Verfügbarkeit: Zakony żeńskie w Polsce w epoce nowożytnej

Zakony żeńskie w Polsce w epoce nowożytnej:

Gespeichert in:

Bibliographische Detailangaben
1. Verfasser:	Borkowska, Małgorzata 1939- (VerfasserIn)
Format:	Buch
Sprache:	Polish
Veröffentlicht:	Lublin Wydawnictwo Katolickiego Uniwersytetu Lubelskiego 2010
Schriftenreihe:	Dzieje Chrześcijaństwa Polski i Rzeczypospolitej Obojga Narodów
Schlagworte:	Geschichte 1550-1918 Nonne Polen
Online-Zugang:	Abstract Inhaltsverzeichnis
Beschreibung:	Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: Nuns in Poland in the Modern Epoch
Beschreibung:	438 p. photos, tables, maps, diagrams 25 cm

Internformat

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Datensatz im Suchindex

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adam_text	Summary Nuns in Poland in the Modern Epoch The feminine religious life in Poland has not so far drawn the attention of many historians. For the period here described there still exists, wars and suppressions notwithstanding, a great profusion of hand-written sources, but these have been dispersed far and wide by the hi¬ storical events. A forty years research has permitted to localise the most important collections and establish (more or less) the main lines of possible investigation. Geographically, the research includes: the Kingdom of Poland, the Great Duchy of Lithuania, the Ruthenian lands (now Ukraine) belonging at that time to the Kingdom, and Silesia which at that time did not belong to Poland, but had belonged earlier and belongs now. A convent or a religious Order is first of all a group of human beings and the most important questions are: who they were, why did they join, what laws they were expected to keep and how did they in fact keep them. Proceeding on these lines this book describes first the group of pe¬ ople whom we call the candidates; next, the community; it proceeds then to the religious Rules and their post-Tridentine accommodation (or lack of any, as the case might be) to new Church Law. By mid-16th century monasteries (whether of men or women) which had been in the Middle Ages considered first of all as houses of God s cult, and therefore a religious phenomenon, came 427 Summary to be considered as desirable benefices, and therefore an economical phenomenon, or, in the case of women s convents, as houses for persons unwanted or rejected, and therefore a sociological phenomenon, a kind of a human rubbish-heap. At that time to become a nun was to bring shame to one s family and the families did not permit it. The unprecedented and unexplained wave of monastic vocations which came in the wake of the Tridentine reform, modified the atmosphere around the convents considerably within halfa century. In 1577, when the Church in Poland officially accepted the Tridentine regulations, there were in the Kingdom of Poland about 150 nuns in 19 convents; the most numerous were the Norbertans. There were also about 220 Franciscan and Dominican Tertiaries forming com¬ munities of which three lived in the Eastern lands. In Silesia there were 15 convents of nuns and no known communities of Tertiaries. At the close of the period (1782) there were (not counting Silesia) 151 convents with 2725 nuns. This was already past the peak which came about 1750 with the number of more than 3000 nuns. It was possible to collect data about ca 20000 nuns ofthat period, but of course most often these data are scant: the name, the time. There is however quite a big group of persons about which much more is known. These personal files (published now as a Lexicon of Nuns) are the database for the general conclusions here given. The candidates who joined were most of them of gentle birth. Their age was usually between twelve and sixteen which was at that time the right legal age for a woman s establishment . The average length of religious life seems to have been about 37 years in the 17th century and 40 in the 18rh. There are hardly any cases of constraint, which was anyway illegal under the new Church Law. There were however, as it were, two sets of notions about vocation. The official one (as expressed by the theologians and lawyers) stressed the idea of the religious life being the surest way to salvation. The actual one, as expressed by the nuns themselves, saw its sense in a loving response to the call of God. One of the ways to this end was the choice of a monastery in which one could be reasonably sure of being given good formation and good example. This, given both the conservatism of the society in general, and the newly acquired cult of the reform, gave visible preference to religious Orders traditionally known (rather than those recently brought to Po¬ land), but at the same time known as reformed. There were three such Orders: the Benedictines, the Norbertans and the Birgittines. For many candidates, however, the obvious choice was the nearest convent — or one in which they had aunts or cousins. The medieval distinction between choir and lay sisters was kept, but the lay sisters were few and their status was sometimes used to create a special situation: that of a governess who could spend much time with the pupils or that of a person being in fact rather the community s charge than its member. In some convents it was however believed that the difference in status should be the result of the difference in birth. Some Orders had only one class of nuns (the regular Do¬ minican Tertiaries and the new active Congregations); others had more than two (the Visitan- dines had as many as four). At the beginning of the period a big majority of the convents were under the government of the monks or friars of their Order, and only a few under that of the local Bishops. The propor¬ tion changed considerably in the 17th century, because many feminine communities found it easier to reform themselves without waiting for their masculine branch to solve its own prob- 428 Dzieje chrześcijaństwa polski i Rzeczypospolitej Obojga Narodów Summary lems first. Also a self-implemented reform went deeper than an imposed one; in the first case there was strife for renewal, in the second little more than some dispositions to ensure better enclosure. As the atmosphere around the convents changed, there came offers of new foundations into which the wave of vocations could be channelled. Either by founding a new convent, or by pro¬ viding a community of Tertiaries with a church of their own and a suitable rent (thereby enab¬ ling them to become enclosed nuns) about 140 religious houses were founded, of which a few disappeared after a short time because of wars or conflagrations. I count here also the small houses of some active congregations, locally started for teaching and nursing; and the hospitals run by the Sisters of Mercy. Outside this big group of the religious communities there still existed, but in small number and little known, some little houses of lay canonesses or béguines; these were not considered as religious convents but permitted to exist chiefly because the women gathered in such houses needed their tiny endowment to live. The Renaissance spirituality, like the Renaissance mentality, was based on a cult for Law, Method and Authority; but the Authority meant the Sources. The Tridentine Reform, in con¬ sequence, set for itself the program of going back to the original Rule and the original zeal. The actual impossibility of reproducing the exact way a Rule had been both understood and kept a thousand years earlier was not comprehended; and so without knowing it or wishing it the reformers (like St. Teresa of Avila) created in fact quite new religious Orders while firmly believing they were only restoring the old ones. The Benedictine nuns in Poland did exactly the same and were bitterly criticised by their traditional-minded (and not consulted) brothers in re¬ ligion. With the other feminine Orders the newness was not so much visible and the recent tra¬ ditions were more recognisable. Either because Poland was so far from the centre of the Church and from the source of the Renaissance mentality, or because this mentality reached some cir¬ cles in a diluted version, penetrating into some of them deeper than into the others — anyway there was among them a gradation in the acceptance of the new spirituality and nothing shows it better than their attitude towards their laws. The fact that from mid-17lh century there was almost constant war, bringing with it economical destruction, frequent outburst of plague and general déstabilisation was also a powerful factor slowing the reform or in some cases making it inefficient. The Renaissance cult of the Law and Method did not survive these calamities but it recurred nostalgically whenever there was some peace. As a result we get a full spectrum of attitudes. The Tridentine ideal was clear: the old Rules must be revised, then printed and distributed among the nuns so that they might know what it is that they promise to keep. (In the late Middle Ages the example of the elders had been enough and the written Rules were hardly known.) Only three feminine Orders in Poland fulfilled this expectation: the Benedictines, the Augustinians and the Dominican Tertiaries. (In fact there were as many as six versions of the Benedictine Rule for women devised, four of them printed; and the controversies were bitter.) To these we must add the newly invited Orders such as the Carmelites, the Visitandines, the Benedictines of the Perpetual Adoration, the Ursulines and the Sisters of Mercy, who brought their respective Rules ready made with them. All the rest either did not print their Rules or did not revise them, using various commentaries instead or even being content with their Visitors current regulations. Zakony żeńskie w Polsce w epoce nowożytnej 429 430 Summary Finally, this book deals briefly with some aspects of religious life, such as post-Tridentine spirituality and its reception in various religious Orders; the everyday life with its daily and yearly rhythm of prayer and Sacraments; the influence of the historical events (a rhythm of de¬ struction and rebuilding); the economical base; the architecture (which was the product of the local conditions rather than of any set rules); the schools; the libraries, the writing and the edit¬ ing of books; the music and the embroidery; and the part that the nuns played in the society s life. The end of this monastic world came in the next historical period, after the partitions of Po¬ land. Of the three invading States two were non-Catholic while all the three were strongly anti- monastic. Suppressions followed, but a century of adversity (1796-1918) proved not enough to uproot religious life, which went on, partly in the few convents that were allowed to exist, partly abroad and partly in new clandestine communities. When freedom was restored most of the old religious Orders revived. A list of all the convents is added with the most important data about each. I Dzieje chrześcijaństwa Polski i Rzeczypospolitej Obojga Narodów Spis tresei Przedmowa ..........................................................................................................................................................5 Wstęp .......................................................................................................................................................................9 Rozdział I Zakonnice jako grupa ludzka .......................................................................................................... із 1. Na progu nowej epoki ............................................................................................................13 2. Przełom ..........................................................................................................................................25 3. Jednostki ........................................................................................................................................33 a) Wybór klasztoru ...............................................................................................................3 8 b) Napływ kandydatek .......................................................................................................46 c) Wiek wstępowania do zakonu ...................................................................................49 d) Pochodzenie stanowe .....................................................................................................52 e) Powołanie ...............................................................................................................................61 f) Teoria powołania i reformy .........................................................................................68 g) Losy indywidualne ...........................................................................................................74 435 Spis tresei Rozdział 11 Wspólnota i zakon ....................................................................................................................................87 1. Liczebność wspólnoty ............................................................................................................87 2. Struktury: wspólnota i zakon ........................................................................................- 98 a) Wspólnota .............................................................................................................................98 b) Zakon i obediencja ........................................................................................................103 3. Nowe fundacje ........................................................................................................................113 a) Fundacje ..............................................................................................................................113 b) Fundatorzy ........................................................................................................................122 4. Wspólnoty niezakonne ......................................................................................................129 Rozdział 111 Prawo i jego refonna ...........................................................................................................................133 1. Nowe prawodawstwo Kościoła dotyczące zakonów .........................................133 2. Sześć reguł dla polskich benedyktynek ....................................................................139 a) Reguła chełmińska ........................................................................................................139 b) Reguła toruńska .............................................................................................................147 c) Reguła Wołłowicza .......................................................................................................160 d) Reguła staniątecka ........................................................................................................163 e) Reguła Szczygielskiego ...............................................................................................164 f) Reguła sakramentek .....................................................................................................166 3. Casus brygidek ........................................................................................................................167 4. Kwadratura koła, czyli potrydencka reguła dla tercjarek dominikańskich ......................................................................................... 175 5. Rękopiśmienne konstytucje norbertanek ................................................................185 6. Inne zakony ..............................................................................................................................196 a) Augustianki .......................................................................................................................196 b) Bernardynki ......................................................................................................................198 c)Cysterki ................................................................................................................................201 d) Dominikanki mniszki -------...................................................................................202 e)Duchaczki ...........................................................................................................................204 f) Klaryski ...............................................................................................................................206 g) Zakony nowo osiedlone .............................................................................................208 7. Zgromadzenia czynne ........................................................................................................213 a) Katarzynki .........................................................................................................................214 b) Prezentki .............................................................................................................................216 c) Mariawitki ..........................................................................................................................218 .43e- PZJtJt eHRZBŚeiJAŃStWA РШДЩ I BXECZYP0ŞtOJIÎtE} OftOJCĄ NAROOÔW Spis treści d) Szarytki ...............................................................................................................................221 e) Elżbietanki .........................................................................................................................223 8. Ustawy wspólnot niezakonnych ...................................................................................224 9. Wnioski ogólne .......................................................................................................................226 Rozdział IV Życie i jego aspekty ..............................................................................................................................229 1. Duchowość ................................................................................................................................229 2. Życie codzienne .....................................................................................................................233 3. W dziejach kraju: rytm zniszczeń i odbudowy ...................................................238 4. Ekonomiczne podstawy życia ........................................................................................241 5. Budownictwo zakonne .......................................................................................................249 6. Szkoły klasztorne ..................................................................................................................255 7. Biblioteki, edytorstwo, twórczość literacka ............................................................265 8. Działalność artystyczna ....................................................................................................274 9. Miejsce w świecie i w Kościele .......................................................................................277 Koniec epoki ..................................................................................................................................................283 Leksykon polskich klasztorów żeńskich obrządku łacińskiego .............................................287 1. Klasztory w Rzeczypospolitej i na Śląsku ..............................................................288 Augustianki eremitki ........................................................................................................288 Augustianki „kanoniczki laterańskie .....................................................................289 Benedyktynki .........................................................................................................................289 Benedyktynki sakramentki ............................................................................................304 Bernardynki ............................................................................................................................305 Brygidki ....................................................................................................................................316 Cysterki ..................................................................................................................................... 321 Dominikanki ..........................................................................................................................324 Duchaczki (Kanoniczki Ducha Świętego) ..........................................................333 Elżbietanki ..............................................................................................................................334 Franciszkanki III zakonu ...............................................................................................334 Karmelitanki ..........................................................................................................................335 Karmelitanki bose ...............................................................................................................336 Katarzynki ..............................................................................................................................340 Klaryski .....................................................................................................................................342 Magdalenki .............................................................................................................................347 Mariawitki ...............................................................................................................................348 Zakony lEasjtiï w Połsgb w epoce nowożytnej 437 Spis treści Norbertanki ...........................................................................................................................355 Prezentki ..................................................................................................................................361 Szarytki .....................................................................................................................................362 Trapistki ...................................................................................................................................370 Urszulanki ...............................................................................................................................370 Wizytki .....................................................................................................................................371 2. Wspólnoty niezakonne ......................................................................................................374 Siostry Bożego Grobu ......................................................................................................374 Beginki .......................................................................................................................................374 Kanoniczki świeckie ..........................................................................................................375 Bibliografia ......................................................................................................................................................377 1. Archiwalia ..................................................................................................................................377 2. Druki źródłowe ......................................................................................................................385 3. Edycje źródeł ............................................................................................................................387 4. Opracowania ............................................................................................................................390 5. Wydawnictwa ciągłe i encyklopedyczne ..................................................................404 Wykaz skrótów .........................................................................................................................................405 Indeks osób .................................................................................................................................................409 Indeks geograficzny .................................................................................................................................421 Summary .......................................................................................................................................................427 Spis map .........................................................................................................................................................431 Spis wykresów ............................................................................................................................................432 Spis tabel ........................................................................................................................................................432 Spis fotografii .............................................................................................................................................. 433
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title	Zakony żeńskie w Polsce w epoce nowożytnej
title_auth	Zakony żeńskie w Polsce w epoce nowożytnej
title_exact_search	Zakony żeńskie w Polsce w epoce nowożytnej
title_full	Zakony żeńskie w Polsce w epoce nowożytnej Małgorzata Borkowska
title_fullStr	Zakony żeńskie w Polsce w epoce nowożytnej Małgorzata Borkowska
title_full_unstemmed	Zakony żeńskie w Polsce w epoce nowożytnej Małgorzata Borkowska
title_short	Zakony żeńskie w Polsce w epoce nowożytnej
title_sort	zakony zenskie w polsce w epoce nowozytnej
topic	Nonne (DE-588)4075434-0 gnd
topic_facet	Nonne Polen
url	http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=020461668&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=020461668&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA
work_keys_str_mv	AT borkowskamałgorzata zakonyzenskiewpolscewepocenowozytnej

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