Verfügbarkeit: Modern introductory physics

Modern introductory physics:

Gespeichert in:

Bibliographische Detailangaben
Format:	Buch
Sprache:	English
Veröffentlicht:	New York, NY [u.a.] Springer 2010
Ausgabe:	2. ed.
Schlagworte:	Physik Lehrbuch
Online-Zugang:	Inhaltstext Inhaltsverzeichnis
Beschreibung:	XXI, 658 S. Ill., graph. Darst. 235 mm x 178 mm, 1040 gr.
ISBN:	9780387790794 9780387790800

Internformat

MARC


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Datensatz im Suchindex

_version_	1805094145739456512
adam_text	IMAGE 1 CONTENTS 1 WHAT'S GOING ON HERE? 1 1.1 WHAT IS PHYSICS? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1.2 WHAT IS INTRODUCTORY PHYSICS ABOUT? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1.3 WHAT WE'RE UP TO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 1.4 THIS COURSE TELLS A STORY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 THE SHORT STORY OF THE ATOM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 SPECIAL RELATIVITY AND QUANTUM MECHANICS . . . . . . . . . . . 7 PHYSICS IS NOT A SPECTATOR SPORT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 1.5 WHY THIS STORY? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 AN IMPORTANT IDEA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 TOOLS FOR QUANTITATIVE THOUGHT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 AN INTRODUCTION TO PHYSICS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 1.6 JUST DO IT! . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 2 SOME PHYSICS YOU NEED TO KNOW 13 2.1 INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 2.2 LENGTH, MASS, TIME: FUNDAMENTAL PHYSICAL PROPERTIES . . . . . . . 13 LENGTH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 MASS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 TIME . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 SOME IMPORTANT MASSES, LENGTHS, AND TIMES . . . . . . . . . 20 2.3 UNITS AND DIMENSIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 COMPOSITE UNITS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 USING SI MULTIPLIERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 CONSISTENCY OF UNITS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 PHYSICAL DIMENSIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 XIII IMAGE 2 XIV CONTENTS 2.4 ANGLES AND ANGULAR MEASURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 VERTEX AND RAYS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 WHAT DOES "SUBTEND" MEAN? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 DEGREES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 MORE ABOUT THE SMALL-ANGLE APPROXIMATION . . . . . . . . . . 30 2.5 THINKING ABOUT NUMBERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 2.6 MOMENTUM, FORCE, AND CONSERVATION OF MOMENTUM . . . . . . . . . 35 VELOCITY AND ACCELERATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 MOMENTUM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 FORCE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 WHY DOES F = MA ? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 CONSERVATION OF MOMENTUM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 CENTRIPETAL FORCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 2.7 ENERGY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 FEYNMAN'S ENERGY ANALOGY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 ENERGY COSTS MONEY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 CONSERVATION OF ENERGY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 PENDULUMS AND ENERGY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 FORCES AS VARIATIONS IN POTENTIAL ENERGY . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 2.8 SUMMARY AND EXHORTATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 CONNECT CONCEPTS TO PHYSICAL REALITY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 KNOW THE SI PREFIXES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 REPRESENTING VECTORS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 COMPONENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 ADDING VECTORS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 3 THE CHEMIST'S ATOMS 63 3.1 INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 3.2 CHEMICAL ELEMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 3.3 ATOMS AND INTEGERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 PROUST'S EVIDENCE: THE LAW OF CONSTANT PROPORTIONS . . . . . 65 DALTON'S EVIDENCE: THE LAW OF MULTIPLE PROPORTIONS . . . . . 65 GAY-LUSSAC'S EVIDENCE: THE LAW OF COMBINING VOLUMES . . . 67 AVOGADRO'S PRINCIPLE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 3.4 ATOMIC WEIGHTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 3.5 NUMBERS OF ATOMS IN A SAMPLE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 THE MOLE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 AVOGADRO'S CONSTANT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 3.6 THE CHEMIST'S ATOM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 SUMMARY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 QUESTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 ANSWERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 IMAGE 3 CONTENTS XV 4 GAS LAWS 83 4.1 INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 4.2 PRESSURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 THE IDEA OF PRESSURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 DEFINITION OF PRESSURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 DISCOVERY OF VACUUM AND THE ATMOSPHERE . . . . . . . . . . . 85 GAS PRESSURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 4.3 BOYLE'S LAW: THE SPRINGINESS OF GASES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 BOYLE'S EXPERIMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 4.4 TEMPERATURE, GASES, AND IDEAL GASES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94 THERMAL EXPANSION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94 IMAGINING AN IDEAL GAS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 GAY-LUSSAC'S LAW AND THE KELVIN TEMPERATURE SCALE . . . . . 100 4.5 THE IDEAL GAS LAW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 WHAT UNDERLIES SUCH A SIMPLE LAW? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 5 HARD-SPHERE ATOMS 109 5.1 INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109 5.2 GAS PRESSURE FROM ATOMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110 5.3 TEMPERATURE AND THE ENERGIES OF ATOMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115 ENERGIES OF ATOMS: BOLTZMANN'S CONSTANT . . . . . . . . . . . 116 THE ELECTRON VOLT (EV) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118 5.4 SUMMARY THUS FAR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120 5.5 SIZE OF ATOMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121 COLLIDING ATOMS, MEAN FREE PATH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122 VISCOSITY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124 AN ATOMIC MODEL OF VISCOSITY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127 5.7 THE SIZE OF ATOMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132 RADIUS OF A MOLECULE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132 AVOGADRO'S NUMBER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133 5.8 CONCLUSIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134 INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135 SUMS AND THE * NOTATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136 DISTRIBUTIONS AND AVERAGES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137 A DISTRIBUTION OF VELOCITIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140 MOMENTUM TRANSFERS BY COLLISION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140 VELOCITY BINS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142 6 ELECTRIC CHARGES AND ELECTRIC FORCES 151 6.1 INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151 6.2 ELECTRIC CHARGE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152 EXPERIMENTS WITH ELECTROSCOPES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152 CONDUCTORS AND INSULATORS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157 QUANTITATIVE MEASURES OF CHARGE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157 IMAGE 4 XVI CONTENTS 6.3 ELECTRIC CURRENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160 SPEED OF CHARGES IN A CURRENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161 6.4 SUMMARY: ELECTRIC CHARGES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164 7 ELECTRIC FIELDS AND ELECTRIC FORCES 169 7.1 ELECTRIC FIELD: A LOCAL SOURCE OF ELECTRIC FORCE . . . . . . . . . . . 169 TWO USEFUL ELECTRIC FIELDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171 7.2 ELECTRIC POTENTIAL ENERGY AND ELECTRIC POTENTIAL . . . . . . . . . . . 173 7.3 ELECTRIC POTENTIAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178 ACCELERATION OF CHARGED PARTICLES THROUGH A DIFFERENCE OF POTENTIAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183 ENERGY, ELECTRIC POTENTIAL, AND ELECTRIC CURRENT . . . . . . . . 185 VISUALIZING ELECTRIC POTENTIAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186 THE ELECTRON VOLT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188 7.4 SUMMARY: ELECTRIC FIELD AND ELECTRIC POTENTIAL . . . . . . . . . . . 190 8 MAGNETIC FIELD AND MAGNETIC FORCE 199 8.1 MAGNETIC FIELD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199 MAGNETIC FORCE ON A MOVING CHARGE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199 A MOVING CHARGE IN A UNIFORM MAGNETIC FIELD . . . . . . . . 204 SOURCES OF MAGNETIC FIELDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207 8.2 MAGNETIC FIELDS AND ATOMIC MASSES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208 MAGNETIC MASS SPECTROMETRY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209 8.3 LARGE ACCELERATORS AND MAGNETIC FIELDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215 8.4 A SUMMARY OF USEFUL THINGS TO KNOW ABOUT MAGNETISM . . . . . 217 9 ELECTRICAL ATOMS AND THE ELECTRON 229 9.1 INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229 9.2 ELECTROLYSIS AND THE MOLE OF CHARGES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230 9.3 CATHODE RAYS, E/M , AND THE ELECTRON . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235 THE ELECTRICAL NATURE OF CATHODE RAYS . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235 DEFLECTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236 9.4 THE ELECTRON'S CHARGE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243 INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243 DROPLET SIZE FROM TERMINAL VELOCITY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243 FINDING THE CHARGE ON A DROPLET . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247 QUANTIZATION OF ELECTRIC CHARGE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249 IMPORTANT NUMBERS FOUND FROM E . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252 9.5 SUMMARY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253 9.6 USES OF ELECTRIC DEFLECTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254 THE INKJET PRINTER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254 QUARK HUNTING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257 IMAGE 5 CONTENTS XVII 10 WAVES AND LIGHT 285 10.1 INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285 10.2 THE NATURE OF WAVES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286 A TRAVELING DISTURBANCE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286 VELOCITY, WAVELENGTH, AND FREQUENCY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287 AMPLITUDE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290 PHASE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291 TRANSVERSE AND LONGITUDINAL WAVES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293 INTENSITY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294 10.3 INTERFERENCE OF WAVES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295 INTERFERENCE ALONG A LINE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296 VISUALIZING WAVES IN THREE DIMENSIONS-WAVEFRONTS . . . . . 302 INTERFERENCE IN TERMS OF WAVEFRONTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305 10.4 LIGHT INTERFERES; IT'S A WAVE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 308 WAVELENGTH OF LIGHT IS COLOR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 308 ANALYZING LIGHT: INTERFERENCE OF LIGHT FROM SLITS . . . . . . . . 309 DOUBLE-SLIT INTERFERENCE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309 SINGLE-SLIT DIFFRACTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 312 COMBINED DOUBLE-SLIT AND SINGLE-SLIT PATTERNS . . . . . . . . . 314 MULTISLIT INTERFERENCE PATTERNS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316 SPECTRA, SPECTROMETERS, SPECTROSCOPY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317 10.5 ATOMIC SPECTROSCOPY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319 10.6 PROBING MATTER WITH LIGHT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321 10.7 SUMMARY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 324 11 TIME AND LENGTH AT HIGH SPEEDS 339 11.1 INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339 11.2 APPROXIMATING A FUNCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 340 STRAIGHT-LINE APPROXIMATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341 BINOMIAL EXPANSIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 344 AMAZE YOUR FRIENDS! . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345 THE SMALL-ANGLE APPROXIMATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 346 11.3 FRAME OF REFERENCE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347 VELOCITY DEPENDS ON REFERENCE FRAME . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 348 DOES PHYSICS DEPEND ON REFERENCE FRAME? . . . . . . . . . . . 349 HOW MOTION DESCRIBED IN ONE FRAME IS DESCRIBED IN ANOTHER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 350 11.4 THE CONSTANCY OF C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351 THE MICHELSON-MORLEY EXPERIMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 352 MICHELSON'S RESULTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 359 11.5 CONSEQUENCES OF CONSTANCY OF C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361 MOVING CLOCKS RUN SLOW-TIME DILATION . . . . . . . . . . . . 361 MOVING LENGTHS SHRINK-LORENTZ CONTRACTION . . . . . . . . . 365 IMAGE 6 XVIII CONTENTS THE DOPPLER EFFECT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 368 HOW DO VELOCITIES TRANSFORM? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 370 SOMETHING TO THINK ABOUT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 370 12 ENERGY AND MOMENTUM AT HIGH SPEEDS 375 12.1 INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 375 12.2 ENERGY HAS MASS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 375 LIGHT EXERTS PRESSURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 375 E = MC 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 376 EXPERIMENTAL EVIDENCE FOR M = * M 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 379 12.3 MOMENTUM AND ENERGY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 382 RELATIVISTIC MOMENTUM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 383 RELATIVISTIC KINETIC ENERGY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 384 RELATION BETWEEN ENERGY AND MOMENTUM . . . . . . . . . . . 386 12.4 MASSES IN EV /C 2 ; MOMENTA IN EV /C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 387 12.5 WHEN CAN YOU APPROXIMATE? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 392 NONRELATIVISTIC APPROXIMATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 392 ULTRARELATIVISTIC APPROXIMATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 394 12.6 SUMMARY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 394 13 THE GRANULARITY OF LIGHT 401 13.1 INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 401 13.2 THE PHOTOELECTRIC EFFECT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 401 DISCOVERY OF THE PHOTOELECTRIC EFFECT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 401 PROPERTIES OF THE EFFECT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 402 EINSTEIN'S EXPLANATION: E = HF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 406 EXPERIMENTAL VERIFICATION OF EINSTEIN'S EQUATION . . . . . . . 408 13.3 PHOTOMULTIPLIER TUBES: AN APPLICATION OF THE PHOTOELECTRIC EF FECT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 412 HOW THE PHOTOMULTIPLIER TUBE WORKS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 413 PARTS OF A PHOTOMULTIPLIER TUBE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 413 SCINTILLATION COUNTING OF RADIOACTIVITY: A USEFUL APPLICATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 415 13.4 SUMMARY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 415 14 X-RAYS 421 14.1 INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 421 14.2 PROPERTIES OF X-RAYS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 421 14.3 PRODUCTION OF X-RAYS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 422 14.4 X-RAYS ARE WAVES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 423 14.5 THE BRAGG LAW OF CRYSTAL DIFFRACTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 424 POWDER DIFFRACTION PATTERNS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 427 14.6 A DEVICE FOR MEASURING X-RAYS: THE CRYSTAL SPECTROMETER . . . . 429 DETERMINING THE SPACING OF ATOMS IN CRYSTALS . . . . . . . . . 429 14.7 CONTINUUM X-RAYS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 432 IMAGE 7 CONTENTS XIX 14.8 X-RAY PHOTONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 433 14.9 THE COMPTON EFFECT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 435 INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 435 COMPTON SCATTERING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 436 DERIVATION OF THE ENERGY CHANGE OF A COMPTON SCATTERED PHOTON . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 439 COMPTON SCATTERING AND THE DETECTION OF PHOTONS . . . . . . 443 14.10 SUMMARY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 446 USEFUL THINGS TO KNOW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 446 SOME IMPORTANT THINGS TO KEEP IN MIND . . . . . . . . . . . . 447 15 PARTICLES AS WAVES 455 15.1 INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 455 15.2 THE DE BROGLIE WAVELENGTH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 455 15.3 EVIDENCE THAT PARTICLES ACT LIKE WAVES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 457 G.P. THOMSON'S EXPERIMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 457 THE EXPERIMENT OF DAVISSON AND GERMER . . . . . . . . . . . . 462 "DOUBLE-SLIT" INTERFERENCE WITH ELECTRONS . . . . . . . . . . . . 465 WAVES OF ATOMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 467 15.4 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 469 SOME USEFUL THINGS TO KNOW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 470 WAVES, ENERGY, AND LOCALIZATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 470 16 RADIOACTIVITY AND THE ATOMIC NUCLEUS 479 16.1 QUALITATIVE RADIOACTIVITY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 480 BECQUEREL DISCOVERS RADIOACTIVITY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 480 THE CURIES DISCOVER NEW RADIOACTIVE ELEMENTS . . . . . . . . 482 ALPHA, BETA, AND GAMMA RAYS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 483 RADIOACTIVE ATOMS OF ONE ELEMENT CHANGE INTO ANOTHER . . 485 16.2 QUANTITATIVE PROPERTIES OF RADIOACTIVITY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 488 MEASURES OF ACTIVITY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 488 RADIOACTIVE DECAY AND HALF-LIFE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 488 16.3 DISCOVERY OF THE ATOM'S NUCLEUS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 494 ALPHA PARTICLES AS PROBES OF THE ATOM . . . . . . . . . . . . . 494 DISCOVERY OF THE ATOMIC NUCLEUS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 496 NUCLEAR SIZE AND CHARGE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 501 16.4 NUCLEAR ENERGIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 503 ENERGIES OF ALPHA AND BETA PARTICLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 503 16.5 THE NEUTRON . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 507 16.6 SUMMARY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 509 INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 514 DIFFRACTION FROM A CIRCULAR CROSS SECTION . . . . . . . . . . . . 514 FIND THE NUCLEAR RADIUS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 515 IMAGE 8 XX CONTENTS 17 SPECTRA AND THE BOHR ATOM 517 17.1 INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 517 17.2 ATOMIC SPECTRA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 518 WALL TAPPING AND BELL RINGING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 518 ATOMIC SPECTRAL SIGNATURES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 519 17.3 THE BOHR ATOM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 521 NEED FOR A MODEL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 521 BOHR'S IDEAS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 521 QUANTIZING THE HYDROGEN ATOM'S ENERGIES . . . . . . . . . . . 522 ENERGY-LEVEL DIAGRAMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 526 17.4 CONFIRMATIONS AND APPLICATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 529 ENERGY LEVELS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 529 RYDBERG ATOMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 530 THE FRANCK-HERTZ EXPERIMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 531 HYDROGEN-LIKE IONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 535 17.5 HOW ATOMS GOT THEIR (ATOMIC) NUMBERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 536 INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 536 HOW MANY ELEMENTS CAN THERE BE? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 536 X-RAY LINE SPECTRA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 537 MOSELEY'S EXPERIMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 539 X-RAY LINE SPECTRA AND THE BOHR MODEL . . . . . . . . . . . . 542 17.6 SUMMARY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 544 THE BOHR MODEL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 544 LIMITATIONS OF THE BOHR MODEL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 545 X-RAY LINE SPECTRA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 545 MOSELEY'S LAW, THE ATOMIC NUMBER, AND THE PERIODIC TABLE . 546 18 THE HEISENBERG UNCERTAINTY PRINCIPLE 553 18.1 INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 553 18.2 BEING IN TWO PLACES AT ONCE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 554 18.3 HEISENBERG'S UNCERTAINTY PRINCIPLE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 558 18.4 ATOM SIZES AND ENERGIES FROM THE UNCERTAINTY PRINCIPLE . . . . . . 561 18.5 GENERAL FEATURES OF THE UNCERTAINTY PRINCIPLE . . . . . . . . . . . . 565 19 ATOMS, PHOTONS, AND QUANTUM MECHANICS 569 19.1 INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 569 19.2 BASIC IDEAS OF QUANTUM THEORY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 570 SUPERPOSITION AND THE UNCERTAINTY PRINCIPLE . . . . . . . . . . 570 19.3 DOWN CONVERSION, BEAM SPLITTING, COINCIDENCE COUNTING . . . . . 571 19.4 INTERFERENCE OF QUANTA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 575 19.5 PROBABILITY AMPLITUDES AND PROBABILITIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 577 INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 577 PROBABILITY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 578 IMAGE 9 CONTENTS XXI PROBABILITY AMPLITUDES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 580 PRODUCT RULE FOR PROBABILITY AMPLITUDES . . . . . . . . . . . . 580 ADDITION RULE FOR PROBABILITY AMPLITUDES . . . . . . . . . . . 581 INDISTINGUISHABILITY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 582 THE UNCERTAINTY PRINCIPLE, COHERENCE LENGTH, AND INDISTINGUISHABILITY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 583 19.6 RULES OF QUANTUM MECHANICS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 585 DOES INTERFERENCE OCCUR ONE PHOTON AT A TIME? . . . . . . . 586 SPOOKINESS OF SUPERPOSITION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 587 INDISTINGUISHABILITY: AN INGENIOUS EXPERIMENT . . . . . . . . . 588 19.7 SUMMARY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 591 20 ENTANGLEMENT AND NON-LOCALITY 597 20.1 INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 597 20.2 POLARIZATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 598 THE WAVE PICTURE OF POLARIZATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 598 SHEET POLARIZERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 601 LIGHT THROUGH POLARIZERS: THE QUANTUM PICTURE . . . . . . . 603 A POLARIZER CHANGES A PHOTON'S STATE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 605 INDISTINGUISHABILITY AND THE QUANTUM ERASER . . . . . . . . . . 607 20.3 ENTANGLED QUANTUM STATES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 609 ENTANGLEMENT BY ANALOGY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 609 NON-LOCALITY OF ENTANGLEMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 610 20.4 BELL'S INEQUALITY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 612 20.5 VIOLATING BELL'S INEQUALITY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 614 BEAM-SPLITTING POLARIZER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 614 MEASURING THE PHOTON'S STATE OF POLARIZATION . . . . . . . . . 615 20.6 TESTING BELL'S INEQUALITY: THEORY AND EXPERIMENT . . . . . . . . . . 619 21 EPILOGUE 629 A USEFUL INFORMATION 633 A.1 SI PREFIXES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 633 A.2 BASIC PHYSICAL CONSTANTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 634 A.3 CONSTANTS THAT YOU MUST KNOW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 634 A.4 MISCELLANEOUS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 636 A.5 NAMES OF SOME SI DERIVED UNITS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 637 A.6 SI BASE UNITS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 639 A.7 ATOMIC MASSES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 640 A.8 MASSES OF NUCLIDES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 641 A.9 PERIODIC TABLE OF THE CHEMICAL ELEMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 642 INDEX 645
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spelling	Modern introductory physics Charles H. Holbrow ... 2. ed. New York, NY [u.a.] Springer 2010 XXI, 658 S. Ill., graph. Darst. 235 mm x 178 mm, 1040 gr. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Physik (DE-588)4045956-1 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)4123623-3 Lehrbuch gnd-content Physik (DE-588)4045956-1 s DE-604 Holbrow, Charles H. Sonstige oth text/html http://deposit.dnb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?id=3430851&prov=M&dok_var=1&dok_ext=htm Inhaltstext SWB Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=020412794&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis
spellingShingle	Modern introductory physics Physik (DE-588)4045956-1 gnd
subject_GND	(DE-588)4045956-1 (DE-588)4123623-3
title	Modern introductory physics
title_auth	Modern introductory physics
title_exact_search	Modern introductory physics
title_full	Modern introductory physics Charles H. Holbrow ...
title_fullStr	Modern introductory physics Charles H. Holbrow ...
title_full_unstemmed	Modern introductory physics Charles H. Holbrow ...
title_short	Modern introductory physics
title_sort	modern introductory physics
topic	Physik (DE-588)4045956-1 gnd
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