Czech and Hungarian minority policy in Central Europe: 1918 - 1938
Gespeichert in:
| Format: | Buch |
|---|---|
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Praha
Masarykův Ústav [u.a.]
2009
Budapest |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract |
| Beschreibung: | 209 S. |
| ISBN: | 9788086495545 |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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|---|---|
| adam_text | Contents
Introduction
7
Eva Irmanová
Negotiations with Slovaks and Fight of the Czechoslovak
and Hungarian Governments for Slovakia
13
Jan Rychlík
The Situation of Hungarian Minority
in Czechoslovakia
1918-1938 27
Nándor Bárdi
The strategies and institutional framework employed
by Hungarian governments to promote the
Hungarian minorities policy between
1918
and
1938 39
Dagmar Hájková
T. G.
Masaryk
and his Stances on Minority Issues
after the Establishment of Czechoslovakia
61
Zbyněk
A. B. Zeman
Edvard
Beneš s
foreign policy and the minorities
75
Miklós Zeidler
The League of Nations and Hungarian Minority Petitions
85
Ferenc
Eiler
Minority Foreign Policy . The Role of Czechoslovakia s
Hungarian Minority in the European Minorities
Congress
1925-1938 117
László Szarka
The principle and practice of ethnic revision in Hungary s
foreign policy in connection with the First Vienna Award
141
Appendix
1 161
Appendix
2 165
Miklós Zeidler
A comparison of the minority protection articles from
the treaties between the Principal Allied and Associated
Powers and: Czecho-Slovakia (September 10th
1919);
Serb-Croat-Slovene State (September 10th
1919);
Roumania (December 9th
1919) 167
Bibliography
187
Abbreviations
197
Name Index
199
About the authors
203
Resume
205
Resumé
This monograph provides an insight into the way minority issues
were dealt with in Czechoslovakia and Hungary from
1918
to
1939.
The first part of the book provides clear analyses of interwar minority
policies in Czechoslovakia and Hungary by Eva
Irmanová,
Jan
Rychlík
and
Nándor Bárdi.
Eva
Irmanová
analyses the origins and
foundations of Czechoslovak and Hungarian interstate relations,
presenting the implementation methods and content of possible
alternative solutions to the Slovak question within the framework of
the new Hungarian and Czechoslovak states in the
1918-1919
crisis
period. The author deals with the negotiations between Hungarian
Minister for National Affairs
Oskar Jászi
and Czechoslovak
ambassador plenipotentiary in Budapest Milan
Hodža
at the end of
November and the beginning of December
1918.
The study refers
critically to the inability at the time to achieve a federative or cantonal
reformation of the Hungarian state based on ethnic regions, as the
Hungarian government had proposed on the Swiss model. The study
by
Jan Rychlík
sheds light on the ethnopolitical consequences of the
disintegration of the Hapsburg Empire, stressing the illusory nature
of attempts to create ethnically pure national states in multiethnic
Central Europe. There were marked differences between the mino¬
rities in the new Czechoslovak state. The three-million-plus German
minority had historical roots in the historical lands of the Hapsburg
Empire and its German, particularly Sudeten German, identity only
developed under the Czechoslovak Republic. In Slovakia and Sub-
carpathian
Ruthenia,
the Hungarian minority was historically,
nationally, linguistically, culturally and politically connected to both
the old and the new Hungary, so this issue posed a great challenge for
Czechoslovak minority and foreign policy. International commit-
205
ments
on minorities arising out of the Minorities Treaty concluded
with Czechoslovakia at Saint Germain-en-Laye on 10th September
1919,
as well as positive internal minority language legislation allowed
for the creation of a relatively favourable political and legal
environment for the development of individual minority communities
in the Czechoslovak Republic. In addition to the language laws,
minority schooling was managed fairly well, as were adult education
and culture, even though contacts with the mother state or external
homeland were restricted.
Rychlík
also critically analyses the nega¬
tive aspects of interwar minority policies, such as the discriminatory
solution to the issue of state citizenship, which had a negative impact
on Hungarian minority elites.
Nándor Bárdi
primarily highlights the institutional framework and
the Budapest government s Hungarian national minorities strategy. He
points out that the problem of revisionist foreign policy has
previously been examined primarily at the level of political
propaganda and that less attention has been paid to the issues
surrounding Hungary s external national minority policy. The author
presents a precise chronological overview of this external national
minority policy, highlighting the special features of each individual
stage and analysing the orientation of Hungarian government
approaches to church and educational policy towards Hungarian
minorities. He analyses in detail the strategic ideas behind official
government policy, as well as unofficial and semi-official political
aspirations. He clearly differentiates between the concepts behind
revisionist foreign policy and Hungarian national minority policy and
he describes the institutional network involved in governmental and
non-governmental minority policy. Government policy was handled
from the outset by the Prime Minister and the Minister of Foreign
Affairs. In the unofficial sphere a leading role was played for a long
time by various societies that were closely connected to the
government sphere. These included the Hungarian Revisionist
League, the Union of Social Associations and various other pseudo-
associations, whose activities revolved around particular Hungarian
minorities:
Rákoczi s
Union for the Czechoslovak Hungarians, the
People s Literary Society for Transylvania and Gellert s society for the
Yugoslav Hungarians.
Dagmar Hájková
presents the theoretical and practical standpoints
assumed by the first Czechoslovak president T. G.
Masaryk
in dealing
206
with the minorities issue in Czechoslovakia in
1918.
His wartime
ideas of a federative arrangement for Central Europe and his focus on
the principle of national self-determination were expressions of his
understanding of a new Europe or a new Central Europe.
Masaryk
was aware of the advantages of a state inhabited by just one nation,
but he was also well aware of the fact that in the context of ethnically
very mixed territory this situation was irresolvable. At the same time
he was also aware of the issues raised by the presence of national
minorities in the newly created states. However, he was convinced
that ensuring the solid economic performance of the state was the
priority and that a democratic approach to the minorities on the basis
of individual equal rights would guarantee the smooth operation of
the state. At the same time he believed that the southern Slovak
border should run along ethnographic lines as much as possible and
he did not advocate the creation of a large Hungarian minority on
Czechoslovak territory. He very closely followed and guided the main
trends in state nationalities policy, wishing to create a system in which
the minorities would not be threatened by any pressure to assimilate
and could develop their own cultural potential. In his speeches he
expressed sympathy and an accommodating attitude towards the
Hungarian minority, but insisted upon loyalty towards the new state.
Zbyněk Zeman
assesses the share of the Minister of Foreign
Affairs and the subsequent Czechoslovak president
Edvard Beneš
in
jointly creating an ethnopolitical model for the First Republic. He
analyses
Beneš s
stance towards the international system for
protecting minorities at the League of Nations and he presents the
President s
réévaluation
of minorities policy and his attitude to the
multiethnic First Republic heritage during his wartime London exile.
Miklós Zeidler
also touches on the foreign context of
internar
Central European ethnic problems, referring to the connection
between the petitioning activities of individual Hungarian minorities
and the international minorities protection system. He has carefully
documented the secret political support of the Hungarian mother
state and the reactions and responses of the individual neighbouring
states to which the accusations applied, i.e. Czechoslovakia, Romania
and Yugoslavia. The author refers to the pros and cons of this pro¬
tection system, the primary aim of which was to correct mistakes
made by the peace settlement and to contribute towards peaceful
coexistence. But in the Central European atmosphere of animosity
207
and distrust the exact opposite took place. The petitions came to be
used for mutual attacks and to stir up tensions. They rarely brought
about any settlement in the sphere of minority conflicts.
In his study,
Ferenc
Eiler
deals with possible alternative inter¬
national solutions to the Central European minorities issue. The
limited diplomatic options of Hungarian diplomats and organizations
with regard to minority rights were gradually expanded through petition
campaigns for the League of Nations Secretariat. Other international
organizations were addressed, such as the League of Nations Union
of National Leagues, the Interparliamentary Union and the Euro¬
pean Nationalities Congress, which placed great stress on the rights
of minorities. The author focuses on the activities of the European
Nationalities Congress and on the activities of the Hungarian
representatives at this organization. From the outset Hungarian
governments secretly supported this organization through the
Ministerial Presidium Office, anticipating that it would draw
attention to the situation of the national minorities in successor states
and help to improve the League of Nations international system for
protecting minorities. Hungarian minorities politicians played
a significant role in the work of the European Nationalities Congress,
constantly liaising with Hungarian governments. The chief repre¬
sentative of the Hungarian minority in Czechoslovakia was
Géza
Szüllő,
Chairman of the Provincial Christian-Socialist Party. The
European Nationalities Congress did not succeed in creating a model
of cultural autonomy that might be acceptable in European countries.
Nor did it succeed in renewing the international minorities protection
system.
After Hitler came to power in Germany, the relatively settled
ethnic relations in Central Europe rapidly became more fluid and
mobilized. Czechoslovak and Hungarian foreign and minority policy
alternatives did not overlap, even though discussions between the
Little Entente and Hungary resulted in a fairly significant prior
agreement during the Bled negotiations.
László Szarku
examines the
crisis year of
1938
and considers the possibilities of ethnic inspections
and bilateral arrangements, which throughout the discussions
remained without any prospect of success, however. Hungarian
revisionist plans anticipated a bilateral position until the Munich
Agreement, with the option of a form of Slovak autonomy that could
lead to all of Slovakia voluntarily being annexed by Hungary. The
208
unreality of such ideas meant that Hungary reacted nervously to the
implementation of a supplementary protocol to the Munich
Agreement, which led first to the
Komárno
negotiations and then to
the Vienna arbitration. As for Subcarpathian
Ruthenia,
Hungarian
governments never gave up on the possibility of acquiring the entire
territory, particularly in view of the strategic goal of a joint Polish-
Hungarian border. The author analyses the process and the
consequences of the diplomatic and internal policy preparations for
the Vienna arbitration, as well as why and how the ethnic principle
ultimately became the dominant criterion and argument for
determining the new borders between Hungary and the Second
Czecho-Slovak Republic.
These studies are supported by documents on the international
commitments of Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia and Romania within the
framework of the international minorities agreements of
1919,
as well
as documents on the final controversial diplomatic stage of
internar
Czechoslovak-Hungarian minority and ethnopolitical relations.
209
|
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| era_facet | Geschichte 1918-1938 |
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| id | DE-604.BV036522978 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T22:42:14Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9788086495545 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-020444954 |
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| spelling | Czech and Hungarian minority policy in Central Europe 1918 - 1938 Ferenc Eiler ... Praha Masarykův Ústav [u.a.] 2009 Budapest 209 S. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Geschichte 1918-1938 gnd rswk-swf Minderheitenpolitik (DE-588)4170001-6 gnd rswk-swf Tschechoslowakei (DE-588)4078435-6 gnd rswk-swf Ungarn (DE-588)4078541-5 gnd rswk-swf Tschechoslowakei (DE-588)4078435-6 g Ungarn (DE-588)4078541-5 g Minderheitenpolitik (DE-588)4170001-6 s Geschichte 1918-1938 z DE-604 Eiler, Ferenc Sonstige oth Digitalisierung BSBMuenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=020444954&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=020444954&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
| spellingShingle | Czech and Hungarian minority policy in Central Europe 1918 - 1938 Minderheitenpolitik (DE-588)4170001-6 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4170001-6 (DE-588)4078435-6 (DE-588)4078541-5 |
| title | Czech and Hungarian minority policy in Central Europe 1918 - 1938 |
| title_auth | Czech and Hungarian minority policy in Central Europe 1918 - 1938 |
| title_exact_search | Czech and Hungarian minority policy in Central Europe 1918 - 1938 |
| title_full | Czech and Hungarian minority policy in Central Europe 1918 - 1938 Ferenc Eiler ... |
| title_fullStr | Czech and Hungarian minority policy in Central Europe 1918 - 1938 Ferenc Eiler ... |
| title_full_unstemmed | Czech and Hungarian minority policy in Central Europe 1918 - 1938 Ferenc Eiler ... |
| title_short | Czech and Hungarian minority policy in Central Europe |
| title_sort | czech and hungarian minority policy in central europe 1918 1938 |
| title_sub | 1918 - 1938 |
| topic | Minderheitenpolitik (DE-588)4170001-6 gnd |
| topic_facet | Minderheitenpolitik Tschechoslowakei Ungarn |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=020444954&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=020444954&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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