Brunon z Querfurtu w Polsce i krajach sąsiednich: w tysiąclecie śmierci 1009 - 2009
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Polish |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Pułtusk
Akademia Humanistyczna im. Aleksandra Gieysztora
2009
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract |
| Beschreibung: | Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: Bruno of Querfurt in Poland and neighbouring countries on one thousand-year anniversary of his death |
| Beschreibung: | 223, [1] s. 1 il. 21 cm. |
| ISBN: | 9788375490824 |
Internformat
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Brunon z Querfurtu w Polsce i krajach sąsiednich |b w tysiąclecie śmierci 1009 - 2009 |c Jan Tyszkiewicz |
| 264 | 1 | |a Pułtusk |b Akademia Humanistyczna im. Aleksandra Gieysztora |c 2009 | |
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| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
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| 500 | |a Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: Bruno of Querfurt in Poland and neighbouring countries on one thousand-year anniversary of his death | ||
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804142979898671104 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Spis
tresei
Przedmowa
........................................ 9
Rozdział I
Polski kraj nad Odrą, Wisłą i Narwią
.................. 17
Rozdział
II
Życie i misje Brunona z
Qucrfurtu
.................... 39
Rozdział III
Na Węgrzech
.................................... 57
Rozdział
IV
W stepach u Pieczyngów
........................... 71
Rozdział
V
W Kijowie
....................................... 90
Rozdział
VI
W Polsce trzykrotnie
...............................106
Rozdział
VII
Ostatnia misja
...................................121
Rozdział
VIII
Brunon z
Querfurtu
wobec
renovatìo
Imperium
Romanorum
.. 133
Rozdział
IX
Religijność i koncepcja misji
.........................161
Rozdział
X
Zapomnienie
.....................................181
Zakończenie
........................................197
5
ANEKSY
Aneks
1
Brunonis
Querfurtensis
epistola adHenrícum regem
......201
Aneks
2
Thietmarí merserburgensis
episcopi chronicon
..........207
Aneb
3
Hystorìa de predicacione episcopi Brunonis
cum
suis
capellanis in Pruscìa et martino eorum
.............209
Aneks
4.
Chronologia misji Brunona
.........................211
Summary
..........................................213
Indeks geograficzny
..................................219
Summary
Bruno of
Querfurt in
Poland
and Neighbouring Countries
on One Thousand-Year Anniversary
of His Death
I. Around the year
1000,
the State of the Piasts covered the basins
of the Oder and the Vistula Rivers, and spread from the Sudetcs and
Carpathian Mountains in the South up to the coast of the Baltic Sea
in the North. In the West, the border with Germans and pagan
Veleti
ran along the Oder, while the Polish-
Ruthenian
frontier in the South
East was delineated by the Bug River. To the north cast of the central
and down stream of the Vistula were located lake districts (so-called
Mazury),
which formed a separate geographic region. Until the end
of the
ХШ
century, they were inhabited by the heathen tribes of the
Prussians that belonged to the Indo-European group of the Balls
(Baltic Peoples). The Chronicksby
Gallus
Anonymous, dating back
to the beginning of the
XII
century, describe Poland as an agricultur¬
al, forested land, characterized by well-developed farming, abundant
in rivers and fish. Archaeologists have examined mainly the strong¬
holds and towns of the X and XI centuries:
Gniezno, Poznań,
Wrocław, Kołobrzeg, Gdańsk, Płock, Łęczyca, Sandomierz, Kraków,
Opole and Przemyśl. The German King Henry
II, in alliance with the
213
heathen tribe of
Veleti,
waged war against
Bolesław
the Brave, Polish
Duke, in
1005.
It was at that time that the Western Pomeranians
rebelled against
Bolesław
and returned to paganism.
II. Bruno of
Querfurt
lived approximately in the years
974-1009.
He came from the family of the counts of
Querfurt in
Saxony. He was
educated in Magdeburg ca.
986-992,
in a school previously complet¬
ed by Adalbert of Prague
(Wojciech
Stawnikowic) and the Bishop of
Merseburg, Thietmar. After a short stay at the royal court of Otto III,
Bruno became a monk at the monastery of St. Bonifacius and Alexius
in Rome
(997).
He took „in religion the name of Bonifacius. Otto III
and Pope Sylvester II planned for him to head a mission amongst the
Veleti.
Bruno was appointed by the Pope to proceed with a mission
amongst the European heathens, and Henry II agreed to consecrate
him as bishop (August
1004).
He went to Hungary, wherefrom he
arrived in Poland. From Poland he made three more journeys: to
Hungary, to
Ruthenia
and the Pechenegs, and to Prussia
(Yotvingians). It was there that he was killed on
9
March
1009.
Bruno
Bonifacius, as missionary bishop, was directly under the authority of
the Apostolic See. From Poland, Bruno sent a mission to Sweden,
where the royal court was baptized. During his stay in Hungary
(2)
and in Poland
(3)
he wrote: Vita s.
Adalberti
altera,
Vitae
Quinqué
Fratri,
Epistola
ad regem
Henrici
and most probably also the lost
version of Vita
Adalberti
about the
Gniezno
Convention of
1000
and
establishment of
Gniezno
Archbishopric.
III. Bruno went to Hungary twice: rather not earlier than in
1004/1005
and
1006/1007.
He headed a mission amongst the Black
Hungarians in the East of the country. He did not use the protection
of the army. When in danger, he was rescued by intervention of Henry
II. He went to Poland in autumn
1005.
His second stay in Hungary
was for two reasons: to lead another mission among heathens, and
to engage in diplomatic efforts.
Bolesław
the Brave most probably
wanted the Hungarian King, Stephen I, to act as a mediator in his
214
conflict
with
Henry
II, and possibly also to case Stephen s clash with
Duke
Kopany.
Nothing is known of the results of these efforts. The
mission amongst pagans never took place. Bruno was held in one of
Hungarian monasteries for nearly a year, acting in the capacity of
abbot. Bruno considered this time wasted. He went back to Poland in
autumn
1007.
Bruno s group of missionaries was joined by a monk
who had a command of the Pcchcnegs language.
IV Bruno set out with the mission amongst the Pechcncgs from
Poland. At the end of January
1008
he arrived in Kiev. Duke Vladimir
I welcomed him ceremoniously, but for one month he did not want
to let him proceed with the mission amongst the cruel Pechcncgs. On
22
February
1008,
the mission set out into the steppe, and was
stopped by the Pechcncgs two days later. At a gathering, the
Pcchenegs Elders agreed to have the mission, provided thai a peace
treaty with Ruthcnia was concluded. The Pechcncgs had contact with
various religions: Christianity, Mosaism and Islam. After a 6-month
mission, having baptized
30
Pcchenegs, Bruno returned to Kiev. The
peace treaty was made between Pechencgs and Ruthcnia. The parties
exchanged hostages. Bruno, together with
Ruthenian
bishops, conse¬
crated his disciple, the one who had a command of the language of
the Pechenegs, as bishop. The latter stayed among the Pechcnegs.
Bruno returned to Poland via Kiev in autumn
1008.
V Duke Vladimir I hosted Bruno with his companion missionar¬
ies in Kiev ca.
20
January to
20
February
1008.
Bolesław
the Brave
gave funds for provisions and journeys of the missionaries. Bruno
did not proceed with any mission in Ruthcnia, which was baptized in
988.
The Bishop of the Pcchenegs, consecrated by Bruno and the
Archbishop of Kiev, was included in the
Ruthenian
Church. The
actions were ecumenical, no schism had taken place yet. During his
stay in Kiev, Bruno probably prepared the grounds for the marriage
of Sviatopolk, Vladimir s son, and
Bolesław
the Brave s daughter,
which was solemnized
ca. I010-1012.
Bruno returned to Poland in
August
1008.
215
VI. Bruno
stayed in Poland three times: in October
1005-1006,
in
1007
and in the autumn of
1008.
He treated the country as the base
for his enterprises: it was there that he prepared for his missions, rest¬
ed, made provisions and wrote his works.
Bolesław
the Brave sup¬
plied funds for Bruno s stays, journeys as well as provisions for his
missions (Thietmar;
Epistola),
he facilitated contacts with Stephen I
and Vladimir I. It was from Poland that Bruno sent his mission to
Sweden. It was also in Poland that Bruno completed his work Vita
Adalberti
altera,
wrote:
Vitae
Quinqué
Fratres and
Epistola
ad regem
Henrici.
From Poland Bruno went to Hungary,
Ruthenia
and the
Pechenegs, as well as to the Prussians (Yotvingians). When Bruno
was killed by heathens,
Bolesław
the Brave bought out his body and
the bodies of the other
18
missionaries. They were buried in an
unknown venue. Bruno was most likely buried in
Ostrów
Lednicki.
VII.
Bruno s last mission was directed to the Prussians. From
Gniezno
he went east, probably to the tribe of Yotvingians. His place
of death is not certain. German sources of the XI century mention the
border areas between Prussia and Lithuania, or Prussia and
Ruthenia;
later chronicles indicate even the border between
Lithuania and
Ruthenia.
Geographic, political and ethnic terms were
not precise at that time. The records found in Poland indicate only:
„Bruno episcopus martisatus
est.
The report made by Wipon, the
only surviving participant of the mission to the Yotvingians, is not
precise. To convert pagans to Christianity, Bruno entered the fire with
psalms sung in the background. He preached to pagans for about
10
days. He managed to baptize the pagan leader Nothemir, and his
300
men. The leader of a neighboring heathen tribe arrived with his war¬
riors and killed Bruno and his companions. The only survivor
-
the
blinded Wipon
-
was set free. The missionaries bodies were bought
out by
Bolesław
the Brave. Yotvingia remained independent until the
fourth quarter of the
XIII
century.
VIII.
Bruno had his own opinion on renovatio
Imperium
Romanorum
for him, Constantine the Great and Charles the Great
216
were model emperors.
Λ
Christian emperor s responsibilities
according to Bruno, involved: ensuring justice within the state, taking
care of the Church and supporting it financially, cooperating with the
Pope, as well as combating paganism. Christian rulers were not to
fight with one another. Having adopted such principles, Bruno criti¬
cized the conductor the German rulers, and he condemned their pos¬
sessive wars. He was aware of the plans of Otto
Ш
and Pope
Sylvester
ÍI
in respect of the empire reforms and intentions to pro¬
ceed with missions amongst pagans. Bruno assumed the responsibil¬
ity for the mission to convert the Prussians. Adalbert was for him a
praiseworthy bishop and missionary. Bruno s preserved works do not
mention the formation of Gnie/no archbishopric. Those events were
described in the lost version of Vita
Adalberti,
most probably written
by Bruno. Bruno accepted the political agenda of the
Gniezno
Convention. He called upon Henry II to renew his alliance with
Bolesław
the Brave.
IX. Bruno s spirituality and religiousness are not sufficiently
known. The texts written by Bruno are the source of an insight into
his religiousness, the values he recognized, his convictions and edu¬
cation. The dominating elements are: the worship of Jesus Christ,
Holy Mother and Saints: Apostle Peter, Apostle Paul, Benedict and
Maurice. Bruno believed that the efforts to become saint involved the
mastery of the virtues of a monk, bishop and missionary. The utmost
perfection involved martyrdom, death from heathens hands after
they had been taught the most important message of the Gospel.
Bruno appreciated and most frequently cited the Letters of Saint
Paul, the Gospels of Mathcw and Mark and the Psalms. Apostle Paul
was his paragon of a missionary, and among his contemporaries he
followed the example of Adalbert
(Wojciech Slawnikowic),
bishop
and missionary.
X. Bruno s life and deeds faded into oblivion for a number of rea¬
sons. King Henry II did not approve of Bruno s cooperation with
Bolesław
the Brave. Bruno was a missionary bishop. His actions were
217
described by some Benedictine monks from Central Europe only. The
Episcopate and Hungarian King Stephen I feared political conse¬
quences of Bruno s missions. Hungarian sources barely mention his
name. In
Ruthenia
Bruno was a troublesome representative of Rome,
whom nobody wanted to write about at a later date. The Archbishop
of Kiev and Vladimir I agreed the extent of his activity among the
Pechenegs, but the results of his mission in the steppes were short¬
lived. Although Bruno s and his companions bodies were bought out
by
Bolesław
the Brave from pagans, the cult of the martyrs never
developed. The place of their burial was forgotten.
Radim
Gaudentius, the Archbishop of
Gniezno,
and Pope Sergius IV both
died soon
-
in
1012.
Pope Benedict
VIII
did not receive a supplica¬
tion from Poland to canonize Bruno, and he never recommended the
canonization for the sake of Henry II.
Annales
written in Greater
Poland
(Wielkopolska)
were either destroyed or captured by the
Czechs in the years
1038-1039.
The funds were not sufficient.
Subsequent wars, which lasted until
1050,
wiped out the memory
about Bruno and caused damage to source documents evidencing his
activity.
|
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| geographic | Polen (DE-588)4046496-9 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Polen |
| id | DE-604.BV036479924 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T22:40:23Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9788375490824 |
| language | Polish |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-020351455 |
| oclc_num | 705564357 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 DE-B220 |
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| physical | 223, [1] s. 1 il. 21 cm. |
| publishDate | 2009 |
| publishDateSearch | 2009 |
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| publisher | Akademia Humanistyczna im. Aleksandra Gieysztora |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Tyszkiewicz, Jan 1939- Verfasser (DE-588)128923806 aut Brunon z Querfurtu w Polsce i krajach sąsiednich w tysiąclecie śmierci 1009 - 2009 Jan Tyszkiewicz Pułtusk Akademia Humanistyczna im. Aleksandra Gieysztora 2009 223, [1] s. 1 il. 21 cm. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: Bruno of Querfurt in Poland and neighbouring countries on one thousand-year anniversary of his death Bruno Querfurtensis 974-1009 (DE-588)118674749 gnd rswk-swf Geschichte gnd rswk-swf Polen (DE-588)4046496-9 gnd rswk-swf Bruno Querfurtensis 974-1009 (DE-588)118674749 p Polen (DE-588)4046496-9 g Geschichte z DE-604 Digitalisierung BSBMuenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=020351455&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=020351455&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
| spellingShingle | Tyszkiewicz, Jan 1939- Brunon z Querfurtu w Polsce i krajach sąsiednich w tysiąclecie śmierci 1009 - 2009 Bruno Querfurtensis 974-1009 (DE-588)118674749 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)118674749 (DE-588)4046496-9 |
| title | Brunon z Querfurtu w Polsce i krajach sąsiednich w tysiąclecie śmierci 1009 - 2009 |
| title_auth | Brunon z Querfurtu w Polsce i krajach sąsiednich w tysiąclecie śmierci 1009 - 2009 |
| title_exact_search | Brunon z Querfurtu w Polsce i krajach sąsiednich w tysiąclecie śmierci 1009 - 2009 |
| title_full | Brunon z Querfurtu w Polsce i krajach sąsiednich w tysiąclecie śmierci 1009 - 2009 Jan Tyszkiewicz |
| title_fullStr | Brunon z Querfurtu w Polsce i krajach sąsiednich w tysiąclecie śmierci 1009 - 2009 Jan Tyszkiewicz |
| title_full_unstemmed | Brunon z Querfurtu w Polsce i krajach sąsiednich w tysiąclecie śmierci 1009 - 2009 Jan Tyszkiewicz |
| title_short | Brunon z Querfurtu w Polsce i krajach sąsiednich |
| title_sort | brunon z querfurtu w polsce i krajach sasiednich w tysiaclecie smierci 1009 2009 |
| title_sub | w tysiąclecie śmierci 1009 - 2009 |
| topic | Bruno Querfurtensis 974-1009 (DE-588)118674749 gnd |
| topic_facet | Bruno Querfurtensis 974-1009 Polen |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=020351455&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=020351455&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT tyszkiewiczjan brunonzquerfurtuwpolsceikrajachsasiednichwtysiacleciesmierci10092009 |