Toruński Inspektorat Armii w systemie obronnym państwa polskiego w latach 1921 - 1939:
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Polish |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Warszawa
Wydawnictwo "Neriton"
2009
|
| Ausgabe: | Wyd. 1. |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract |
| Beschreibung: | Zsfassung in engl. u. russ. Sprache u.d.T.: Torun Army Inspectorate in the defence system of Poland in 1921-1939 |
| Beschreibung: | 501 s., [8] k. map złoż. il. (w tym kolor.) 24 cm. 8 Kt.-Beil. |
| ISBN: | 9788375430820 |
Internformat
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804142942856675328 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Spis treści
WSTĘP
......................................7
ROZDZIAŁ
1.
Uwarunkowania polityczno-strategiczne Drugiej Rzeczy¬
pospolitej
.................................18
1.1.
Charakterystyka polskiego teatru wojny
...............18
1.2.
Polska w powersalskiej Europie
...................54
ROZDZIAŁ
2.
Inspektoraty Armii
-
instrument polityki obronnej mię¬
dzywojennej Polski
............................85
2.1.
Miejsce Inspektoratów Armii w pionie przygotowań wojennych
polskiego wojska
.............................85
2.2.
Organizacja i funkcjonowanie toruńskiego Inspektoratu Armii
. . .110
ROZDZIAŁ
3.
Udział toruńskiego Inspektoratu Armii w przygotowa¬
niach wojennych państwa polskiego
..................151
3.1.
Prace nad militarnym planem wojny
.................151
3.2.
Studia operacyjne
...........................215
ROZDZIAŁ
4.
Działalność inspekcyjna
...................232
4.1.
Zasady prowadzenia inspekcji
....................232
4.2.
Inspekcje podległych jednostek wojskowych
............259
ROZDZIAŁ
5.
Wpływ Inspektoratu Armii na poziom wyszkolenia sił
zbrojnych
.................................280
5.1.
Gry wojenne, podróże taktyczne
...................280
5.2.
Ćwiczenia międzydywizyjne
.....................320
6
Spis treści
ROZDZIAŁ
6.
Toruński Inspektorat Armii w okresie bezpośrednio
poprzedzającym wybuch
II
wojny światowej
.............340
6.1.
Doświadczenia z akcji zaolziańskiej
....................340
6.2.
Przygotowania do wojny z Niemcami w okresie marzec-sierpień
1939
roku
....................................359
6.3.
Ocena działań Armii „Pomorze w kampanii polskiej
1939
roku
.... 393
Zakończenie
..................................412
Summary
....................................419
Резюме.....................................
421
Bibliografia
...................................424
Wykaz skrótów
.................................445
Spis tabel i szkiców
..............................448
Spis załączników i szkiców sytuacyjnych
..................449
Załączniki
...................................451
Indeks osobowy
................................478
Indeks nazw geograficznych
.........................488
Toruń
Army Inspectorate
in The Defence System of Poland
in
1921-1939
Summary
With the reduction of the Polish Army to a peace footing, on May
9, 1921,
there were establ ished
in the place of liquidated armies commands five army inspectorates. In the event of military con¬
frontation they were supposed to form buds of army headquarters based in
Vilna,
Warsaw, Torun,
Krakow and
Lwow.
They were situated in strategically important places, although without being
closely associated with operation and mobilisation plans. Their establishment initiated the war prep¬
arations of the Polish Army.
In peacetime, operational groupings did not exist, in the event of military operations they were
to be formed by units designated by the war Order of Battle for specific army , and their command¬
ers were to be generals holding the post of army inspectors. Inspectors occupied an important place
in the structure of the army of the Second Republic of Poland. According to the decree of the Com¬
mander in Chief of January
7, 1921,
they were the members of a two-tier War Council: Full and
Inner one, and they were subordinated to orders of a general designated in the event of war as
Commander-in- Chief and in peacetime heading the Inner War Council. They had small staffs al¬
located and were to deal with all matters that from the point of view of field command are or could
be associated with designated war assignments and to prepare operational plans within the scope
of work of the General Staff . They had also to inspect the forces and services, in the event of war
forming field armies. They worked out operational and field studies, conducted war games, tactical
journeys, historical tactical ones and inter-divisional training drills. Territorially, each inspector was
responsible for two Corps Districts. Torun Army Inspector included Corps District Command no.
VII
Poznan
and Corps District Command no.
VIII
Torun.
Important changes in the organisation of Army Inspectorates were introduced after the May
incidents of
1926.
The number of army inspectors was increased, and together with generals to
work at the General Inspector of the Armed Forces (GIAF) there were fourteen of them. A majority
of army inspectors and generals to work at the GIAF was located in Warsaw. Only three inspectors
and one general to work at the GIAF had their headquarters appointed outside the capital, namely
in
Vilna,
Torun and
Lwow.
As compared with the decree of January
7,
J
921,
the duties of army
inspectors were defined only in general terms. In fact, the range of their duties remained almost the
same as before
1926,
although the former links between army inspectors and specific territories were
loosened. It applied both to operational and field studies, and to inspections conducted. The chang¬
es introduced after
1926
amounted to the fact that inspectors were not attached to a specific terri¬
tory , which could be observed also on the example of operation of the Torun Army Inspectorate.
Despite the fact that to
1939
its headquarters was in Copernicus home town, immediately after the
May incidents there was a clear loosening of its relations with the
Pomerania
operational area.
Gradually, however, Torun army inspectors returned to
Pomerania.
420
Summary
The Army Inspectorate in Torun operated during almost all interwar period. Only from January
15, 1931,
to April
28, 1932,
its activity was suspended due to financial reasons. The post of Torun
army inspector was held by three generals: Leonard
Skierski,
Mieczysław
Norwid-Neugebauer and
Władysław
Bortnowski. The latter from October
12, 1935,
to March
20, 1939,
was in fact a general
to work at the GIAF with a headquarters in Torun. The Torun inspectors actively participated in the
process of war planning and contributed to the emergence of many interesting analysis of the state
security. Worthy of notice is the Plan for the Frontiers Defence in the Territory of General District
Command, Torun and
Pomerania
of May
1921.
It is impossible not to mention also compiled in
April
1923
Tactical Plan of Fortifications in the Territories of
Pomerania
and
Poznan
Province ,
allowing for a variant of military confrontation with the Germans and two-front war which in the
opinion of Polish war planners was quite probable in the changing political strategic situation in
Europe after Rapallo. These solution were referred to by a concept entitled Defensive System of
North-Western Front of the following July. Of special interest is a study Organisation of the Army
for Planned War Development and Conclusions Concerning Changes in Organisation in Peacetime ,
prepared in April
1925.
The Torun Army Inspectorate contributed greatly in generating of an opera¬
tional part of the protection plan together with auxiliary plans and mobilisation plans.
Very interesting are operational analyses generated by Torun army inspectors, mainly generals
Skierski
and Bortnowski. The first one supported the idea to temporary abandon the northern part
of the Polish Corridor and establish the defence on the Vistula and
Noteć
Rivers, closely related with
strong operations of the own army in the area between the
Warta
and
Noteć
Rivers. General Bort¬
nowski, on the other hand, is sometime seen as the author of the
Pomerania
defence plan, in force
to the development of the West plan. Undoubtedly, the analyses compiled by Torun army inspec¬
tors enriched operational thinking and inspired both the search for an optimal variant of the defence
of the Polish western borders and formulation of the plans for war with the Germans. The territory
of the operational responsibility of a Torun army inspector, generally outside the fundamental basis
of Polish warfare , was very difficult to defend. Very important for war preparations of the Polish
army were also war games conducted by Torun army inspectors, regarded in the interwar period as
one of the basic means to train higher officers and staff officers in commanding and ordering. From
1934
on, inspectors were obligated to organise historical tactical trips.
When the Polish-German relations became strained at the beginning of
1939
and political-
strategic environment of the Second Polish Republic sharply deteriorated, it was a signal to increase
the direct defence preparations. The actions were also undertaken to reach the war organisation of
the armed forces. Important place within this process was reserved by Torun army inspector. It should
be added here that general Bortnowski
,
who participated in the Zaolzie Action, had a chance to
prove himself as a commander of operational grouping in quasi-war conditions, to command the
elements of combat grouping in a direct situation of threat, in difficult field conditions. It was also
a certain baptism of fire for many of his staff officers.
The task general Bortnowski had to fulfil in September of
1939
was extremely difficult. The
Pomerania
region had neither natural borders nor permanent fortifications, and cut in narrow strip
between Eastern Prussia and Germany. In addition, it was split in two by the lower course of the Vis¬
tula. The
Pomorze
Army squeezed into the Corridor was exposed to warfare from both sides, while
itself in shallow grouping without possibility to conduct any operational manoeuvre. Its situation was
further complicated by the question of Gdansk intervention and referring the Intervention Corps of
Gen. Stanisław Skwarczyński
to the Corridor. Operational aspect of this undertaking was characterised
by no real basis, as it was imposed by political reality. Although the Gdansk intervention was regarded
by military decision makers as a fragment of the armed confrontation, independent of the whole of the
Polish-German conflict, yet, the operational plan of the
Pomorze
Army had to be somehow adopted
for the scenario of Polish intervention in the territory of the Free City of Gdansk. To cover the Interven¬
tion Corps the
Pomorze
Army formed a grouping that unfortunately was surprised by the outbreak of
the war. There is no doubt that the solution seriously departed from the concepts of defence the Po¬
meranian Corridor constructed in the second part of the
1930s
by Gen. Bortnowski.
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Kośmider, Tomasz 1967- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)124276911 |
| author_facet | Kośmider, Tomasz 1967- |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Kośmider, Tomasz 1967- |
| author_variant | t k tk |
| building | Verbundindex |
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| callnumber-subject | UA - Armies |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)705505832 (DE-599)BVBBV036454559 |
| edition | Wyd. 1. |
| era | Geschichte 1900-2000 Geschichte 1921-1939 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1900-2000 Geschichte 1921-1939 |
| format | Book |
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| geographic_facet | Polen Poland History, Military 20th century Thorn Region |
| id | DE-604.BV036454559 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T22:39:47Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9788375430820 |
| language | Polish |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-020326591 |
| oclc_num | 705505832 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 |
| physical | 501 s., [8] k. map złoż. il. (w tym kolor.) 24 cm. 8 Kt.-Beil. |
| publishDate | 2009 |
| publishDateSearch | 2009 |
| publishDateSort | 2009 |
| publisher | Wydawnictwo "Neriton" |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Kośmider, Tomasz 1967- Verfasser (DE-588)124276911 aut Toruński Inspektorat Armii w systemie obronnym państwa polskiego w latach 1921 - 1939 Tomasz Kośmider Wyd. 1. Warszawa Wydawnictwo "Neriton" 2009 501 s., [8] k. map złoż. il. (w tym kolor.) 24 cm. 8 Kt.-Beil. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Zsfassung in engl. u. russ. Sprache u.d.T.: Torun Army Inspectorate in the defence system of Poland in 1921-1939 Geschichte 1900-2000 Geschichte 1921-1939 gnd rswk-swf Geschichte Military inspectors general Poland History 20th century Military inspectors general Poland Toruń History 20th century Militärverwaltung (DE-588)4169974-9 gnd rswk-swf Polen Poland History, Military 20th century Thorn Region (DE-588)4403219-5 gnd rswk-swf Thorn Region (DE-588)4403219-5 g Militärverwaltung (DE-588)4169974-9 s Geschichte 1921-1939 z DE-604 Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=020326591&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=020326591&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
| spellingShingle | Kośmider, Tomasz 1967- Toruński Inspektorat Armii w systemie obronnym państwa polskiego w latach 1921 - 1939 Geschichte Military inspectors general Poland History 20th century Military inspectors general Poland Toruń History 20th century Militärverwaltung (DE-588)4169974-9 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4169974-9 (DE-588)4403219-5 |
| title | Toruński Inspektorat Armii w systemie obronnym państwa polskiego w latach 1921 - 1939 |
| title_auth | Toruński Inspektorat Armii w systemie obronnym państwa polskiego w latach 1921 - 1939 |
| title_exact_search | Toruński Inspektorat Armii w systemie obronnym państwa polskiego w latach 1921 - 1939 |
| title_full | Toruński Inspektorat Armii w systemie obronnym państwa polskiego w latach 1921 - 1939 Tomasz Kośmider |
| title_fullStr | Toruński Inspektorat Armii w systemie obronnym państwa polskiego w latach 1921 - 1939 Tomasz Kośmider |
| title_full_unstemmed | Toruński Inspektorat Armii w systemie obronnym państwa polskiego w latach 1921 - 1939 Tomasz Kośmider |
| title_short | Toruński Inspektorat Armii w systemie obronnym państwa polskiego w latach 1921 - 1939 |
| title_sort | torunski inspektorat armii w systemie obronnym panstwa polskiego w latach 1921 1939 |
| topic | Geschichte Military inspectors general Poland History 20th century Military inspectors general Poland Toruń History 20th century Militärverwaltung (DE-588)4169974-9 gnd |
| topic_facet | Geschichte Military inspectors general Poland History 20th century Military inspectors general Poland Toruń History 20th century Militärverwaltung Polen Poland History, Military 20th century Thorn Region |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=020326591&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=020326591&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT kosmidertomasz torunskiinspektoratarmiiwsystemieobronnympanstwapolskiegowlatach19211939 |