk Analysis
248
Software Reliability Model Parameter Analysis
254
Overview of Recommended Software Reliability Models
255
Part
2:
Applications of Systems and Software Engineering
Chapter
12:
Simulation and Analytical Models: A Comparison
263
Queueing models have been applied to the software fault detection and correction process.
In addition, analysis of the time spent by faults in a software testing system has led natu¬
rally to an increased interest in the dynamics of queuing networks, which are used to model
such systems. Analytical as well as simulation models have been used to study the behav¬
ior of queues and fault correction stations in testing systems. Thus, you can employ both
Contents
analytical and simulation models in relieving fault bottlenecks in fault correction systems.
Simulation is the process of designing a model of a real system and conducting experi¬
ments to understand its behavior. The process involves evaluating strategies for operating
the system. Simulation is used when, even if analytical results are available, a trace of the
history of the process under study is desired. For example, analytical model results provide
average values of the times that faults wait to be corrected, but you may be interested in the
predicted wait time of each fault that can be obtained by simulation.
Introduction
263
Queuing Models
f
or Software Development
266
Model Results
273
Appendix
278
Chapter
13:
Object-Oriented Methods for Modeling
Software Reliability
289
Can object-oriented methods be applied to mathematical software? Apparently, the answer
is yes, according to some researchers who say. It has been recognized in a number of dif¬
ferent fields that object-oriented programming, in general, and software frameworks, in
particular, provide a means to allow the efficient construction and maintenance of large-
scale software systems. Since general-purpose numerical analysis codes certainly qualify
as large-scale software, it makes sense for us to see how these methodologies can be ap¬
plied to this field.
Background on Object-Oriented Design
289
О
-O
Concepts Applied to Software Reliability Model
291
What Do
О
-O
Designers say is Good Practice?
296
Experience Using UML
297
О
-O
Analysis
298
Object-Oriented Design Process
299
Implementing
0-0
Methods
300
Conclusions About Applicability of
О
-O
and UML to Mathematical Software
301
Appendix
302
Chapter
14:
Cyber Security Prediction Models
305
Predictive models for estimating the occurrence of cyber attacks are desperately needed to
counteract the growing threat of cyber terrorism. Unfortunately, except to a limited degree,
there is no genuine database of attacks, vulnerabilities, consequences, and risks to employ
for model development and validation. However, it is still useful to provide definitions,
equations, plots, and analyses to answer the what if questions concerning potential at¬
tacks. This is done by reasoning about the elements of predictive models and their relation¬
ships, which are needed to mirror objects and events in the real world of cyberspace. The
application of these models is to provide the user with a vehicle for testing hypotheses
about how to respond to a cyber attack before it occurs, using risk, vulnerabilities, time
between attacks, and intrusion (number and duration) concepts.
Introduction
306
Cyber Security Strategies
306
Contents
XV
Cyber Security Threat to the Internet
307
Internet Vulnerabilities
308
Cyber Security Threat to Critical Infrastructure
310
Cyber Security Issues
311
Cyber Security Theory
311
Importance of Cyber Security Models
311
Cyber Security Model Validation
312
Data Resources
312
Relationship of Availability and Security
312
Measurements in Cyber Security
312
Risk Model
313
Exponential Model
#1 316
Exponential Model
#2 316
Vulnerability Model
320
Development of Confidence Intervals for CERT Vulnerability Count
321
Intrusion Model
323
Relative Measures of Effectiveness
325
Time Duration of Intrusions Model
326
Part
3:
Systems and Software Engineering in the Workplace
Chapter
15:
Ergonomics and Safety in the Workplace
333
In this chapter the engineer is provided with information about the following requirements
for health and safety in the workplace.
Application of the National Institute of Occupational Safety
and Health (NIOSH) Formula
334
Work Model
336
OSHA
Permissible Noise Levels (PELS)
338
Cumulative Trauma Disorders of the Upper Extremities
339
Rapid Upper Limb Assessment
(RULA)
339
Definition of
Anthropométrie
340
Human-Machine Interface (HMI)
340
Site Selection Factors
341
Chapter
16:
Facility Layout and Location Models
345
It is important to take a systems approach when engineering facility layouts and locations.
While, for example, when designing a Web server application, it is obviously important to
consider the content of the servers and the search strategy, we should not lose site of system
factors such as layout and location. Thus, this chapter deals with methods and models for
facilitating layout of manufacturing facilities. Interestingly, these facilities can be assets
used in the manufacture of hardware items or for the production of software products and
xvi
Contents
services such as Web systems. The problem is to assign departments to locations or to assign
Web servers to locations based on several factors, including the need for interaction among
the facilities. In addition, this chapter discusses the related problem of optimally locating
facilities such that the cost of travel or transporting material among facilities is minimized.
Introduction
346
Determinants of Facility Layout and Location
346
Facility Layout and Location Model Development
348
Heuristic for Achieving Closeness of Facilities
354
Complexity of Connectivity
355
Centroid Method for Facility Location Analysis
359
REL
Chart for Layout and Location Design
363
From To Charts for Layout Design
364
Component Routing and Assignment Analysis
365
Facility Location Analysis with Weighted Scoring
367
Facility Capacity Analysis
368
Least-Cost Assignment Methods
371
Chapter
17:
Inventory Control
375
Inventory control is a ubiquitous problem that challenges the engineer in a variety of sys¬
tems. For example, in the manufacture of computer systems, various component parts must
be available when needed to achieve smooth work flow. Controlling inventory is a challenge
because unexpected demands for components, based on spurious demands by customers
for finished products, can make complete control problematic. Some of the remedial mea¬
sures are maintaining a safety stock, below which inventory must not fall, and using models
to compute the quantity and time to produce or order to meet customer demand.
Basic Economic Order Quantity (EOQ) Model
375
Inventory with Demand and Production Runs But No Safety Stock
(Case Study)
377
Inventory with Demand, Production Runs, and Safety Stock
382
Part
4:
Scheduling and Cost Control in Systems and Software
Chapter
18:
Scheduling
389
This chapter deals with some of the models that can be used in sensibly assigning and
scheduling resources so bottlenecks and idle time are minimized. Examples are drawn
from the fields of software production and testing.
Job-Scheduling Model
389
Workflow Model
393
Critical-Path Method (CPM) of Scheduling
399
The CPM model s objective is to produce a schedule that will achieve the requirements of
the project activities. For example, the software engineer may have to develop a schedule
for predicting the reliability of Modules A and B, where A is predicted using
A s
failure
data and
В
is predicted by using
A s
predictions and B s failure data on a computer that has
multiple processes and processors that can run in parallel. Even for a small problem, it is
Contents
XVII
not clear how to develop the schedule without using a structured approach, as provided by
the CPM model. The reason is the presence of dependencies among activities.
Program Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT)
401
PERT is also a scheduling model that is used to schedule software reliability engineering
activities. How does PERT differ from CPM? Whereas CPM requires only a single esti¬
mate of activity duration, PERT requires three. CPM is used on projects where there is a
lot of experience (e.g., software testing); PERT is used on projects where there is a lot of
uncertainty (e.g., software development).
Chapter
19:
Forecasting Models
405
In many situations it is necessary to make forecasts of future events, such as the time
to next failure of a software system. In this chapter you learn about the leading models
for making such forecasts. These models
—
exponential smoothing, geometric exponential
smoothing, moving average, regression, and
autoregressive
integrated moving average
—
in effect average past observations to make a fit to the forecasting function. In order to
select the most accurate model for your forecasts, you should evaluate their accuracy using
relative error and mean relative error metrics.
Exponential Smoothing Forecasting Model (ESM)
405
Moving Average Model (MAM)
407
Simple ARIMA Model
407
Model Limitation
408
Regression Model
408
Failure Data Used in Examples
408
Relative Error
409
Forecast Results
409
NASA Space Shuttle Software Release OI5
410
Chapter
20:
Cost Analysis
415
A variety of cost analysis methods are presented, with the objective of considering benefits
and costs in making decisions on the deployment of technology. Too often benefits and
costs are ignored in decisions concerning the development of technological products and
services. The aim of this chapter is to provide the engineer with the tools to put cost-benefit
analysis on an equal footing with technical considerations in making investment decisions.
Models are constructed and solved for weighing alternatives, taking into account a stream
of benefits and costs over the lives of the assets being evaluated.
Introduction
415
Present Value Model: Exponential Growth
416
Finding the Rate of Return on an Investment
418
Identifying the Payback Period
421
Asset Comparison
422
Computing Annual Benefits
425
Maintenance and Salvage Costs Calculations
426
Activity-Based Costing (ABC)
426
Analysis of Costs
427
XViii
Contents
Standard
Costs
429
Product and Standard Costing
429
Lagging and Leading Indicators
429
Performance Metrics
429
Break-Even Analysis
430
Index
431
|
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| discipline | Informatik |
| format | Book |
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| id | DE-604.BV036554895 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T22:42:45Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9780738158525 |
| language | English |
| lccn | 2009006761 |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-020476356 |
| oclc_num | 705655761 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-703 DE-355 DE-BY-UBR |
| owner_facet | DE-703 DE-355 DE-BY-UBR |
| physical | XIX, 443 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| publishDate | 2009 |
| publishDateSearch | 2009 |
| publishDateSort | 2009 |
| publisher | IEEE Press |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Schneidewind, Norman F. Verfasser aut Systems and software engineering with applications Norman F. Schneidewind New York, NY IEEE Press 2009 XIX, 443 S. Ill., graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Includes bibliographical references and index Computer software Reliability Software engineering Systems engineering Systemtechnik (DE-588)4140901-2 gnd rswk-swf Software Engineering (DE-588)4116521-4 gnd rswk-swf Software Engineering (DE-588)4116521-4 s Systemtechnik (DE-588)4140901-2 s DE-604 Digitalisierung UB Bayreuth application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=020476356&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Schneidewind, Norman F. Systems and software engineering with applications Computer software Reliability Software engineering Systems engineering Systemtechnik (DE-588)4140901-2 gnd Software Engineering (DE-588)4116521-4 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4140901-2 (DE-588)4116521-4 |
| title | Systems and software engineering with applications |
| title_auth | Systems and software engineering with applications |
| title_exact_search | Systems and software engineering with applications |
| title_full | Systems and software engineering with applications Norman F. Schneidewind |
| title_fullStr | Systems and software engineering with applications Norman F. Schneidewind |
| title_full_unstemmed | Systems and software engineering with applications Norman F. Schneidewind |
| title_short | Systems and software engineering with applications |
| title_sort | systems and software engineering with applications |
| topic | Computer software Reliability Software engineering Systems engineering Systemtechnik (DE-588)4140901-2 gnd Software Engineering (DE-588)4116521-4 gnd |
| topic_facet | Computer software Reliability Software engineering Systems engineering Systemtechnik Software Engineering |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=020476356&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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