Opozice a společnost po roce 1948:
Gespeichert in:
| Format: | Buch |
|---|---|
| Sprache: | Czech |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Praha
Ústav pro Soudobé Dějiny AV ČR
2009
|
| Schriftenreihe: | Česká společnost po roce 1945
6 |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract |
| Beschreibung: | Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: Opposition and society, after 1948 |
| Beschreibung: | 224 S. |
| ISBN: | 9788072851225 |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804143083810455552 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Obsah
Předmluva
...................................................................................................5
Květa Jechová: Matky a děti, chtěné i nechtěné.
Mateřství v reálném socialismu
..................................................................10
Populační vývoj české společnosti
.........................................................15
Potratová legislativa
.............................................................................26
Interrupční komise
...............................................................................32
Státní populační komise
.......................................................................42
Populační politika v konceptu reforem
.................................................51
Karel Kaplan: Sociální demokraté po sloučení
s
KSČ v roce
1948..............74
Exil
.......................................................................................................86
První poúnorové kroky nesloučených
...................................................91
Milan Otáhal: Ze života dělníků za tzv. normalizace
................................110
Tomáš Vilímek:
К
otázce vztahu a vzájemné reflexi
opozice a společnosti v Československu po roce
1968.............................176
Tichá dohoda koexistence
s
režimem
.................................................176
Charta
77 -
disidentské
ghetto a otázka
„hloubky skrytého srozumění
............................................................187
Disent
a společnost
-
hrdinové a podivíni
...........................................201
Společnost
a disent
-
zájem, skrytá sympatie,
strach, nepochopení
............................................................................210
Závěrem
.............................................................................................218
Summary
Opposition and Society, after
1948
This is the sixth volume of the series publishing the preliminary results of the
grant-funded project Czech Society after
1945 ,
run by
Oldřich Tůma.
The
volume contains four essays, which are devoted to developments in Czech
society from the Communist takeover of February
1948
to the collapse of
the Communist regime in late
1989.
The principal focus is the period of the
reintroduction
of hard-line Communism, called normalization , after the
defeat of the reformists in
1968/69,
which is discussed in three of the four
of the essays. The authors of the contributions have made use of numerous
archive records of State and opposition provenance, including public
opinion polls, statistics, and interviews with leading dissidents, workers, and
intellectuals. Despite the natural differences in interpretation, the individual
essays complement each other, offering the reader an opportunity to compare
and to discover important parallels.
In her essay Mothers and Children, Wanted and Unwanted: Motherhood
in Real Socialism ,
Květa Jechová
considers a number of highly important
questions. They are the problem of respect for woman s role as a mother while
building Socialism, population policy in Czechoslovakia after the Second
World War and its changes in the
1960s
and the period of normalization,
as well as changes in social security for working mothers and also the state
of public information regarding methods of planned parenthood, including
the possibilities of contraception for women. Particularly interesting is her
discussion of legislation concerning abortion (passed in
1950, 1957,
and
1986),
which resulted in a rate of
96
abortions for every
100
children born.
The essay describes in detail Czechoslovak Socialist policy on motherhood
and birth, and explores how within the totalitarian
régime
the reproductive
rights of women were gradually recognized. She also points out that the baby
boom of the first half of the
1970s
is often explained in simplistic terms and
one-sidedly as being the success of the pro-natal policy of the Communists
in the normalization period. In this regard, she considers the term
Husák s
children to be particularly misleading. The real reason for the rise in the birth
rate, she argues, lies in the strong post-war generation of children reaching
the age of reproduction. Support for families with children certainly also
played a role here, but, paradoxically, it was not initiated by the
régime
in
the normalization period. To achieve social stability, the regime at this point
221
actually implemented a reform that had been prepared during the years of
democratization in the
1960s.
In this highly informative essay, the author also
describes the work of the abortion committees, including the reasons given
for abortions.
Karel
Kaplan s essay, The Social Democrats after their Merger with
the Czechoslovak Communist Party in
1948 ,
discusses the reasons for
the merger of the two parties, the course it took, and its consequences.
He provides interesting information on the overall number of the Social
Democrats who decided to make the application to merge , and on the work
of the committees that decided for its eventual adoption. From this essay,
however, it is clear that a former Social Democrat s prospects for a career
in the Czechoslovak Communist Party were not so rosy, even if his or her
application was accepted, because the Communist leadership, as well as
lower-ranking functionaries, continued to look upon such people with
suspicion. In
1950
and
1951,
about
20,000
former Social Democrats thus
either left the Czechoslovak Communist Party of their own accord or were
expelled in Party purges. This essay is chiefly concerned, however, with the
reaction of the distinctly differentiated rank-and-file of the Social Democratic
Party, which, numbering about
200,000,
rejected the merger. The preparation
for the merger, and its actual course, met with marked resistance amongst
the members and, according to Kaplan, quite a few original supporters of
the left-wing of the Social Democratic Party turned away from its principal
representative,
Zdeněk Fierlinger.
Kaplan describes the immediate reactions
of the Social Democrats, which ranged from adaptation to the new situation,
to carefully expressing criticism, to decisions to emigrate or to try to resist in
the new circumstances. This part of the work makes an important contribution
to the topic of the history of resistance and opposition in Czechoslovakia
from
1948
onwards. It discusses acts of solidarity with adversely affected
Social Democrats, Social Democratic work in exile, and the activities of the
underground central executive committee of young people and the attempts
at setting up a central body of an underground Social Democratic Party.
Though that attempt was crushed by the authorities, and its main proponents
were imprisoned for years or had tn flee, the underground Social Democrats
continued, Kaplan explains, from
1949
to
1953.
Resistance to the Communist
regime remained spontaneous, initiated by individuals and groups not under
the control of any central body.
Milan
Otáhal,
in his essay The Life of Workers in the Period of
Normalization , considers a subject that has hitherto been unfairly neglected.
He draws on the results of the latest project of the Centre for Oral History at
222
the Institute of Contemporary History, Prague, including interviews with
leading workers and intellectuals. Readers are thus offered an interpretation
based on the author s detailed analyses of the responses of thirty-one workers.
He discusses the process of the gradually growing rift between the workers
and the Communist Party, which ultimately led to the fact that the workers no
longer identified with the process of normalization , and concentrated instead
on satisfying their own material interests. The essay considers ten thematic
areas, each of which each interviewee states his or her attitudes towards
-
namely, their views on the mass media in Czechoslovakia and elsewhere
in the world, elections, Socialist competitions, involvement in public affairs,
and key political events, particularly those of
1968
and
1989.
The narrators,
according to the author, expected the renewal process to bring about a change
for the better, though they do not really specify what kind of change or how
it would come about. According to the author, the interviewed workers paid
much less attention to the events of November
1989;
most assessed the
revolution from the point of view of subsequent developments, with which
most of them were disappointed. From the interviews concerning attitudes
to Socialism, the regime of normalization, and the Czechoslovak Communist
Party, it becomes clear that the workers were ambivalent about the regime;
an important criterion here turns out to be their desire for a secure standard
of living and future social certainties. Few narrators had a sense that civil
freedoms had been lacking during the normalization period. The interviews
thus provide evidence that the Communists strategy of pacifying society by
supplying it with consumer goods was relatively successful. Workers, however,
distinguished between the
régime
and its political representatives. Whereas
the interviewees expressed tolerance towards the
régime
as long as it ensured
a certain standard of living, they revealed themselves to feel a pronounced
distance between themselves and the Communist Party. Most likely that is
also why most of the interviewees refused
tojóin
the Party and those who did
join now admitted that they had done so for selfish reasons. By contrast, their
attitudes towards the trade unions were strikingly more positive, particularly
because of the advantages that membership entailed, cheap recreation being
chief amongst them. The essay also provides a brief discussion of the workers ;
attitudes towards the opposition movement, about which most of them were
only marginally informed.
In his essay Relations between the Opposition and Society in Czechoslovakia
after
1968
and Their Opinions of F.ach Other ,
Tomáš Vilímek
draws on his
own research on
samizdat
texts, official and independent research into
public opinion before the Changes of
1989,
and, last but not least, his own
223
interviews
and the results of other oral history projects, in order to consider
the relationship between the opposition, society, and the authorities in this
period. After discussing the essence of the peculiar co-existence with the
régime,
which resulted in most people preferring a conflict-free life and
trying to hold on to the advantages that the
régime
rewarded them with
for their passive loyalty, the author considers discussions amongst members
of the opposition about the essence of Czechoslovak society. According to
him, the leading dissidents thought hard about what constituted the basis of
opposition attitudes in society. They realized that their own attitudes were
difficult to trace and they sought to find a way out of the strange state of
civil unconsciousness . This state typically entailed a hypercritical attitude in
private life and an inability to name the ills in public. The author also attempts
to provide an answer to the question of why these efforts had but little chance
of success. In the last two sections of his essay, he analyzes the ambivalent
relationship between the opposition and society. In conclusion he considers
the dissidents reflections on Czechoslovak society, and describes society s
interest in, concealed sympathy for, fear of, and lack of understanding for the
dissidents.
Bayerische ]
224
¡
Staatsbibliothek
München J
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| id | DE-604.BV036514230 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T22:42:02Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9788072851225 |
| language | Czech |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-020436377 |
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| physical | 224 S. |
| publishDate | 2009 |
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| series | Česká společnost po roce 1945 |
| series2 | Česká společnost po roce 1945 |
| spelling | Opozice a společnost po roce 1948 ed. Oldřich Tůma ... Praha Ústav pro Soudobé Dějiny AV ČR 2009 224 S. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Česká společnost po roce 1945 6 Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: Opposition and society, after 1948 Sozialgeschichte 1948-1989 gnd rswk-swf Opposition (DE-588)4043649-4 gnd rswk-swf Geschichte (DE-588)4020517-4 gnd rswk-swf Tschechoslowakei (DE-588)4078435-6 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)4143413-4 Aufsatzsammlung gnd-content Tschechoslowakei (DE-588)4078435-6 g Opposition (DE-588)4043649-4 s Geschichte (DE-588)4020517-4 s DE-604 Sozialgeschichte 1948-1989 z Tůma, Oldřich 1950- Sonstige (DE-588)13939043X oth Česká společnost po roce 1945 6 (DE-604)BV019605041 6 Digitalisierung BSBMuenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=020436377&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=020436377&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
| spellingShingle | Opozice a společnost po roce 1948 Česká společnost po roce 1945 Opposition (DE-588)4043649-4 gnd Geschichte (DE-588)4020517-4 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4043649-4 (DE-588)4020517-4 (DE-588)4078435-6 (DE-588)4143413-4 |
| title | Opozice a společnost po roce 1948 |
| title_auth | Opozice a společnost po roce 1948 |
| title_exact_search | Opozice a společnost po roce 1948 |
| title_full | Opozice a společnost po roce 1948 ed. Oldřich Tůma ... |
| title_fullStr | Opozice a společnost po roce 1948 ed. Oldřich Tůma ... |
| title_full_unstemmed | Opozice a společnost po roce 1948 ed. Oldřich Tůma ... |
| title_short | Opozice a společnost po roce 1948 |
| title_sort | opozice a spolecnost po roce 1948 |
| topic | Opposition (DE-588)4043649-4 gnd Geschichte (DE-588)4020517-4 gnd |
| topic_facet | Opposition Geschichte Tschechoslowakei Aufsatzsammlung |
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| volume_link | (DE-604)BV019605041 |
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