Modern introductory physics:
Gespeichert in:
| Format: | Buch |
|---|---|
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
New York, NY [u.a.]
Springer
2010
|
| Ausgabe: | 2. ed. |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltstext Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | XXI, 658 S. Ill., graph. Darst. 235 mm x 178 mm, 1040 gr. |
| ISBN: | 9780387790794 9780387790800 |
Internformat
MARC
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| 020 | |a 9780387790794 |c GB. : EUR 74.85 |9 978-0-387-79079-4 | ||
| 020 | |a 9780387790800 |9 978-0-387-79080-0 | ||
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| 084 | |a UC 100 |0 (DE-625)145519: |2 rvk | ||
| 084 | |a 530 |2 sdnb | ||
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Modern introductory physics |c Charles H. Holbrow ... |
| 250 | |a 2. ed. | ||
| 264 | 1 | |a New York, NY [u.a.] |b Springer |c 2010 | |
| 300 | |a XXI, 658 S. |b Ill., graph. Darst. |c 235 mm x 178 mm, 1040 gr. | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Physik |0 (DE-588)4045956-1 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
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| 689 | 0 | 0 | |a Physik |0 (DE-588)4045956-1 |D s |
| 689 | 0 | |5 DE-604 | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Holbrow, Charles H. |e Sonstige |4 oth | |
| 856 | 4 | 2 | |q text/html |u http://deposit.dnb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?id=3430851&prov=M&dok_var=1&dok_ext=htm |3 Inhaltstext |
| 856 | 4 | 2 | |m SWB Datenaustausch |q application/pdf |u http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=020412794&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |3 Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| 943 | 1 | |a oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-020412794 | |
Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1805094145739456512 |
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IMAGE 1
CONTENTS
1 WHAT'S GOING ON HERE? 1
1.1 WHAT IS PHYSICS? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . 1
1.2 WHAT IS INTRODUCTORY PHYSICS ABOUT? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 3
1.3 WHAT WE'RE UP TO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . 4
1.4 THIS COURSE TELLS A STORY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . 5
THE SHORT STORY OF THE ATOM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
SPECIAL RELATIVITY AND QUANTUM MECHANICS . . . . . . . . . . . 7
PHYSICS IS NOT A SPECTATOR SPORT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.5 WHY THIS STORY? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . 9
AN IMPORTANT IDEA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
TOOLS FOR QUANTITATIVE THOUGHT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
AN INTRODUCTION TO PHYSICS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
1.6 JUST DO IT! . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . 10
2 SOME PHYSICS YOU NEED TO KNOW 13
2.1 INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . 13
2.2 LENGTH, MASS, TIME: FUNDAMENTAL PHYSICAL PROPERTIES . . . . . . . 13
LENGTH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14
MASS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
15
TIME . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19
SOME IMPORTANT MASSES, LENGTHS, AND TIMES . . . . . . . . . 20
2.3 UNITS AND DIMENSIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . 20
COMPOSITE UNITS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
USING SI MULTIPLIERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
CONSISTENCY OF UNITS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
PHYSICAL DIMENSIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
XIII
IMAGE 2
XIV CONTENTS
2.4 ANGLES AND ANGULAR MEASURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 26
VERTEX AND RAYS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
WHAT DOES "SUBTEND" MEAN? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
DEGREES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
MORE ABOUT THE SMALL-ANGLE APPROXIMATION . . . . . . . . . . 30
2.5 THINKING ABOUT NUMBERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 32
2.6 MOMENTUM, FORCE, AND CONSERVATION OF MOMENTUM . . . . . . . . . 35
VELOCITY AND ACCELERATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
MOMENTUM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
FORCE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
37
WHY DOES F = MA ? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
CONSERVATION OF MOMENTUM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
CENTRIPETAL FORCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
2.7 ENERGY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . 44
FEYNMAN'S ENERGY ANALOGY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
ENERGY COSTS MONEY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
CONSERVATION OF ENERGY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
PENDULUMS AND ENERGY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
FORCES AS VARIATIONS IN POTENTIAL ENERGY . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
2.8 SUMMARY AND EXHORTATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 54
CONNECT CONCEPTS TO PHYSICAL REALITY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
KNOW THE SI PREFIXES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
REPRESENTING VECTORS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
COMPONENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
ADDING VECTORS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
3 THE CHEMIST'S ATOMS 63
3.1 INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . 63
3.2 CHEMICAL ELEMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . 63
3.3 ATOMS AND INTEGERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . 64
PROUST'S EVIDENCE: THE LAW OF CONSTANT PROPORTIONS . . . . . 65 DALTON'S
EVIDENCE: THE LAW OF MULTIPLE PROPORTIONS . . . . . 65 GAY-LUSSAC'S
EVIDENCE: THE LAW OF COMBINING VOLUMES . . . 67 AVOGADRO'S PRINCIPLE . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
3.4 ATOMIC WEIGHTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . 70
3.5 NUMBERS OF ATOMS IN A SAMPLE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
74
THE MOLE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
AVOGADRO'S CONSTANT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
3.6 THE CHEMIST'S ATOM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . 77
SUMMARY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
QUESTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
ANSWERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
IMAGE 3
CONTENTS XV
4 GAS LAWS 83
4.1 INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . 83
4.2 PRESSURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . 83
THE IDEA OF PRESSURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
DEFINITION OF PRESSURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
DISCOVERY OF VACUUM AND THE ATMOSPHERE . . . . . . . . . . . 85
GAS PRESSURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
4.3 BOYLE'S LAW: THE SPRINGINESS OF GASES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 89
BOYLE'S EXPERIMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
4.4 TEMPERATURE, GASES, AND IDEAL GASES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 94
THERMAL EXPANSION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
IMAGINING AN IDEAL GAS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
GAY-LUSSAC'S LAW AND THE KELVIN TEMPERATURE SCALE . . . . . 100 4.5 THE
IDEAL GAS LAW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
102
WHAT UNDERLIES SUCH A SIMPLE LAW? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
5 HARD-SPHERE ATOMS 109
5.1 INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . 109
5.2 GAS PRESSURE FROM ATOMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . 110
5.3 TEMPERATURE AND THE ENERGIES OF ATOMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
115
ENERGIES OF ATOMS: BOLTZMANN'S CONSTANT . . . . . . . . . . . 116
THE ELECTRON VOLT (EV) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
5.4 SUMMARY THUS FAR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 120
5.5 SIZE OF ATOMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . 121
COLLIDING ATOMS, MEAN FREE PATH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
VISCOSITY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
124
AN ATOMIC MODEL OF VISCOSITY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
5.7 THE SIZE OF ATOMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . 132
RADIUS OF A MOLECULE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
AVOGADRO'S NUMBER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
5.8 CONCLUSIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . 134
INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
135
SUMS AND THE * NOTATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
DISTRIBUTIONS AND AVERAGES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
A DISTRIBUTION OF VELOCITIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
MOMENTUM TRANSFERS BY COLLISION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
VELOCITY BINS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
142
6 ELECTRIC CHARGES AND ELECTRIC FORCES 151
6.1 INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . 151
6.2 ELECTRIC CHARGE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . 152
EXPERIMENTS WITH ELECTROSCOPES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
CONDUCTORS AND INSULATORS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
QUANTITATIVE MEASURES OF CHARGE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
IMAGE 4
XVI CONTENTS
6.3 ELECTRIC CURRENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . 160
SPEED OF CHARGES IN A CURRENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
6.4 SUMMARY: ELECTRIC CHARGES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . 164
7 ELECTRIC FIELDS AND ELECTRIC FORCES 169
7.1 ELECTRIC FIELD: A LOCAL SOURCE OF ELECTRIC FORCE . . . . . . . . . .
. 169
TWO USEFUL ELECTRIC FIELDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
7.2 ELECTRIC POTENTIAL ENERGY AND ELECTRIC POTENTIAL . . . . . . . . . .
. 173
7.3 ELECTRIC POTENTIAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . 178
ACCELERATION OF CHARGED PARTICLES THROUGH A DIFFERENCE OF POTENTIAL . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
ENERGY, ELECTRIC POTENTIAL, AND ELECTRIC CURRENT . . . . . . . . 185
VISUALIZING ELECTRIC POTENTIAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186
THE ELECTRON VOLT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188
7.4 SUMMARY: ELECTRIC FIELD AND ELECTRIC POTENTIAL . . . . . . . . . . .
190
8 MAGNETIC FIELD AND MAGNETIC FORCE 199
8.1 MAGNETIC FIELD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . 199
MAGNETIC FORCE ON A MOVING CHARGE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199
A MOVING CHARGE IN A UNIFORM MAGNETIC FIELD . . . . . . . . 204
SOURCES OF MAGNETIC FIELDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207
8.2 MAGNETIC FIELDS AND ATOMIC MASSES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 208
MAGNETIC MASS SPECTROMETRY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
8.3 LARGE ACCELERATORS AND MAGNETIC FIELDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 215
8.4 A SUMMARY OF USEFUL THINGS TO KNOW ABOUT MAGNETISM . . . . . 217
9 ELECTRICAL ATOMS AND THE ELECTRON 229
9.1 INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . 229
9.2 ELECTROLYSIS AND THE MOLE OF CHARGES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 230
9.3 CATHODE RAYS, E/M , AND THE ELECTRON . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 235
THE ELECTRICAL NATURE OF CATHODE RAYS . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235
DEFLECTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
236
9.4 THE ELECTRON'S CHARGE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . 243
INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243
DROPLET SIZE FROM TERMINAL VELOCITY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243
FINDING THE CHARGE ON A DROPLET . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247
QUANTIZATION OF ELECTRIC CHARGE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249
IMPORTANT NUMBERS FOUND FROM E . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252
9.5 SUMMARY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . 253
9.6 USES OF ELECTRIC DEFLECTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . 254
THE INKJET PRINTER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254
QUARK HUNTING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257
IMAGE 5
CONTENTS XVII
10 WAVES AND LIGHT 285
10.1 INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . 285
10.2 THE NATURE OF WAVES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . 286
A TRAVELING DISTURBANCE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286
VELOCITY, WAVELENGTH, AND FREQUENCY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287
AMPLITUDE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
290
PHASE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
291
TRANSVERSE AND LONGITUDINAL WAVES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293
INTENSITY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
294
10.3 INTERFERENCE OF WAVES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . 295
INTERFERENCE ALONG A LINE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296
VISUALIZING WAVES IN THREE DIMENSIONS-WAVEFRONTS . . . . . 302
INTERFERENCE IN TERMS OF WAVEFRONTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305
10.4 LIGHT INTERFERES; IT'S A WAVE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . 308
WAVELENGTH OF LIGHT IS COLOR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 308
ANALYZING LIGHT: INTERFERENCE OF LIGHT FROM SLITS . . . . . . . . 309
DOUBLE-SLIT INTERFERENCE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309
SINGLE-SLIT DIFFRACTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
312
COMBINED DOUBLE-SLIT AND SINGLE-SLIT PATTERNS . . . . . . . . . 314
MULTISLIT INTERFERENCE PATTERNS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316
SPECTRA, SPECTROMETERS, SPECTROSCOPY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317
10.5 ATOMIC SPECTROSCOPY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . 319
10.6 PROBING MATTER WITH LIGHT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . 321
10.7 SUMMARY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . 324
11 TIME AND LENGTH AT HIGH SPEEDS 339
11.1 INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . 339
11.2 APPROXIMATING A FUNCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . 340
STRAIGHT-LINE APPROXIMATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341
BINOMIAL EXPANSIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 344
AMAZE YOUR FRIENDS! . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345
THE SMALL-ANGLE APPROXIMATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 346
11.3 FRAME OF REFERENCE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . 347
VELOCITY DEPENDS ON REFERENCE FRAME . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 348
DOES PHYSICS DEPEND ON REFERENCE FRAME? . . . . . . . . . . . 349
HOW MOTION DESCRIBED IN ONE FRAME IS DESCRIBED IN ANOTHER . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 350
11.4 THE CONSTANCY OF C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . 351
THE MICHELSON-MORLEY EXPERIMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 352
MICHELSON'S RESULTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 359
11.5 CONSEQUENCES OF CONSTANCY OF C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . 361
MOVING CLOCKS RUN SLOW-TIME DILATION . . . . . . . . . . . . 361
MOVING LENGTHS SHRINK-LORENTZ CONTRACTION . . . . . . . . . 365
IMAGE 6
XVIII CONTENTS
THE DOPPLER EFFECT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 368
HOW DO VELOCITIES TRANSFORM? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 370
SOMETHING TO THINK ABOUT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 370
12 ENERGY AND MOMENTUM AT HIGH SPEEDS 375
12.1 INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . 375
12.2 ENERGY HAS MASS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . 375
LIGHT EXERTS PRESSURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 375
E = MC 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
376
EXPERIMENTAL EVIDENCE FOR M = * M 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 379
12.3 MOMENTUM AND ENERGY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 382
RELATIVISTIC MOMENTUM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 383
RELATIVISTIC KINETIC ENERGY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 384
RELATION BETWEEN ENERGY AND MOMENTUM . . . . . . . . . . . 386
12.4 MASSES IN EV /C 2 ; MOMENTA IN EV /C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . 387
12.5 WHEN CAN YOU APPROXIMATE? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
392
NONRELATIVISTIC APPROXIMATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 392
ULTRARELATIVISTIC APPROXIMATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 394
12.6 SUMMARY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . 394
13 THE GRANULARITY OF LIGHT 401
13.1 INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . 401
13.2 THE PHOTOELECTRIC EFFECT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . 401
DISCOVERY OF THE PHOTOELECTRIC EFFECT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 401
PROPERTIES OF THE EFFECT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 402
EINSTEIN'S EXPLANATION: E = HF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 406
EXPERIMENTAL VERIFICATION OF EINSTEIN'S EQUATION . . . . . . . 408 13.3
PHOTOMULTIPLIER TUBES: AN APPLICATION OF THE PHOTOELECTRIC EF FECT . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 412
HOW THE PHOTOMULTIPLIER TUBE WORKS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 413
PARTS OF A PHOTOMULTIPLIER TUBE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 413
SCINTILLATION COUNTING OF RADIOACTIVITY: A USEFUL APPLICATION . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 415
13.4 SUMMARY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . 415
14 X-RAYS 421
14.1 INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . 421
14.2 PROPERTIES OF X-RAYS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . 421
14.3 PRODUCTION OF X-RAYS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . 422
14.4 X-RAYS ARE WAVES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . 423
14.5 THE BRAGG LAW OF CRYSTAL DIFFRACTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . 424
POWDER DIFFRACTION PATTERNS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 427
14.6 A DEVICE FOR MEASURING X-RAYS: THE CRYSTAL SPECTROMETER . . . . 429
DETERMINING THE SPACING OF ATOMS IN CRYSTALS . . . . . . . . . 429
14.7 CONTINUUM X-RAYS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . 432
IMAGE 7
CONTENTS XIX
14.8 X-RAY PHOTONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . 433
14.9 THE COMPTON EFFECT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . 435
INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
435
COMPTON SCATTERING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 436
DERIVATION OF THE ENERGY CHANGE OF A COMPTON SCATTERED PHOTON . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 439
COMPTON SCATTERING AND THE DETECTION OF PHOTONS . . . . . . 443 14.10
SUMMARY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 446
USEFUL THINGS TO KNOW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 446
SOME IMPORTANT THINGS TO KEEP IN MIND . . . . . . . . . . . . 447
15 PARTICLES AS WAVES 455
15.1 INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . 455
15.2 THE DE BROGLIE WAVELENGTH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . 455
15.3 EVIDENCE THAT PARTICLES ACT LIKE WAVES . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . 457
G.P. THOMSON'S EXPERIMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 457
THE EXPERIMENT OF DAVISSON AND GERMER . . . . . . . . . . . . 462
"DOUBLE-SLIT" INTERFERENCE WITH ELECTRONS . . . . . . . . . . . . 465
WAVES OF ATOMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 467
15.4 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 469
SOME USEFUL THINGS TO KNOW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 470
WAVES, ENERGY, AND LOCALIZATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 470
16 RADIOACTIVITY AND THE ATOMIC NUCLEUS 479
16.1 QUALITATIVE RADIOACTIVITY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . 480
BECQUEREL DISCOVERS RADIOACTIVITY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 480
THE CURIES DISCOVER NEW RADIOACTIVE ELEMENTS . . . . . . . . 482 ALPHA,
BETA, AND GAMMA RAYS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 483
RADIOACTIVE ATOMS OF ONE ELEMENT CHANGE INTO ANOTHER . . 485 16.2
QUANTITATIVE PROPERTIES OF RADIOACTIVITY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
488
MEASURES OF ACTIVITY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 488
RADIOACTIVE DECAY AND HALF-LIFE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 488
16.3 DISCOVERY OF THE ATOM'S NUCLEUS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . 494
ALPHA PARTICLES AS PROBES OF THE ATOM . . . . . . . . . . . . . 494
DISCOVERY OF THE ATOMIC NUCLEUS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 496
NUCLEAR SIZE AND CHARGE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 501
16.4 NUCLEAR ENERGIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . 503
ENERGIES OF ALPHA AND BETA PARTICLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 503
16.5 THE NEUTRON . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . 507
16.6 SUMMARY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . 509
INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
514
DIFFRACTION FROM A CIRCULAR CROSS SECTION . . . . . . . . . . . . 514
FIND THE NUCLEAR RADIUS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 515
IMAGE 8
XX CONTENTS
17 SPECTRA AND THE BOHR ATOM 517
17.1 INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . 517
17.2 ATOMIC SPECTRA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . 518
WALL TAPPING AND BELL RINGING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 518
ATOMIC SPECTRAL SIGNATURES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 519
17.3 THE BOHR ATOM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . 521
NEED FOR A MODEL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 521
BOHR'S IDEAS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 521
QUANTIZING THE HYDROGEN ATOM'S ENERGIES . . . . . . . . . . . 522
ENERGY-LEVEL DIAGRAMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 526
17.4 CONFIRMATIONS AND APPLICATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . 529
ENERGY LEVELS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
529
RYDBERG ATOMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 530
THE FRANCK-HERTZ EXPERIMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 531
HYDROGEN-LIKE IONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 535
17.5 HOW ATOMS GOT THEIR (ATOMIC) NUMBERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
536
INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
536
HOW MANY ELEMENTS CAN THERE BE? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 536
X-RAY LINE SPECTRA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 537
MOSELEY'S EXPERIMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 539
X-RAY LINE SPECTRA AND THE BOHR MODEL . . . . . . . . . . . . 542
17.6 SUMMARY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . 544
THE BOHR MODEL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 544
LIMITATIONS OF THE BOHR MODEL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 545
X-RAY LINE SPECTRA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 545
MOSELEY'S LAW, THE ATOMIC NUMBER, AND THE PERIODIC TABLE . 546
18 THE HEISENBERG UNCERTAINTY PRINCIPLE 553
18.1 INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . 553
18.2 BEING IN TWO PLACES AT ONCE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . 554
18.3 HEISENBERG'S UNCERTAINTY PRINCIPLE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . 558
18.4 ATOM SIZES AND ENERGIES FROM THE UNCERTAINTY PRINCIPLE . . . . . .
561 18.5 GENERAL FEATURES OF THE UNCERTAINTY PRINCIPLE . . . . . . . . .
. . . 565
19 ATOMS, PHOTONS, AND QUANTUM MECHANICS 569
19.1 INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . 569
19.2 BASIC IDEAS OF QUANTUM THEORY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 570
SUPERPOSITION AND THE UNCERTAINTY PRINCIPLE . . . . . . . . . . 570
19.3 DOWN CONVERSION, BEAM SPLITTING, COINCIDENCE COUNTING . . . . . 571
19.4 INTERFERENCE OF QUANTA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . 575
19.5 PROBABILITY AMPLITUDES AND PROBABILITIES . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . 577
INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
577
PROBABILITY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
578
IMAGE 9
CONTENTS XXI
PROBABILITY AMPLITUDES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 580
PRODUCT RULE FOR PROBABILITY AMPLITUDES . . . . . . . . . . . . 580
ADDITION RULE FOR PROBABILITY AMPLITUDES . . . . . . . . . . . 581
INDISTINGUISHABILITY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
582
THE UNCERTAINTY PRINCIPLE, COHERENCE LENGTH, AND INDISTINGUISHABILITY .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 583
19.6 RULES OF QUANTUM MECHANICS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . 585
DOES INTERFERENCE OCCUR ONE PHOTON AT A TIME? . . . . . . . 586
SPOOKINESS OF SUPERPOSITION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 587
INDISTINGUISHABILITY: AN INGENIOUS EXPERIMENT . . . . . . . . . 588
19.7 SUMMARY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . 591
20 ENTANGLEMENT AND NON-LOCALITY 597
20.1 INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . 597
20.2 POLARIZATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . 598
THE WAVE PICTURE OF POLARIZATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 598
SHEET POLARIZERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
601
LIGHT THROUGH POLARIZERS: THE QUANTUM PICTURE . . . . . . . 603 A
POLARIZER CHANGES A PHOTON'S STATE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 605
INDISTINGUISHABILITY AND THE QUANTUM ERASER . . . . . . . . . . 607
20.3 ENTANGLED QUANTUM STATES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . 609
ENTANGLEMENT BY ANALOGY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 609
NON-LOCALITY OF ENTANGLEMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 610
20.4 BELL'S INEQUALITY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . 612
20.5 VIOLATING BELL'S INEQUALITY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . 614
BEAM-SPLITTING POLARIZER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 614
MEASURING THE PHOTON'S STATE OF POLARIZATION . . . . . . . . . 615
20.6 TESTING BELL'S INEQUALITY: THEORY AND EXPERIMENT . . . . . . . . .
. 619
21 EPILOGUE 629
A USEFUL INFORMATION 633
A.1 SI PREFIXES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . 633
A.2 BASIC PHYSICAL CONSTANTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . 634
A.3 CONSTANTS THAT YOU MUST KNOW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
634
A.4 MISCELLANEOUS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . 636
A.5 NAMES OF SOME SI DERIVED UNITS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 637
A.6 SI BASE UNITS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . 639
A.7 ATOMIC MASSES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . 640
A.8 MASSES OF NUCLIDES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . 641
A.9 PERIODIC TABLE OF THE CHEMICAL ELEMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 642
INDEX 645 |
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| physical | XXI, 658 S. Ill., graph. Darst. 235 mm x 178 mm, 1040 gr. |
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| spelling | Modern introductory physics Charles H. Holbrow ... 2. ed. New York, NY [u.a.] Springer 2010 XXI, 658 S. Ill., graph. Darst. 235 mm x 178 mm, 1040 gr. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Physik (DE-588)4045956-1 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)4123623-3 Lehrbuch gnd-content Physik (DE-588)4045956-1 s DE-604 Holbrow, Charles H. Sonstige oth text/html http://deposit.dnb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?id=3430851&prov=M&dok_var=1&dok_ext=htm Inhaltstext SWB Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=020412794&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Modern introductory physics Physik (DE-588)4045956-1 gnd |
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| title | Modern introductory physics |
| title_auth | Modern introductory physics |
| title_exact_search | Modern introductory physics |
| title_full | Modern introductory physics Charles H. Holbrow ... |
| title_fullStr | Modern introductory physics Charles H. Holbrow ... |
| title_full_unstemmed | Modern introductory physics Charles H. Holbrow ... |
| title_short | Modern introductory physics |
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| topic | Physik (DE-588)4045956-1 gnd |
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