Radio technologies and concepts for IMT-Advanced:
Gespeichert in:
| Format: | Buch |
|---|---|
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Chichester [u.a.]
Wiley
2009
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | Includes bibliographical references and index |
| Beschreibung: | XLV, 577 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 9780470747636 |
Internformat
MARC
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Radio technologies and concepts for IMT-Advanced |c ed. by Martin Döttling ; Werner Mohr ; Afif Osseiran |
| 264 | 1 | |a Chichester [u.a.] |b Wiley |c 2009 | |
| 300 | |a XLV, 577 S. |b Ill., graph. Darst. | ||
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| 500 | |a Includes bibliographical references and index | ||
| 650 | 0 | |a Radio / Transmitter-receivers / Standards | |
| 650 | 0 | |a Cell phones / Standards | |
| 650 | 0 | |a Radio / Receivers and reception / Technological innovations | |
| 650 | 0 | |a Global system for mobile communications / Equipment and supplies / Standards | |
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| adam_text | IMAGE 1
RADIO TECHNOLOGIES
AND CONCEPTS FOR IMT-ADVANCED EDITED BY MARTIN DOETTLING, NOKIA SIEMENS
NETWORKS, GERMANY
WERNER MOHR, NOKIA SIEMENS NETWORKS, GERMANY AFIF OSSEIRAN, ERICSSON
RESEARCH, SWEDEN
WILEY A JOHN WILEY AND SONS, LTD., PUBLICATION
IMAGE 2
CONTENTS
ABOUT THE EDITORS XXI
PREFACE XXV
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS XXIX
ABBREVIATIONS XXXI
LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS XLIII
1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 DEVELOPMENT AND STATUS OF MOBILE AND WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS 1
1.2 EXPECTATIONS OF DATA TRAFFIC GROWTH 3
1.3 DEVELOPMENT TOWARDS IMT-ADVANCED 4
1.4 GLOBAL RESEARCH ACTIVITIES 6
1.5 WINNER PROJECT 8
1.6 FUTURE WORK 9
REFERENCES 10
2 USAGE SCENARIOS AND TECHNICAL REQUIREMENTS 13
2.1 INTRODUCTION 13
2.2 KEY SCENARIO ELEMENTS 13
2.2.7 ENVIRONMENT TYPE AND COVERAGE RANGE 15
2.2.2 TERMINAL TYPE 15
2.2.3 USER DENSITY AND TRAFFIC PARAMETERS 16
2.2.4 USER MOBILITY 16
2.2.5 DEPLOYMENT SCENARIOS 18
2.2.5.1 WIDE AREA 18
2.2.5.2 METROPOLITAN AREA 19
2.2.5.3 LOCAL AREA 19
2.3 SERVICE CLASSES AND SERVICE REQUIREMENTS 20
2.3.1 OVERVIEW OF BEYOND-3G APPLICATIONS 20
2.3.2 REQUIREMENTS FOR SERVICE PROVISIONING 20
2.3.3 MAPPING OF SERVICE REQUIREMENTS TO RAN REQUIREMENTS 20
2.3.4 TRAFFIC MODELS 20
2.3.4.1 INTERNET APPLICATIONS 22
2.3.4.2 VOICE OVER IP 23
IMAGE 3
VIII
CONTENTS
2.3.4.3 VIDEO TELEPHONY 23
2.3.4.4 STREAMING 23
2.3.4.5 FILE TRANSFER 24
2.3.4.6 INTERACTIVE APPLICATIONS 24
2.4 REQUIREMENTS FOR SYSTEM CAPABILITIES 24
2.4.1 GENERALISED MOBILITY SUPPORT WITHIN WINNER 25
2.4.2 GENERALISED MOBILITY SUPPORT BETWEEN WINNER AND LEGACY NETWORKS 25
2.4.3 MEASUREMENT REQUIREMENTS FOR THE WINNER SYSTEM 26
2.4.4 SUPPORT FOR QOS MECHANISMS AND PRIORITISATION OF FLOWS 28
2.5 TERMINAL REQUIREMENTS 28
2.6 PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS 29
2.6.1 COVERAGE 30
2.6.2 DATA RATE 30
2.6.2.1 DEFINITION OF USER THROUGHPUT 30
2.6.2.2 PEAK DATA RATE 31
2.6.2.3 SUSTAINABLE DATA RATE 31
2.6.3 ALLOWABLE ERROR RATE 31
2.6.4 DELAY 31
2.6.4.1 DEFINITION OF USER-PLANE PACKET DELAY 31
2.6.4.2 ACHIEVABLE USER-PLANE PACKET DELAY 32
2.6.5 SPECTRAL EFFICIENCY 32
2.6.6 MAXIMUM TERMINAL SPEED 34
2.7 SPECTRUM REQUIREMENTS 34
2.7.7 WINNER SPECTRUM RANGE 34
2.7.2 UTILISATION OF CURRENT MOBILE SERVICE BANDS 34
2.7.3 SPECTRUM FRAGMENTATION 34
2.7.4 COEXISTENCE WITH OTHER SYSTEMS 35
2.7.5 SHARING SPECTRUM BETWEEN WINNER RANS 35
2.7.6 SHARING SPECTRUM BETWEEN CELL LAYERS OF A WINNER SYSTEM 35
2.7.7 SYSTEM BANDWIDTH 36
2.8 DEPENDENCY OF REQUIREMENTS 36
2.9 CONCLUSION 36
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 37
REFERENCES 38
3 WINNER II CHANNEL MODELS 39
3.1 INTRODUCTION 39
3.2 MODELLING CONSIDERATIONS 40
3.2.1 PROPAGATION SCENARIOS 40
3.2.1.1 AL: INDOOR OFFICE 41
3.2.1.2 BL: URBAN MICROCELL 42
3.2.1.3 B4: OUTDOOR TO INDOOR 43
3.2.1.4 CI: SUBURBAN MACROCELL 43
3.2.1.5 C2: URBAN MACROCELL 43
3.2.1.6 DL: RURAL MACROCELL 43
IMAGE 4
CONTENTS IX
3.2.1.7 B2 AND C3: BAD URBAN CONDITIONS 43
3.2.2 EVOLUTION OF CHANNEL MODELS FROM 2G TO 4G 44
3.2.3 SELECTION OF CHANNEL-MODELLING APPROACH 46
3.2.4 MODELLING PROCESS 47
3.2.5 NETWORK LAYOUT 48
3.2.6 MEASUREMENTS 50
3.2.6.1 MEASUREMENT TOOLS 50
3.2.6.2 CHANNEL MEASUREMENTS 55
3.3 CHANNEL-MODELLING APPROACH 59
3.3.1 WINNER GENERIC CHANNEL MODEL 63
3.3.1.1 MODELLED PARAMETERS 63
3.3.1.2 CORRELATIONS BETWEEN LARGE-SCALE PARAMETERS 64
3.3.2 CHANNEL SEGMENTS, DROPS AND TIME EVOLUTION 68
3.3.3 NOMADIC CHANNEL CONDITION 70
3.4 CHANNEL MODELS AND PARAMETERS 70
3.4.1 APPLICABILITY 71
3.4.1.1 ENVIRONMENT DEPENDENCE 71
3.4.1.2 FREQUENCY DEPENDENCE 71
3.4.2 GENERATION OF CHANNEL COEFFICIENTS 71
3.4.3 WINNER PATH-LOSS MODELS 75
3.4.3.1 FREQUENCY DEPENDENCIES OF WINNER PATH-LOSS MODELS 75
3.4.3.2 TRANSITIONS BETWEEN LOS AND NLOS CONDITIONS *
3.4.4 VALUES FOR GENERIC CHANNEL MODELS 77
3.5 CHANNEL MODEL USAGE 81
3.5.1 SYSTEM-LEVEL DESCRIPTION 81
3.5.1.1 COORDINATE SYSTEM 81
3.5.1.2 SINGLE USER (HANDOVER) MULTICELL SIMULATION 81
3.5.1.3 MULTI-USER MULTICELL SIMULATION 84
3.5.2 SPACE-TIME CONCEPT IN SIMULATIONS 84
3.5.3 BANDWIDTH AND FREQUENCY DEPENDENCE 85
3.5.3.1 FREQUENCY SAMPLING 85
3.5.3.2 BANDWIDTH DOWNSCALING IN THE DELAY DOMAIN 85
3.5.3.3 BANDWIDTH DOWNSCALING IN THE FREQUENCY DOMAIN 85
3.5.3.4 FDD MODELLING 86
3.5.4 APPROXIMATION OF CHANNEL MODELS 86
3.5.4.1 REDUCED COMPLEXITY MODELS 86
3.5.4.2 COMPARISON OF COMPLEXITY OF MODELLING METHODS 87
3.6 CONCLUSION 89
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 90
REFERENCES 90
4 SYSTEM CONCEPT AND ARCHITECTURE 93
4.1 INTRODUCTION 93
4.2 DESIGN PRINCIPLES AND MAIN CHARACTERISTICS 94
4.3 LOGICAL NODE ARCHITECTURE 96
IMAGE 5
X
CONTENTS
4.3.1 OVERVIEW 96
4.3.2 POOL CONCEPT AND MICRO MOBILITY 98
4.3.3 EQUIPMENT SHARING 101
4.3.4 MULTICAST AND BROADCAST SERVICE SUPPORT 102
4.3.5 MULTIBAND TRANSMISSION FROM DIFFERENT BSS 103
4.3.6 LOGICAL NODES 104
4.3.6.1 GATEWAY NODES: GWJPA LN AND GW.C LN 104
4.3.6.2 BASE STATION NODE: BSI N 106
4.3.6.3 RELAY NODE: RN LN 107
4.3.6.4 USER TERMINAL: UT LN 108
4.3.6.5 RRMSERVER LN 108
4.3.6.6 SPECTRUMSERVER LN 108
4.4 PROTOCOL AND SERVICE ARCHITECTURE 109
4.4.1 OVERVIEW 109
4.4.2 LAYER 3: RADIO RESOURCE CONTROL 110
4.4.3 LAYER 2 112
4.4.3.1 IP CONVERGENCE LAYER 114
4.4.3.2 RADIO LINK CONTROL LAYER 114
4.4.3.3 MEDIUM ACCESS CONTROL LAYER 115
4.4.4 LAYER 1: PHYSICAL 125
4.4.4.1 CONTROL SIGNALLING 126
4.4.4.2 PHYSICAL CHANNELS AND MAPPINGS TO TRANSPORT CHANNELS 128
4.4.4.3 SYNCHRONISATION PILOTS 131
4.5 CONCLUSION 132
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 132
REFERENCES 132
5 MODULATION AND CODING TECHNIQUES 135
5.1 INTRODUCTION 135
5.2 BASIC MODULATION AND CODING SCHEME 136
5.3 CODING SCHEMES 137
5.3.1 LOW-DENSITY PARITY-CHECK CODES 137
5.3.1.1 ENCODING OF BLDPC CODES 139
5.3.1.2 DECODING METHODS 141
5.3.1.3 SCHEDULING ALGORITHMS 144
5.3.1.4 LIFTING PROCESS OF LDPC CODES 145
5.3.1.5 RATE-COMPATIBLE PUNCTURING CODES 146
5.5.7.6 SNR MISMATCH IMPACT ON LDPC CODES 149
5.3.2 DUO-BINARY TURBO CODES 151
5.3.3 LOW-RATE CONVOLUTIONAL CODES FOR CONTROL CHANNEL 152
5.3.4 COMPARISON OF CODING SCHEMES 154
5.3.4.1 PERFORMANCE COMPARISON 154
5.3.4.2 PERFORMANCE-COMPLEXITY TRADE-OFF 154
5.3.4.3 DOMAIN OF SUITABILITY 157
5.3.4.4 IMPLEMENTATION ISSUES: FLEXIBILITY, PARALLELIZATION AND
THROUGHPUT 158 5.4 LINK ADAPTATION 160
IMAGE 6
CONTENTS XI
5.5 LINK LEVEL ASPECTS OF H-ARQ 162
5.5.1 INCREMENTAL REDUNDANCY SCHEME 162
5.5.2 THROUGHPUT AND DELAY ANALYSIS 163
5.6 CONCLUSIONS 165
REFERENCES 166
6 LINK LEVEL PROCEDURES 169
6.1 INTRODUCTION 169
6.2 PILOT DESIGN 169
6.2.1 TYPES OF PILOT 171
6.2.2 REFERENCE PILOT DESIGN 172
6.2.2.1 LN-BAND PILOT PATTERNS 172
6.2.2.2 UPLINK SUPER-FRAME PILOT PREAMBLE 177
6.2.2.3 CASE STUDY FOR THE REFERENCE PILOT DESIGN 177
6.2.3 CAPACITY-ACHIEVING PILOT DESIGN 179
6.3 CHANNEL ESTIMATION 179
6.3.1 CHANNEL ESTIMATION REFERENCE DESIGN 180
6.3.2 PILOT-AIDED CHANNEL ESTIMATION 181
6.3.3 ITERATIVE CHANNEL ESTIMATION 182
6.3.3.1 CHANNEL ESTIMATION FOR SINGLE-INPUT, SINGLE-OUTPUT SCENARIOS 182
6.3.3.2 CHANNEL ESTIMATION FOR MULTIPLE-INPUT, MULTIPLE-OUTPUT SCENARIOS
185
6.3.4 CHANNEL PREDICTION 190
6.4 RADIO FREQUENCY IMPAIRMENTS 192
6.4.1 HPA NON-EINEARITIES 192
6.4.2 PHASE NOISE 195
6.4.2.1 PHASE NOISE MODEL 196
6.4.2.2 PHASE NOISE SUPPRESSION IN OFDM WITH SPATIAL MULTIPLEXING 196
6.4.2.3 PHASE NOISE SUPPRESSION FOR DFT-PRECODED OFDM (SERIAL
MODULATION) 198 6.5 MEASUREMENTS AND SIGNALLING 200
6.6 LINK LEVEL SYNCHRONISATION 201
6.6.1 SYNCHRONISATION PREAMBLE DESIGN 201
6.6.2 SYNCHRONISATION IN A LICENSED BAND 202
6.6.2.1 COARSE SYMBOL TIMING SYNCHRONISATION 202
6.6.2.2 FREQUENCY OFFSET ESTIMATION 203
6.6.3 SYNCHRONISATION IN SHARED SPECTRUM 204
6.7 NETWORK SYNCHRONISATION 205
6.7.1 FIREFLY SYNCHRONISATION 205
6.7.1.1 MATHEMATICAL MODEL 206
6.7.1.2 SYNCHRONISATION OF COUPLED OSCILLATORS 206
6.7.1.3 REFRACTORY PERIOD 207
6.7.2 SYNCHRONISATION RULES 207
6.7.3 COMPENSATING FOR PROPAGATION DELAYS: TIMING ADVANCE 209
6.7.4 IMPOSING A GLOBAL TIME REFERENCE ON FIREFLY SYNCHRONISATION 210
6.8 CONCLUSION 211
6.8.1 PILOT DESIGN 211
6.8.2 CHANNEL ESTIMATION 211
IMAGE 7
XLL
CONTENTS
6.8.3 RF IMPERFECTIONS 212
6.8.4 LINK LAYER SYNCHRONISATION 212
6.8.5 SELF-ORGANISED NETWORK SYNCHRONISATION 212
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 213
REFERENCES 213
7 ADVANCED ANTENNAS CONCEPT FOR 4G 219
7.1 INTRODUCTION 219
7.2 MULTIPLE ANTENNAS CONCEPT 221
7.2.1 GENERIC TRANSMITTER 221
7.2.1.1 PER STREAM RATE CONTROL 226
7.2.1.2 SPACE-TIME BLOCK CODE 227
7.2.1.3 SDMA 228
7.2.2 CONTROL SIGNALLING 228
7.3 SPATIAL ADAPTATION 229
7.3.1 SINGLE STREAM PER USER 230
7.3.2 MULTIPLE STREAMS PER USER 231
7.4 SPATIAL SCHEMES 231
7.4.1 RECEIVE DIVERSITY 231
7.4.2 BEAMFORMING 232
7.4.2.1 SIGNAL MODEL 233
7.4.2.2 RESULTS 235
7.4.3 DIVERSITY AND SPATIAL MULTIPLEXING 237
7.4.4 BEAMFORMING AND SPATIAL MULTIPLEXING 241
7.4.4.7 CLUSTERED ARRAY STRUCTURE 243
7.4.4.2 TFESWTO 243
7.4.5 LINEAR MU-MIMO: SMMSE AND RBD 247
7.4.5.7 SYSTEM MODELS 249
7.4.5.2 AERATE 250
7.5 INTERFERENCE MITIGATION 250
7.6 PILOTS, FEEDBACK AND MEASUREMENTS 253
7.6~.I * ** 253
7.6.2 FEEDBACK 255
7.6.3 MEASUREMENTS 257
7.7 MIMO ASPECTS IN RELAYING 258
7.7.1 COOPERATIVE RELAYING 260
7.7.1.1 COOPERATIVE DIVERSITY RELAYING 261
7.7.1.2 TWO-DIMENSIONAL CYCLIC PREFIX 262
7.7.2 DISTRIBUTED ANTENNA SYSTEMS 264
7.7.2.1 DISTRIBUTED MIMO CONFIGURATION 265
7.7.2.2 PERFORMANCE OF LINEAR MU-MIMO PRECODING 266
7.8 CONCLUSION 269
7. S.I BEAMFORMING 269
7.8.2 DIVERSITY AND LINEAR DISPERSION CODES 270
7.6.3 MULTI-USER MIMO PRECODING 271
IMAGE 8
CONTENTS
XIII
7.8.4 DISTRIBUTED ANTENNA SYSTEMS AND COOPERATIVE RELAYING 271
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 271
REFERENCES 271
8 LAYER-2 RELAYS FOR IMT-ADVANCED CELLULAR NETWORKS 277
8.1 INTRODUCTION 277
8.1.1 RATIONALE FOR RELAYS IN CELLULAR NETWORKS 277
8.1.2 ORGANIZATION OF THIS CHAPTER 280
8.2 MOTIVATION FOR LAYER-2 RELAYS AND PRIOR WORK 280
8.3 RELAY-BASED DEPLOYMENTS 282
8.3.1 RN DEPLOYMENT CONCEPTS 283
8.3.1.1 RELAYING FOR COVERAGE IMPROVEMENT 284
8.3.1.2 RELAYING FOR CAPACITY OPTIMIZATION AT OUTER CELL REGIONS 285
8.3.1.3 RELAYING TO COVER SHADOWED AREAS 285
8.3.2 SUB-CELL CAPACITY OF A RELAY-ENHANCED CELL 286
8.3.2.1 MULTI-HOP THROUGHPUT IN CELLULAR DEPLOYMENT 287
8.3.2.2 SUB-CELL CAPACITY SERVED BY AN RN 287
8.3.2.3 CAPACITY OF A MULTI-HOP CONNECTION UNDER DELAY CONSTRAINT 289
8.3.3 WINNER TEST SCENARIOS 291
8.3.3.1 BASE URBAN COVERAGE TEST SCENARIO 291
8.3.3.2 METROPOLITAN AREA TEST SCENARIO 292
8.3.4 COST EFFICIENCY OF RNS 293
8.4 DESIGN CHOICES FOR RELAY-BASED CELLULAR NETWORKS 295
8.4.1 HALF-DUPLEX SAVES COSTS AND IMPROVES DEPLOYMENT FLEXIBILITY 296
8.4.2 DECODE-AND-FORWARD RELAYING EXPLOITS ADAPTIVE MODULATION AND
CODING 296
8.4.3 FIXED RELAYS IN MCN ASSIST FAST AND CHEAP NETWORK ROLL-OUT 296
8.4.4 FLEXIBLE RADIO RESOURCE MANAGEMENT ADAPTS TO THE ENVIRONMENT 297
8.4.4.1 STATIC LOAD-BASED RESOURCE PARTITIONING 299
8.4.4.2 DYNAMIC-RESOURCE SHARING IN WIDE AREA DEPLOYMENT WITH
BEAMFORMING 300 8.4.4.3 SOFT FREQUENCY RE-USE AND STATIC LOAD-BASED
RESOURCE PARTITIONING 302 8.4.5 MIMO TECHNIQUES BOOST CAPACITY 302
8.4.6 COOPERATIVE RELAYING BOOSTS PERFORMANCE 304
8.5 SYSTEM AND NETWORK ASPECTS 306
8.5.1 RELAYING BY THE WINNER MAC PROTOCOL 308
8.5.2 CELL BROADCAST AND RESOURCE A LLOCATION 308
8.5.3 RADIO RESOURCE PARTITIONING 310
8.5.4 RELAY ARQ 311
8.6 SYSTEM-LEVEL PERFORMANCE EVALUATION 312
8.6.1 SCENARIO AND TRAFFIC MODELLING 312
8.6.2 SYSTEM MODEL 313
8.6.3 RESOURCE PARTITIONING 315
8.6.4 UPLINK POWER CONTROL AND RESOURCE ALLOCATION 316
8.6.5 SIMULATION RESULTS 317
8.6.5.1 BASELINE RESOURCE PARTITIONING 318
8.6.5.2 DOWNLINK PERFORMANCE OF INFINITE BUFFER AND OPTIMUM RESOURCE
PARTITIONING 319
IMAGE 9
CONTENTS
8.7 CONCLUSION 319
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 321
REFERENCES 321
9 MULTIPLE ACCESS SCHEMES AND INTER-CELL INTERFERENCE MITIGATION
TECHNIQUES 325
9.1 INTRODUCTION 325
9.2 MULTIPLE ACCESS SCHEMES 326
9.2.1 CLASSIC MULTIPLE ACCESS SCHEMES 326
9.2.1.1 FREQUENCY DIVISION MULTIPLE ACCESS 326
9.2.1.2 TIME DIVISION MULTIPLE ACCESS 327
9.2.1.3 CODE DIVISION MULTIPLE ACCESS 328
9.2.2 MULTI-CARRIER MULTIPLE ACCESS SCHEMES 328
9.2.2.1 ORTHOGONAL FREQUENCY DIVISION MULTIPLE ACCESS 328
9.2.2.2 MULTI-CARRIER CODE DIVISION MULTIPLE ACCESS 329
9.2.3 WINNER MULTIPLE ACCESS AND MEDIUM ACCESS CONTROL CONCEPT 330
9.2.3.1 CHUNK-WISE ADAPTIVE TDMA/OFDMA 332
9.2.3.2 BLOCK INTERLEAVED AND BLOCK EQUIDISTANT FREQUENCY DIVISION
MULTIPLE ACCESS 336
9.2.3.3 CONFIGURATION OF NON-FREQUENCY-ADAPTIVE MULTIPLE ACCESS SCHEMES
340 9.2.3.4 CO-EXISTENCE AND SWITCHING 343
9.2.4 MAC TRANSMISSION CONTROL 346
9.2.4.1 TRANSMISSION CONTROL SEQUENCES FOR DOWNLINKS 346
9.2.4.2 TRANSMISSION CONTROL SEQUENCES FOR UPLINKS 347
9.2.4.3 TRANSMISSION AND RETRANSMISSION DELAYS 348
9.3 INTER-CELL INTERFERENCE MITIGATION SCHEMES 349
9.3.1 MODELLING INTER-CELL INTERFERENCE 350
9.3.1.1 LINK-LEVEL MODEL 350
9.3.1.2 SYSTEM-LEVEL MODEL 351
9.3.2 INTER-CELL INTERFERENCE AVERAGING TECHNIQUES 351
9.3.2.1 INTER-CELL INTERFERENCE CANCELLATION 352
9.3.2.2 DYNAMIC CHANNEL ALLOCATION AND SCHEDULING 357
9.3.3 INTER-CELL INTERFERENCE AVOIDANCE TECHNIQUES 360
9.3.3.1 RESOURCE MANAGEMENT BY RESTRICTION OF TRANSMIT POWER 360
9.3.3.2 SELF-ADAPTIVE RE-USE PARTITIONING 362
9.3.3.3 COST-FUNCTION-BASED SCHEDULING 363
9.3.3.4 SIMULATION RESULTS 364
9.3.4 INTER-CELL INTERFERENCE MITIGATION TECHNIQUES BASED ON SMART
ANTENNAS 365
9.3.4.1 BEAMFORMING TECHNIQUES 365
9.3.4.2 TRANSMIT DIVERSITY TECHNIQUES 368
9.3.4.3 RECEIVE DIVERSITY AND INTERFERENCE SUPPRESSION TECHNIQUES 370
9.3.4.4 SIMULATION RESULTS 370
9.4 CONCLUSION 372
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 373
REFERENCES 373
IMAGE 10
CONTENTS
XV
10 RADIO RESOURCE CONTROL AND SYSTEM LEVEL FUNCTIONS 377
10.1 INTRODUCTION 377
10.2 IPCL LAYER 378
10.2.1 TRANSFER OF USER DATA BETWEEN IPCL ENTITIES 378
10.2.1.1 IPCL HEADER COMPRESSION 379
10.2.1.2 IPCL DATA CIPHERING AND CIPHERING KEYS 380
10.2.2 IPCL AND HANDOVER 381
10.2.2.1 IN-SEQUENCE DELIVERY OF UPPER LAYER PDUS 382
10.2.2.2 DUPLICATE DETECTION OF LOWER LAYER SDUS 382
10.3 RADIO RESOURCE CONTROL 383
10.3.1 RRC STATES 383
10.3.1.1 UT DETACHED STATE 383
10.3.1.2 UT IDLE STATE 384
10.3.1.3 UT ACTIVE STATE 384
10.3.2 MOBILITY MANAGEMENT IN IDLE MODE 385
10.3.2.1 PAGING 385
10.3.2.2 TRACKING AREA 385
10.3.3 MOBILITY MANAGEMENT IN ACTIVE MODE 386
10.3.3.1 MICRO MOBILITY 386
10.3.3.2 MACRO MOBILITY 388
10.3.3.3 INTRAMODE HANDOVER 389
10.3.3.4 INTERMODE HANDOVER 390
10.3.3.5 INTERSYSTEM HANDOVER 392
10.3.3.6 INTER GW HANDOVER AND LOAD BALANCING 393
10.3.4 FLOW ADMISSION CONTROL 394
10.3.5 CONGESTION AVOIDANCE CONTROL 396
10.3.5.1 ADMISSION CONTROL: TWO-STAGE APPROACH 396
10.3.5.2 FLOW CONTROL 401
10.3.6 LOAD AND CONGESTION CONTROL 404
10.4 CENTRALISED, DISTRIBUTED AND HYBRID RRM ARCHITECTURE 406
10.4.1 DISTRIBUTED RRM 406
10.4.2 CENTRALISED RRM 406
10.4.3 HYBRID RRM 407
10.5 SYSTEM-LEVEL PERFORMANCE RESULTS 407
10.5.1 INTERSYSTEM HANDOVER 407
10.5.2 INTERMODE HANDOVER 409
10.5.2.1 SIMULATION SETUP 409
10.5.2.2 INTRAMODE AND INTERMODE HANDOVER ALGORITHMS 410
10.5.3 INTERMODE HANDOVER RESULTS 412
10.5.3.1 INTERMODE HANDOVER TRIGGERED BY RESIDUAL THROUGHPUT 412
10.5.3.2 INTERMODE HANDOVER TRIGGERED BY UT VELOCITY 414
10.6 CONCLUSION 414
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 415
REFERENCES 416
IMAGE 11
CONTENTS
11 SHARING AND FLEXIBLE SPECTRUM USE CAPABILITIES 419
11.1 INTRODUCTION 419
11.2 SPECTRUM TECHNOLOGIES FRAMEWORK 420
11.2.1 SHARING AND CO-EXISTENCE FUNCTIONS 421
11.2.1.1 VERTICAL SHARING 1: WINNER IS THE PRIMARY SYSTEM ALL
11.2.1.2 VERTICAL SHARING 2: WINNER IS THE SECONDARY SYSTEM 421
11.2.1.3 HORIZONTAL SHARING WITH COORDINATION 422
11.2.1.4 HORIZONTAL SHARING WITHOUT COORDINATION 422
11.2.2 SPECTRUM ASSIGNMENT FUNCTIONS 423
11.2.2.1 LONG-TERM ASSIGNMENT 423
11.2.2.2 SHORT-TERM ASSIGNMENT 424
11.2.3 GENERIC SPECTRUM FUNCTIONS 424
11.2.3.1 WINNER SPECTRUM MANAGER 424
11.2.3.2 SPECTRUM REGISTER 424
11.3 DETAILED DESIGN OF A SPECTRUM ASSIGNMENT NEGOTIATION MECHANISM 425
11.3.1 LONG-TERM SPECTRUM ASSIGNMENT 425
11.3.2 SHORT-TERM SPECTRUM ASSIGNMENT 427
11.3.3 INTERACTIONS BETWEEN LONG-TERM AND SHORT-TERM SPECTRUM ASSIGNMENT
429
11.3.4 REGISTRATION OF NODES WITH SPECTRUM MANAGER 430
11.3.5 SPECIFIC SHORT-TERM SPECTRUM ASSIGNMENT ALGORITHMS 430
11.3.5.1 NEGOTIATED AMOUNT OF RESOURCES EXCHANGED 431
11.3.5.2 MATCHING AMOUNT OF RESOURCES EXCHANGED 431
11.3.5.3 SURPLUS OF RESOURCES EXCHANGED 431
11.4 SPECTRUM ASSIGNMENT ENABLING MECHANISMS 431
11.4.1 MULTI-BAND SCHEDULER 431
11.4.1.1 HYBRID ARQ CONTEXT TRANSFER 434
11.4.1.2 MBS AND SPECTRUM SHARING 435
11.4.2 COMMUNICATION BETWEEN BASE STATIONS 435
11.4.2.1 TRENDS IN BS-TO-BS COMMUNICATION AND SITE SHARING 435
11.4.2.2 REQUIREMENTS FOR BS-TO-BS COMMUNICATION 436
11.4.2.3 POSSIBILITIES FOR INTER-BS COMMUNICATION 437
11.4.2.4 SUMMARY OF BS-TO-BS COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES 440
11.5 WINNER SHARING WITH FSS 440
11.5.1 DIMENSIONING OF HARD EXCLUSION ZONES 442
11.5.1.1 TYPICAL FSS PARAMETERS CONSIDERED FOR THE SIMULATION 442
11.5.1.2 RESULTS 442
11.5.2 MITIGATED EXCLUSION ZONE CALCULATION 444
11.5.3 ADVANCED MITIGATION TECHNIQUES 445
11.5.3.1 UTILISATION OF INFORMATION DESCRIBING THE FSS USAGE IN A
DATABASE 446 11.5.3.2 UTILISATION OF SPECTRUM BEACON CHANNEL 446
11.5.3.3 MULTI-ANTENNA TECHNOLOGIES 446
11.6 PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF SPECTRUM ASSIGNMENT MECHANISMS 447
11.6.1 PERFORMANCE ASSESSMENT OF LONG-TERM SPECTRUM ASSIGNMENT 447
11.6.1.1 CONSIDERED SCENARIOS 447
11.6.1.2 GRADUAL SPECTRAL DEPLOYMENT OF WINNER RANS 449
11.6.2 PERFORMANCE ASSESSMENT OF SHORT-TERM SPECTRUM ASSIGNMENT 451
IMAGE 12
CONTENTS
XVU
11.6.2.1 EVALUATION OF INTER-CELL INTERFERENCE ISSUES FOR ST SPECTRUM
ASSIGNMENT 451 11.6.2.2 CELL-PAIR SELECTION ALGORITHMS FOR ST ASSIGNMENT
453
11.6.2.3 IMPACT OF CELL-SELECTION ALGORITHMS ON ST PERFORMANCE
ASSIGNMENT 453 11.7 CONCLUSION 455
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 456
REFERENCES 456
12 ITU-R SPECTRUM DEMAND CALCULATION FOR IMT-ADVANCED 459
12.1 INTRODUCTION 459
12.2 ITU-R WORK ON SPECTRUM REQUIREMENTS OF IMT-ADVANCED 460
12.2.1 BACKGROUND AND ROLE OF ITU-R 460
12.2.2 ITU-R PREPARATIONS FOR WRC-07 461
12.2.3 WINNER CONTRIBUTIONS TO ITU-R 463
12.3 ITU-R SPECTRUM CALCULATION METHODOLOGY 464
12.3.1 METHODOLOGY FLOW AND DEFINITIONS 464
12.3.1.1 SERVICES 464
12.3.1.2 ENVIRONMENTS 467
12.3.1.3 RADIO ACCESS TECHNIQUE GROUPS 467
12.3.2 TRAFFIC CALCULATION AND DISTRIBUTION 468
12.3.3 CAPACITY REQUIREMENT CALCULATION 469
12.3.4 SPECTRUM REQUIREMENT CALCULATION 470
12.3.5 SUMMARY OF METHODOLOGY ALL
12.4 SOFTWARE IMPLEMENTATION OF METHODOLOGY 472
12.4.1 DESCRIPTION AND USE OF SOFTWARE TOOL 472
12.4.2 INPUTS TO SOFTWARE TOOL 474
12.4.3 INTERMEDIATE CALCULATIONS AND OUTPUTS FROM SOFTWARE TOOL 475
12.5 ESTIMATED SPECTRUM REQUIREMENTS OF IMT-ADVANCED 477
12.6 CONCLUSION 478
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 479
REFERENCES 479
13 SYSTEM MODEL, TEST SCENARIOS, AND PERFORMANCE EVALUATION 481
13.1 INTRODUCTION 481
13.2 PERFORMANCE ASSESSMENT OF WIRELESS NETWORKS 482
13.3 INTERFACE BETWEEN LINK AND SYSTEM SIMULATIONS 483
13.4 TEST SCENARIOS 484
13.4.1 TEST ENVIRONMENTS 485
13.4.2 DEPLOYMENT ASSUMPTIONS 485
13.4.2.1 BASE STATION 489
13.4.2.2 USER TERMINAL 489
13.4.2.3 RELAY NODE 489
13.4.2.4 NETWORK LAYOUT 489
13.4.2.5 CHANNEL MODELLING 492
13.4.3 BASIC OFDM PARAMETERS AND FRAME DIMENSIONS 492
13.5 SPECTRAL EFFICIENCY AND NUMBER OF SATISFIED USERS UNDER QOS
CONSTRAINTS 493
13.6 END-TO-END PERFORMANCE EVALUATION 495
IMAGE 13
XVLLL
CONTENTS
13.6.1 BASE COVERAGE URBAN SCENARIO 495
13.6.1.1 FREQUENCY-DOMAIN LINK ADAPTATION GAINS 495
13.6.1.2 SPECTRAL EFFICIENCY AND MAXIMUM NUMBER OF SATISFIED USERS 498
13.6.1.3 IMPROVING CELL EDGE PERFORMANCE AND INDOOR COVERAGE BY RELAYING
501 13.6.1.4 DYNAMIC RESOURCE ALLOCATION IN RELAY-ENHANCED CELLS 503
13.6.1.5 COOPERATIVE RELAYING 504
13.6.1.6 MULTICAST/BROADCAST SERVICES IN RELAY-ENHANCED CELLS 504
13.6.1.7 IMPACT OF TRAFFIC AND PACKET MODELLING ON SPECTRAL EFFICIENCY
508
13.6.2 MICROCELLULAR SCENARIO 513
13.6.2.1 INDOOR COVERAGE IMPROVEMENT BY RELAY DEPLOYMENTS 513
13.6.2.2 SOFT FREQUENCY RE-USE 514
13.6.2.3 SOFT AND FRACTIONAL FREQUENCY RE-USE AND RE-USE ONE 516
13.6.3 LOCAL AREA SCENARIOS 517
13.7 CONCLUSION 521
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 521
REFERENCES 522
14 COST ASSESSMENT AND OPTIMISATION FOR WINNER DEPLOYMENTS 525
14.1 INTRODUCTION 525
14.2 COST ASSESSMENT FRAMEWORK AND ASSUMPTIONS 526
14.2.1 GENERAL COST ASSESSMENT PROCEDURE 526
14.2.2 TYPES OF COST ASSESSMENT 527
14.2.3 CHALLENGES IN COST ASSESSMENT 528
14.2.3.1 SPECTRUM SHARING 528
14.2.3.2 ROAMING AGREEMENTS 529
14.2.3.3 INFRASTRUCTURE SHARING 529
14.2.3.4 THIRD-PARTY NETWORK OWNERSHIP, OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE 529
14.2.3.5 NEW BUSINESS ENTITIES 529
14.2.3.6 SUMMARY 530
14.2.4 WINNER: ASSUMPTIONS AND TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS 530
14.3 COST COMPONENTS 530
14.3.1 CLASSIFICATION OF COST COMPONENTS 531
14.3.2 RAN CAPEX COSTS 532
14.3.2.1 BASE STATION EQUIPMENT 532
14.3.2.2 RELAY EQUIPMENT 533
14.3.2.3 BASE STATION DEPLOYMENT 533
14.3.2.4 RELAY DEPLOYMENT 534
14.3.2.5 BASE STATION SITE ACQUISITION 534
14.3.2.6 RELAY SITE ACQUISITION 534
14.3.2.7 GATEWAYS 534
14.3.2.8 CENTRALISED RRMSERVERS 535
14.3.2.9 RAN CONNECTIVITY 535
14.3.2.10 INITIAL RADIO PLANNING AND NETWORK OPTIMISATION 535
14.3.3 RAN **** COSTS 535
14.3.3.1 BASE STATION SITE RENT AND MAINTENANCE 536
IMAGE 14
CONTENTS
XIX
14.3.3.2 RELAY SITE RENT AND MAINTENANCE 536
14.3.3.3 RENT FOR RAN CONNECTIVITY 536
14.3.3.4 POWER 537
14.3.3.5 NETWORK OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE 537
14.3.3.6 SOFTWARE AND FIRMWARE UPDATES 537
14.3.4 EXAMPLE COST FIGURES 537
14.3.4.1 BREAKDOWN OF MACRO BS EQUIPMENT COSTS 538
14.3.4.2 TRANSFORMATION OF **** INTO CAPEX COSTS 539
14.4 COST ASSESSMENT MODELS 540
14.4.1 PREVIOUS WORK 540
14.4.2 BACKGROUND AND PRINCIPLES 541
14.4.3 NETWORK DEPLOYMENT 541
14.4.3.1 TRAFFIC MODELLING 542
14.4.3.2 RAP DEPLOYMENT STRATEGIES 543
14.4.3.3 RADIO PROPAGATION MODELS 544
14.4.3.4 RADIO AND RESOURCE ASSIGNMENT MODEL 546
14.4.4 COST CALCULATION 549
14.4.4.1 RELAY-SPECIFIC COST EVALUATION ISSUES 549
14.4.4.2 DEPLOYMENT REPRESENTATION BY INDIFFERENCE MAPS 550
14.5 REFERENCE DEPLOYMENT SCENARIOS AND COST ASSESSMENTS 555
14.5.1 DEPLOYMENT SIMULATIONS AND ASSUMPTIONS 555
14.5.2 CASE STUDIES 1 AND 2: WA URBAN, RELAY NODES VS MICRO BS 555
14.5.2.1 SIMULATION SCENARIO DESCRIPTION 555
14.5.2.2 COST-OPTIMAL DEPLOYMENT AND TOTAL DEPLOYMENT COST OFRNS 557
14.5.2.3 COST-OPTIMAL DEPLOYMENT AND TOTAL DEPLOYMENT COST OF MICRO BSS
559 14.5.2.4 INCUMBENT VS GREENFIELD DEPLOYMENT COSTS 560
14.5.3 CASE STUDIES 3 AND 4: WA RURAL, RELAY NODES VS MICRO BS 560
14.5.3.1 SIMULATION SCENARIO DESCRIPTION 560
14.5.3.2 COST-OPTIMAL DEPLOYMENT AND TOTAL DEPLOYMENT COST 561
14.5.4 CASE STUDIES 5 AND 6: WA URBAN, RELAY NODES VS MICRO BS,
INTELLIGENT BS DEPLOYMENT 562
14.5.5 CASE STUDIES 7 AND 8: MIMO ASSESSMENT 564
14.5.5.1 DEPLOYMENT COST COMPARISON BETWEEN SISO AND MIMO SYSTEMS 564
14.5.5.2 PERFORMANCE IMPROVEMENT FROM THE USE OF MULTIPLE ANTENNAS 565
14.5.5.3 DEPLOYMENT EVALUATION 565
14.5.5.4 COST ASSESSMENT OF THE MULTI-ANTENNA CONFIGURATIONS 566
14.6 CONCLUSION 566
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 567
REFERENCES 567
INDEX 569
|
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| id | DE-604.BV036540675 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T22:42:25Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9780470747636 |
| language | English |
| lccn | 2009007658 |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-020462456 |
| oclc_num | 699315791 |
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| owner | DE-706 |
| owner_facet | DE-706 |
| physical | XLV, 577 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| publishDate | 2009 |
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| publishDateSort | 2009 |
| publisher | Wiley |
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| spelling | Radio technologies and concepts for IMT-Advanced ed. by Martin Döttling ; Werner Mohr ; Afif Osseiran Chichester [u.a.] Wiley 2009 XLV, 577 S. Ill., graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Includes bibliographical references and index Radio / Transmitter-receivers / Standards Cell phones / Standards Radio / Receivers and reception / Technological innovations Global system for mobile communications / Equipment and supplies / Standards Transceiver (DE-588)4507910-9 gnd rswk-swf Zellulares Mobilfunksystem (DE-588)4387563-4 gnd rswk-swf Zellulares Mobilfunksystem (DE-588)4387563-4 s Transceiver (DE-588)4507910-9 s DE-604 Döttling, Martin Sonstige oth Mohr, Werner Sonstige oth Osseiran, Afif Sonstige oth http://www.gbv.de/dms/ilmenau/toc/593533224.PDF lizenzfrei Inhaltsverzeichnis GBV Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=020462456&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Radio technologies and concepts for IMT-Advanced Radio / Transmitter-receivers / Standards Cell phones / Standards Radio / Receivers and reception / Technological innovations Global system for mobile communications / Equipment and supplies / Standards Transceiver (DE-588)4507910-9 gnd Zellulares Mobilfunksystem (DE-588)4387563-4 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4507910-9 (DE-588)4387563-4 |
| title | Radio technologies and concepts for IMT-Advanced |
| title_auth | Radio technologies and concepts for IMT-Advanced |
| title_exact_search | Radio technologies and concepts for IMT-Advanced |
| title_full | Radio technologies and concepts for IMT-Advanced ed. by Martin Döttling ; Werner Mohr ; Afif Osseiran |
| title_fullStr | Radio technologies and concepts for IMT-Advanced ed. by Martin Döttling ; Werner Mohr ; Afif Osseiran |
| title_full_unstemmed | Radio technologies and concepts for IMT-Advanced ed. by Martin Döttling ; Werner Mohr ; Afif Osseiran |
| title_short | Radio technologies and concepts for IMT-Advanced |
| title_sort | radio technologies and concepts for imt advanced |
| topic | Radio / Transmitter-receivers / Standards Cell phones / Standards Radio / Receivers and reception / Technological innovations Global system for mobile communications / Equipment and supplies / Standards Transceiver (DE-588)4507910-9 gnd Zellulares Mobilfunksystem (DE-588)4387563-4 gnd |
| topic_facet | Radio / Transmitter-receivers / Standards Cell phones / Standards Radio / Receivers and reception / Technological innovations Global system for mobile communications / Equipment and supplies / Standards Transceiver Zellulares Mobilfunksystem |
| url | http://www.gbv.de/dms/ilmenau/toc/593533224.PDF http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=020462456&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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