Contract law:
Gespeichert in:
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| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
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Oxford [u.a.]
Oxford Univ. Press
2010
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| Ausgabe: | 3. ed. |
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| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | LXVI, 654 S. graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 9780199570058 0199570051 |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Contract law |c Mindy Chen-Wishart |
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| adam_text | DETAILED CONTENTS PREFACE TO THE THIRD EDITION VII ABOUT THE BOOK X
ABOUT THE ONLINE RESOURCE CENTRE XII TABLE OF CASES XXXV TABLE OF
STATUTES LIX TABLE OF SECONDARY LEGISLATION IXIII TABLE OF EUROPEAN
LEGISLATION AND INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS IXV ABBREVIATIONS IXVII
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 WHAT IS A CONTRACT? 1 DIAGRAM 1A THE MANY
DIMENSIONS OF CONTRACT LAW 2 1.2 WHAT IS CONTRACT LAW? 3 1.2.1 THE
QUESTIONS CONTRACT LAW ADDRESSES 3 DIAGRAM IB WHAT DOES CONTRACT LAW DO?
4 DIAGRAM 1C OVERVIEW: LEGAL QUESTIONS ARISING IN THE LIFE OF A CONTRACT
5 1.2.2 SOURCES OF CONTRACT LAW 6 1.3 VALUES REFLECTED IN CONTRACT LAW 8
1.3.1 UNDERSTANDING LEGAL REASONING 9 1.3.2 COMPETING VALUES IN CONTRACT
LAW 10 DIAGRAM 1D POLICY TENSIONS SHAPING CONTRACT LAW 12 1.3.2.1
FREEDOM AND LIMIT ON FREEDOM 13 1.3.2.2 MINIMAL INTERFERENCE/REGULATION
OF CONTRACTING 13 1.3.2.3 EQUALITY/INEQUALITY 14 1.3.2.4
NEGOTIATED/STANDARD FORM CONTRACTS 14 1.3.2.5 FAIRNESS OF EXCHANGE 15
1.3.2.6 DISCRETE OR RELATIONAL CONTRACTS; SELF-INTERESTED
INDIVIDUALISM/COOPERATION, TRUST, AND ALTRUISM 15 1.3.2.7 LITERAL OR
CONTEXTUAL INTERPRETATION 16 1.3.2.8 RULES/DISCRETIONARY STANDARDS 16
1.3.2.9 GENERAL LAW/SPECIALISATION AND DIFFERENTIATION 17 1.3.2.10
CONCLUSION ON THE VALUES REFLECTED IN CONTRACT LAW 18 1.4 WHY ARE
CONTRACTS ENFORCED? 18 1.4.1 PROMISE-KEEPING AND WILL THEORIES 19
DIAGRAM 1E CONTRACT THEORIES: WHY ENFORCE CONTRACTS? 19 1.4.2 RELIANCE
THEORY 21 XVIII DETAILED CONTENTS 1.4.3 EFFICIENCY THEORY: WELFARE
MAXIMISATION 24 1.4.4 PROMOTING DISTRIBUTIVE JUSTICE 28 1.4.5 TRANSFER
THEORY 28 1.4.6 POSITIVE AUTONOMY 29 1.4.7 MIXED THEORIES 31 1.5 HOW FAR
DOES CONTRACT LAW REACH! 31 1.5.1 FAMILY AND SOCIAL ARRANGEMENTS 32
1.5.2 SPECIALIST AREAS: LAW OF CONTRACT OR LAW OF CONTRACTS 32 1.5.3
EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE: CONTRACT LAW IN THE REAL WORLD 33 1.6 CONTRACT LAW S
RELATIONSHIP TO OTHER BRANCHES OF PRIVATE LAW 34 1.6.1 CONTRACT LAW S
PLACE IN PRIVATE LAW 34 DIAGRAM 1F COMPARING CONTRACT, TORT, UNJUST
ENRICHMENT, AND PROPERTY LAW 35 1.6.2 APPLYING TORT, UNJUST ENRICHMENT,
AND PROPERTY LAW TO CONTRACTUAL PROBLEMS 37 DIAGRAM 1G HOW THE LAW OF
TORT, UNJUST ENRICHMENT, AND PROPERTY CAN APPLY TO CONTRACT PROBLEMS
38 1.7 EXTERNAL INFLUENCES ON ENGLISH CONTRACT LAW 40 1.7.1 EUROPEAN LAW
41 1.7.1 INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL LAW 42 1.7.1 HUMAN RIGHTS LAW 42 PARTI
CONTRACT FORMATION 47 CHAPTER 2 THE TEST OF INTENTION: OBJECTIVITY AND
MISTAKE OF TERMS 49 2.1 THE OBJECTIVE TEST OF INTENTIONS 49 2.1.1
OBJECTIVITY AND SUBJECTIVITY 49 2.1.2 THE JUSTIFICATION FOR OBJECTIVITY
50 2.1.3 THE MEANING OF OBJECTIVITY 52 2.1.3.1 DETACHED, ACTOR, OR
OBSERVER OBJECTIVITY? 52 2.1.3.2 CONVENTIONAL RULES IN ATTRIBUTING
MEANING: FORMAL OR SKELETON OBJECTIVITY 53 2.1.3.3 ATTRIBUTING MEANING
IN THE WHOLE CONTEXT: CONTEXTUAL OBJECTIVITY 54 2.2 MISTAKE AS TO
TERMS? 54 2.2.1 KNOWLEDGE OF THE OTHER S MISTAKE AS TO TERMS 55 2.2.2
MISLEADING OFFERS 58 2.2.3 LATENT AMBIGUITY 59 CHAPTER 3 AGREEMENT 62
3.1 THE MIRROR IMAGE APPROACH: OFFER AND ACCEPTANCE 62 3.2 OFFER 63
DETAILED CONTENTS XIX 3.2.1 OBJECTIVITY AND MISTAKEN OFFERS 63 3.2.2
OFFERS AND INVITATIONS TO TREAT 63 3.2.2.1 GENERAL PRINCIPLES 63 3.2.2.2
DISPLAYS AND ADVERTISEMENTS 65 3.2.2.3 TIMETABLES AND AUTOMATIC VENDING
MACHINES 68 DIAGRAM 3A INCONSISTENT APPROACH TO WHETHER DISPLAYS AND
ADVERTISEMENTS ARE OFFERS 68 3.2.2.4 AUCTIONS 69 3.2.2.5 TENDERS 70
3.2.3 OVERVIEW OF CONSIDERATIONS IN DETERMINING THE EXISTENCE OF AN
OFFER 71 3.2.4 TERMINATION OF OFFER 72 3.3 ACCEPTANCE 72 3.3.1
CORRESPONDENCE OF ACCEPTANCE WITH THE OFFER 73 3.3.1.1 CONDITIONAL
ACCEPTANCE 73 3.3.1.2 COUNTER-OFFER KILLS THE ORIGINAL OFFER 73 3.3.1.3
BATTLE OF FORMS 73 3.3.2 NEXUS BETWEEN OFFER AND ACCEPTANCE 77 3.3.2.1
CROSS-OFFERS 77 3.3.2.2 REWARDS 77 3.3.3 METHOD OF ACCEPTANCE 78 3.3.3.1
METHOD OF ACCEPTANCE PRESCRIBED 78 3.3.3.2 ACCEPTANCE BY SILENCE 79
3.3.3.3 DISTANCE CONTRACTS 80 3.3.4 COMMUNICATION OF ACCEPTANCE SO
3.3.4.1 TWO-WAY INSTANTANEOUS 81 3.3.4.2 ONE-WAY INSTANTANEOUS 81
3.3.4.3 ACCEPTANCE BY POST 82 3.3.5 UNILATERAL CONTRACTS 84 3.3.5.1
ACCEPTANCE 85 3.3.5.2 REVOCATION 85 3.4 TERMINATION OF THE OFFER 86
3.4.1 REVOCATION BY THE OFFEROR 87 3.4.2 REJECTION BY THE OFFEREE 87
3.4.3 LAPSE OF THE OFFER 88 3.4.4 DEATH OF THE OFFEROR OR OFFEREE 88 3.5
ASSESSMENT OF THE MIRROR IMAGE APPROACH 88 3.5.1 CRITICISMS OF THE
MIRROR IMAGE APPROACH 88 3.5.1.1 UNSUITABILITY: CASES THAT DON T FIT 89
DIAGRAM 3B DEPARTURES FROM THE MIRROR IMAGE APPROACH 89 3.5.1.2
INSUFFICIENCY: OTHER REQUIREMENTS OF ENFORCEABILITY 90 XX DETAILED
CONTENTS 3.5.1.3 MISLEADING: CONCERNS BEYOND CONSENSUS 90 90 3.5.1.4
BACKWARD REASONING 91 3.5.2 THE POLICY CONSIDERATIONS 3.5.3 ALTERNATIVE
APPROACHES TO FORMATION 93 3.6 CERTAINTY 94 3.6.1 CONDITIONAL AGREEMENTS
95 3.6.2 VAGUENESS AND INCOMPLETENESS 3.6.2.1 THE PRO-ENFORCEMENT
POLICIES 3.6.2.2 OVERVIEW OF THE TECHNIQUES FOR OVERCOMING UNCERTAINTY 9
3.6.2.3 PREVIOUS DEALING, CUSTOM, AND REASONABLENESS 98 3.6.2.4
SEVERANCE 99 3.6.2.5 AGREEMENT TO (OR NOT TO) NEGOTIATE 3.6.2.6 THE
WORKABILITY OF ANY AGREED MECHANISM FOR ASCERTAINMENT 10Z 3.6.2.7
CONTROL OF CONTRACTUAL DISCRETION 3.7 INTENTION TO CREATE LEGAL
RELATIONS 3.7.1 THE REQUIREMENT AND ITS JUSTIFICATION 3.7.2 FAMILY AND
SOCIAL AGREEMENTS 109 3.7.3 COMMERCIAL AGREEMENTS DIAGRAM 3C OVERVIEW OF
CONTRACT FORMATION 3.8 NON-CONTRACTUAL SOLUTIONS 3.8.1 RESTITUTION FOR
UNJUST ENRICHMENT 3.8.2 RELIANCE-BASED LIABILITY CHAPTER 4
ENFORCEABILITY: CONSIDERATION, FORMALITIES, PROMISSORY ESTOPPEL DIAGRAM
4A OVERVIEW, THE ENFORCEABILITY OF UNDERTAKINGS 4.1 CONSIDERATION 120
4.1.1 THE BASIC IDEA AND ITS JUSTIFICATION 4.1.2 THE REQUIREMENT OF
NEXUS 4.1.2.1 CONSIDERATION MUST MOVE FROM THE CLAIMANT DIAGRAM 4B
CONSIDERATION 4.1.2.2 CONSIDERATION MUST BE REQUESTED BY THE PROMISOR
4.1.2.3 PAST CONSIDERATION IS NOT GOOD CONSIDERATION 4.1.3 THE
REQUIREMENT OF VALUE DIAGRAM 4C WHAT COUNTS AS VALUABLE CONSIDERATION?
127 1 7FT 4.1.3.1 THE DEFINITIONS OF VALUABLE CONSIDERATION 4.1.3.2 THE
PROS AND CONS OF ENFORCEMENT 4.1.3.3 CONSIDERATION NEED NOT BE ADEQUATE
1 4.1.3.4 TRIVIAL AND NOMINAL CONSIDERATION 131 DETAILED CONTENTS XXI
4.1.3.5 MOTIVE AND OTHER CONSIDERATION VALUELESS IN LAW 133 4.1.3.6
COMPROMISE AND FORBEARANCE TO SUE 136 4.1.4 PRE-EXISTING DUTIES 138
DIAGRAM 4D CONSIDERATION AND PRE-EXISTING DUTIES 138 4.1.4.1
PRE-EXISTING DUTIES IMPOSED BY PUBLIC LAW 139 4.1.4.2 PRE-EXISTING
DUTIES OWED TO A THIRD PARTY 140 4.1.4.3 PRE-EXISTING DUTIES OWED TO THE
OTHER PARTY 140 4.1.5 CONTRACT MODIFICATIONS 141 4.1.5.1 AGREEMENTS TO
END THE CONTRACT 141 4.1.5.2 AGREEMENTS TO MODIFY THE CONTRACT 141
4.1.5.3 THE SAME FOR MORE : PRE-EXISTING CONTRACTUAL DUTY OWED TO THE
OTHER PARTY 142 4.1.5.4 LESS FOR THE SAME : PART-PERFORMANCE 148
4.1.5.5 THE ROLES OF CONSIDERATION AND PROMISSORY ESTOPPEL IN
MODIFICATIONS 151 4.1.6 CONSIDERATION: AN ASSESSMENT 152 4.1.6.1 REPLACE
CONSIDERATION COMPLETELY WITH A TEST OF INTENTION (DIAGRAM 4F. 1) 1 52
DIAGRAM4E CRITIQUE OF THE TRADITIONAL VIEW OF CONSIDERATION 153 DIAGRAM
4F CONSIDERATION: REFORM SUGGESTIONS 154 4.1.6.2 REPLACE CONSIDERATION
IN CONTRACT MODIFICATIONS WITH A TEST OF INTENTION (DIAGRAM 4F.2) 1 56
4.1.6.3 CONSIDERATION MEANS ANY GOOD REASON FOR ENFORCEMENT (DIAGRAM
4F.3) 157 4.1.6.4 RETAIN BARGAIN CONSIDERATION WHILST RECOGNISING OTHER
GOOD REASONS FOR NON-CONTRACTUAL ENFORCEMENT (DIAGRAM 4F.4) 157 4.2
FORMALITIES 158 4.2.1 INSTEAD OF CONSIDERATION 159 4.2.2 THE REQUIREMENT
OF FORMALITIES IN ADDITION TO CONSIDERATION 159 4.2.3 ONLINE CONTRACTS
162 4.3 PROMISSORY ESTOPPEL 162 4.3.1 THE PROTECTION OF RELIANCE IN
CONTRACT FORMATION 163 4.3.1.1 BY STATUTE, TORT, AND UNJUST ENRICHMENT
163 4.3.1.2 BY ESTOPPEL 163 4.3.2 THE REQUIREMENTS OF PROMISSORY
ESTOPPEL 165 DIAGRAM 4G COMPARISON OF PROMISSORY ESTOPPEL AND
CONSIDERATION 166 4.3.2.1 ACLEAR PROMISE 166 4.3.2.2 RELIANCE: CHANGE OF
POSITION 167 4.3.2.3 INEQUITABLE TO GO BACK ON THE PROMISE 168 4.3.2.4
THE EXTENT OF ENFORCEMENT: SUSPENSORY OR EXTINCTIVE? 169 4.3.2.5 ONLY
OPERATES DEFENSIVELY 170 4.3.3 THE TYPES OF PROMISE SUBJECT TO
PROMISSORY ESTOPPEL 170 DIAGRAM 4H CONTRACT MODIFICATIONS: THE ROLE OF
CONSIDERATION AND PROMISSORY ESTOPPEL 171 4.3.3.1 PROMISES TO ACCEPT
LESS 171 XXII DETAILED CONTENTS 4.3.3.2 PROMISES TO GIVE MORE 172
4.3.3.3 PROMISES WHICH CREATE OR ADD NEW RIGHTS 173 4.3.3.4 THE NATURE
OF ANY ACTION CREATED BY PROMISSORY ESTOPPEL 177 4.3.4 FUTURE OF
PROMISSORY ESTOPPEL 178 PART II PRIVITY 183 CHAPTER 5 PRIVITY 185 5.1
CONFERRING BENEFITS ON THIRD PARTIES 185 5.1.1 THE GENERAL RULE 185
DIAGRAM 5A CONTRACTS FOR THE BENEFIT OF THIRD PARTIES: ILLUSTRATIONS 186
5.1.2 JUSTIFICATIONS FOR THE PRIVITY RULE 188 DIAGRAM 5B WHO CAN SUE ON
A PROMISE? WHAT FOR? 189 5.1.3 CONTRACTS (RIGHTS OF THIRD PARTIES) ACT
1999 189 5.1.3.1 REASONS FOR THE ACT 189 5.1.3.2 THE TEST OF
ENFORCEABILITY BY A THIRD PARTY 190 DIAGRAM 5C THIRD PARTY ACTION UNDER
THE CONTRACTS (RIGHTS OF THIRD PARTIES) ACT 1999 192 DIAGRAM 5D.1
NISSHIN SHIPPING V CLEAVES (2003) 193 DIAGRAM 5D.2 THE LAEMTHONG GLORY
(2005) 193 DIAGRAM 5D.3 AVAARAMIDES V COLWILL (2006) 193 5.1.3.3
VARIATION AND RESCISSION BY THE CONTRACT PARTIES 196 5.1.3.4
RESTRICTIONS ON THE THIRD PARTY S ACTION 197 5.1.4 CONSIDERATION,
PRIVITY, AND THE 1999 ACT 199 5.1.5 ENFORCEMENT BY THE PROMISEE 200
5.1.5.1 SPECIFIC PERFORMANCE 200 DIAGRAM 5E OVERVIEW OF PROMISEE AND
THIRD PARTY ACTIONS 201 5.1.5.2 DAMAGES FOR THE LOSS OF THE THIRD PARTY
202 5.1.5.3 DAMAGES FOR THE PROMISEE S OWN LOSS 204 5.1.6 GETTING AROUND
THE PRIVITY RULE: THIRD PARTY ENFORCEMENT WITHOUT THE 1999 ACT 205
5.1.6.1 CONTRACTUAL DEVICES 205 DIAGRAM 5F INDIRECT THIRD PARTY
ENFORCEMENT 207 5.1.6.2 TORT OF NEGLIGENCE (DIAGRAMS 5F.4-7) 208 5.1.6.3
TRUST OF THE CONTRACTUAL RIGHT 210 5.1.6.4 ASSIGNMENT 210 5.1.6.5
NEGOTIABLE INSTRUMENTS 210 5.1.6.6 STATUTORY EXCEPTIONS 211 5.2 IMPOSING
BURDENS ON THIRD PARTIES 211 5.2.1 INDUCING BREACH OF CONTRACT 211 5.2.2
SUB-BAILMENT CONTRACTS 212 DETAILED CONTENTS XXIII 5.2.3 RESTRICTIONS ON
PROPERTY ACQUIRED 212 5.2.3.1 RESPECT FOR PROPRIETARY RIGHTS 212 5.2.3.2
A WIDER PRINCIPLE? 212 PART III VITIATING FACTORS 219 PART III
INTRODUCTORY DIAGRAM: THE EFFECT OF VITIATING FACTORS 220 CHAPTER 6
MISREPRESENTATION AND NON-DISCLOSURE 223 6.1 WHAT IS AN ACTIONABLE
MISREPRESENTATION? 223 DIAGRAM 6A THE REMEDIAL SIGNIFICANCE OF
CLASSIFYING STATEMENTS 224 6.1.1 REPRESENTATIONS AND TERMS 225 6.1.1.1
THE REMEDIAL IMPORTANCE OF THE DISTINCTION 225 DIAGRAM 6B GOOD BARGAIN,
BAD BARGAIN, AND MEASURE OF DAMAGES 226 6.1.1.2 HOW IS THE
REPRESENTATION-TERM DISTINCTION MADE? 227 6.1.2 STATEMENTS OF FACT 228
6.1.2.1 STATEMENTS OF FACT 228 DIAGRAM 6C IDENTIFYING ACTIONABLE
STATEMENTS AND OMISSIONS 229 6.1.2.2 STATEMENTS OF LAW 229 6.1.2.3
STATEMENTS OF INTENTION 230 6.1.2.4 STATEMENTS OF OPINION 230 6.1.2.5
PUFFS 231 6.1.3 SILENCE 232 6.1.3.1 NO GENERAL DUTY OF DISCLOSURE 232
6.1.3.2 EXTENDING THE SCOPE OF ACTIONABLE MISREPRESENTATION 234 6.1.3.3
EXCEPTIONS TO THE NO-LIABILITY RULE BASED ON SPECIAL RELATIONSHIPS 236
6.1.3.4 INDIRECT TECHNIQUES FOR RELIEVING NON-DISCLOSURE 237 6.1.4 MADE
TO THE CLAIMANT 238 6.1.5 INDUCEMENT AND MATERIALITY 239 6.1.5.1
INDUCEMENT 239 6.1.5.2 MATERIALITY 240 6.2 MONEY AWARDS FOR
MISREPRESENTATION 240 DIAGRAM 6D MONEY CLAIMS FOR MISREPRESENTATION 241
6.2.1 DAMAGES UNDER SECTION 2(1) MISREPRESENTATION ACT 1967 242 6.2.1.1
LOWERING THE QUALIFYING THRESHOLD: COMPARING FRAUDULENT, NEGLIGENT, AND
SECTION 2(1) MISREPRESENTATION 242 6.2.1.2 THE REMEDIAL ADVANTAGE OF A
SECTION 2(1) CLAIM: THE FICTION OF FRAUD 246 DIAGRAM 6E THE REMEDIAL
ADVANTAGES OF THE FICTION OF FRAUD 247 6.2.2 OTHER MONEY CLAIMS:
EXPECTATION DAMAGES, RESTITUTION, AND INDEMNITY 251 6.2.3 COMBINATION OF
CLAIMS 252 XXIV DETAILED CONTENTS 6.3 RESCISSION FOR MISREPRESENTATION
252 6.3.1 WHAT IS RESCISSION? 252 6.3.2 THE BARS TO RESCISSION 254
6.3.2.1 REMOVAL OF BARS BY SECTION 1 MISREPRESENTATION ACT 1967 254
6.3.2.2 AFFIRMATION 254 DIAGRAM 6F HOW THE BARS TO RESCISSION APPLY TO
DIFFERENT TYPES OF MISREPRESENTATION 255 6.3.2.3 LAPSE OF TIME 255
6.3.2.4 THIRD PARTY RIGHTS 256 6.3.2.5 IMPOSSIBILITY OF MUTUAL
RESTITUTION 256 6.3.2.6 INEQUITY: SECTION 2(2) MISREPRESENTATION ACT
1967 258 6.3.3 SECTION 2(2) MISREPRESENTATION ACT 1967: DAMAGES IN LIEU
OF RESCISSION 259 6.3.3.1 MEASURE OF DAMAGES 259 6.3.3.2 AVAILABILITY OF
SECTION 2(2) DAMAGES 250 6.4 EXEMPTION OF LIABILITY FOR
MISREPRESENTATION 260 6.4.1 COMMON LAW CONTROLS 6.4.2 STATUTORY CONTROLS
260 6.4.2.1 SECTION 3 MISREPRESENTATION ACT 1967 260 6.4.2.2 THE UNFAIR
CONTRACT TERMS ACT 1977 262 6.4.2.3 THE UNFAIR TERMS IN CONSUMER
CONTRACTS REGULATIONS 1999 262 6.5 THE JUSTIFICATION FOR REMEDYING
MISREPRESENTATIONS 263 CHAPTER 7 MISTAKEN ASSUMPTIONS 267 7.1
PRELIMINARY POINTS 267 DIAGRAM 7A MISTAKE AND RELATED DOCTRINES 268 7.2
COMMON (SHARED) MISTAKE AT COMMON LAW 2 * 7.2.1 GENERAL PRINCIPLES 2
DIAGRAM 7B OVERVIEW OF RELIEF FOR MISTAKE 2 7.2.2 THE CONTRACTUAL
ALLOCATION OF RISK: CONSTRUCTION 2 ^ 2 DIAGRAM 7C COMMON MISTAKE AT
COMMON LAW: THE THREE-STEP APPROACH 2 7.2.2.1 RISK ALLOCATION TO EITHER
PARTY 2 7.2.2.2 FAULT 273 7.2.2.3 CONDITION PRECEDENT 2 7.2.3
JUSTIFICATIONS FOR THE MISTAKE DOCTRINE 2 ^ 4 7.2.3.1 THE IMPLIED TERMS
ANALYSIS 2 ^ 7.2.3.2 IMPOSSIBILITY OF PERFORMANCE 27 7.2.3.3 CONSENT
NULLIFIED 277 7.2.4 ACTIONABLE COMMON MISTAKE AT COMMON LAW 279 7.2.4.1
MISTAKE MUST BE SHARED 27 ^ 7.2.4.2 MISTAKE MUST BE FUNDAMENTAL 279
DETAILED CONTENTS XXV 7.2.5 ILLUSTRATIONS OF OPERATIVE MISTAKEN
ASSUMPTIONS 280 7.2.5.1 MISTAKE AS TO THE EXISTENCE OF THE SUBJECT
MATTER 280 7.2.5.2 MISTAKENLY ACQUIRING ONE S OWN PROPERTY 281 7.2.5.3
MISTAKE AS TO AN ESSENTIAL QUALITY OF THE SUBJECT MATTER 282 DIAGRAM 7D
MISTAKES AS TO QUALITY: AN OVERVIEW OF SOME CASES 282 7.2.5.4 OTHER
MISTAKEN FUNDAMENTAL ASSUMPTIONS 285 7.2.6 THE EFFECT OF COMMON MISTAKE
288 7.3 COMMON MISTAKE AT EQUITY 288 7.3.1 RESCISSION (ON TERMS) 288
7.3.2 REJECTION OF THE JURISDICTION 289 7.3.3 THE FUTURE OF EQUITABLE
COMMON MISTAKE 290 7.4 UNILATERAL MISTAKE AT COMMON LAW 291 7.4.1
MISTAKE AS TO IDENTITY 291 7.4.1.1 THE NATURE OF THE PROBLEM 291 DIAGRAM
7E VOID AND VOIDABLE CONTRACTS IN THREE-PARTY CASES 292 7.4.1.2 IDENTITY
VERSUS ATTRIBUTES 293 7.4.1.3 OBJECTIVITY: YOU CANNOT ACCEPT SOMEONE
ELSE S OFFER 293 7.4.1.4 WRITTEN CONTRACTS 293 7.4.1.5 NON-EXISTENCE OF
THE IDENTITY ASSUMED 294 7.4.1.6 FACE-TO-FACE DEALINGS 295 7.4.2
FUNDAMENTAL MISTAKE ABOUT THE NATURE OF THE DOCUMENT: NON EST FACTUM 297
7.4.2.1 THE NATURE OF THE PROBLEM 297 7.4.2.2 HOW SERIOUS MUST THE
MISTAKE BE? 299 7.4.2.3 WHO QUALIFIES FOR RELIEF? 299 7.5 UNILATERAL
MISTAKE AT EQUITY 300 7.6 MUTUAL MISTAKEN ASSUMPTION 301 7.7 MISTAKE IN
RECORDING THE CONTRACT: RECTIFICATION 302 CHAPTER 8 FRUSTRATION 30 7 8.1
INTRODUCTION 307 8.1.1 FRUSTRATION AND MISTAKE 308 DIAGRAM 8A
FRUSTRATION: THE THREE-STEP APPROACH 309 8.1.2 DEVELOPMENT OF THE
FRUSTRATION DOCTRINE 310 8.2 JUSTIFICATION FOR RELIEF 311 8.2.1 IMPLIED
TERMS 311 8.2.2 JUST AND REASONABLE SOLUTION 313 8.2.3 RADICAL CHANGE IN
THE OBLIGATIONS: LACK OF CONSENT 314 8.2.4 TOTAL FAILURE OF
CONSIDERATION 315 XXVI DETAILED CONTENTS 8.3 FRUSTRATING CIRCUMSTANCES
315 8.3.1 LEGAL IMPOSSIBILITY 316 8.3.2 PHYSICAL IMPOSSIBILITY 317
8.3.2.1 DEATH OR INCAPACITY IN PERSONAL SERVICE CONTRACTS 318 8.3.2.2
DESTRUCTION OF THE SUBJECT MATTER 318 8.3.2.3 FAILURE OR DISRUPTION OF
SUPPLIES 319 8.3.2.4 DELAY AND HARDSHIP 320 8.3.3 IMPOSSIBILITY OF
PURPOSE 323 8.3.3.1 NON-OCCURRENCE OF AN EVENT 324 8.3.3.2 LEASES AND
SALES OF LAND 324 8.4 CONSTRUCTION OF THE CONTRACT 326 8.4.1 EXPRESS
PROVISION: FORCE MAJEURE AND HARDSHIP CLAUSES 326 8.4.2 IMPLIED
ALLOCATION OF RISK: FORESIGHT 327 8.4.2.1 HOW FORESEEABLE MUST THE
SUPERVENING EVENT BE TO OUST THE FRUSTRATION DOCTRINE? 328 8.5 FAULT:
SELF-INDUCED FRUSTRATION 328 8.5.1 BREACH OF CONTRACT 329 8.5.2
ANTICIPATORY BREACH OF CONTRACT 329 8.5.3 POWER TO ELECT 329 8.6 THE
EFFECT OF FRUSTRATION 331 8.6.1 AUTOMATIC DISCHARGE 3 8.6.2 LOSSES AND
GAINS UNDER THE CONTRACT 332 8.6.2.1 OVERVIEW 332 8.6.2.2 THE COMMON LAW
POSITION 332 DIAGRAM 8B THE LAW REFORM (FRUSTRATED CONTRACTS) ACT 1943
333 8.6.2.3 THE AIMS OF THE 1943 ACT 334 8.6.3 MONEY PAID OR PAYABLE
UNDER THE ACT DIAGRAM 8C RESTITUTION OF MONEY PAID: DEDUCTION OF JUST
EXPENSES IN GAMERCO 33T 8.6.4 NON-MONEY BENEFITS UNDER THE ACT 3
8.6.4.1 STAGE I: IDENTIFICATION AND VALUATION OF THE BENEFITS CONFERRED
337 8.6.4.2 STAGE II: ASSESSMENT OF THE JUST SUM DIAGRAM 8D CLAIM FOR
NON-MONEY PERFORMANCE: CALCULATION OF THE JUST SUM IN BP V HUNT 3JY
8.7 HARDSHIP AND CONTRACT MODIFICATION: FRUSTRATION, DURESS, AND
CONSIDERATION 340 CHAPTER 9 DURESS 344 9.1 THE JUSTIFICATION FOR DURESS
3 ^ 4 9.1.1 INADEQUACY OF THE OVERBORNE WILL THEORY 9.1.2 ILLEGITIMATE
PRESSURE 345 9.2 WHAT MUST BE PROVED? 345 DETAILED CONTENTS XXVII 9.3
DURESS TO THE PERSON AND TO PROPERTY 346 9.3.1 ILLEGITIMATE PRESSURE 346
9.3.2 CAUSATION 346 DIAGRAM 9A SUMMARY OF DURESS TO THE PERSON AND
PROPERTY 347 9.4 ECONOMIC DURESS: THREATS TO BREACH A CONTRACT 348 9.4.1
POLICY CONSIDERATIONS 348 9.4.2 THE CURRENT CAUSATION-LED APPROACH 349
9.4.3 THE VICTIM HAD NO PRACTICABLE ALTERNATIVE 352 9.4.4 ALTERNATIVE
APPROACHES BASED ON ILLEGITIMATE PRESSURE 353 9.4.5 THE DEMAND 355
DIAGRAM 9B ECONOMIC DURESS: DIFFERENT APPROACHES 356 9.5 OTHER FORMS OF
ECONOMIC DURESS 356 9.6 LAWFUL ACT DURESS 357 9.6.1 LAWFUL PRESSURE
WHICH IS LEGITIMATE 357 9.6.2 LAWFUL PRESSURE WHICH IS ILLEGITIMATE 358
9.6.3 CAUSATION 359 DIAGRAM 9C OVERVIEW OF DURESS: REQUIREMENTS AND
POLICIES 360 CHAPTER 10 UNFAIRNESS: UNDUE INFLUENCE, NON-COMMERCIAL
GUARANTEES, UNCONSCIONABLE BARGAINS 363 10.1 INTRODUCTION 363 10.2 UNDUE
INFLUENCE 364 10.2.1 BASIS OF THE DOCTRINE 365 10.2.1.1 UNCONSCIENTIOUS
CONDUCT 365 10.2.1.2 DEFECTIVE CONSENT 366 10.2.1.3 FAILURE TO PROTECT
368 10.2.2 OVERVIEW AND BURDEN OF PROOF 368 10.2.2.1 THE TRADITIONAL
CATEGORIES OF UNDUE INFLUENCE 368 10.2.2.2 THE RESTATEMENT BY ETRIDGE
369 10.2.3 FAILURE TO PROTECT BY OVERT PRESSURE (OLD ACTUAL UNDUE
INFLUENCE) 370 10.2.3.1 RELATIONAL PRESSURE 370 DIAGRAM 10A UNDUE
INFLUENCE: TNE IMPACT OF ETRIDGE 370 10.2.3.2 RELATIONSHIP OF INFLUENCE
AND MANIFEST DISADVANTAGE 371 10.2.4 FAILURE TO PROTECT BY OMISSION (OLD
PRESUMED UNDUE INFLUENCE) 372 10.2.4.1 THE BURDEN OF PROOF 372 10.2.4.2
RELATIONSHIP OF INFLUENCE: AUTOMATIC PRESUMPTION FOLD CLASS 2A) 373
10.2.4.3 PROVED RELATIONSHIP OF INFLUENCE (OLD CLASS 2B) 374 10.2.4.4 A
TRANSACTION CALLING FOR EXPLANATION 375 10.2.4.5 REBUTTING THE
PRESUMPTION 379 XXVIII DETAILED CONTENTS 10.2.5 RESCISSION FOR UNDUE
INFLUENCE 381 10.2.5.1 THE BARS TO RESCISSION 381 10.2.5.2 THE DEFENCE
OF CHANGE OF POSITION 382 10.2.5.3 NO PARTIAL RESCISSION 383 10.3
NON-COMMERCIAL GUARANTEES 383 10.3.1 THE PROBLEM AND THE POLICIES 383
10.3.2 THE LEGAL RESPONSE 384 10.3.2.1 VITIATION BY THE PRIMARY DEBTOR
384 10.3.2.2 LENDER S NOTICE 385 10.3.2.3 LENDER S FAILURE TO TAKE
REASONABLE STEPS 385 DIAGRAM 10B NON-COMMERCIAL GUARANTEES: THE TEST OF
ENFORCEABILITY 386 10.3.3 THE REMEDY 389 10.3.3.1 THE DEFENCE OF CHANGE
OF POSITION 389 10.3.3.2 PARTIAL RESCISSION 389 10.3.4 BASIS OF THE
DOCTRINE 390 10.4 UNCONSCIONABLE BARGAINS 392 10.4.1 GENERAL PRINCIPLES
3 10.4.2 BASIS OF THE DOCTRINE 393 10.4.3 WHAT MUST BE PROVED? 394
10.4.3.1 IMPROVIDENT TRANSACTION 3 10.4.3.2 BARGAINING IMPAIRMENT 395
10.4.3.3 UNCONSCIONABLE CONDUCT 396 10.4.3.4 ABSENCE OF ADEQUATE ADVICE
39/ DIAGRAM 10C UNCONSCIONABLE BARGAINS: SUMMARY 398 10.5 INCAPACITY, A
BRIEF SUMMARY 398 10.6 A GENERAL DOCTRINE OF UNFAIRNESS? 400 10.6.1 THE
POLICY ARGUMENTS 400 10.6.2 SUGGESTED MEANS OF IMPLEMENTATION 402
10.6.2.1 UNDUE INFLUENCE 402 10.6.2.2 INEQUALITY OF BARGAINING POWER 41
^ 3 10.6.2.3 UNCONSCIONABILITY 403 DIAGRAM 10D GENERAL OVERVIEW OF SOME
DOCTRINES WITH A FAIRNESS DIMENSION 404 10.6.2.4 GOOD FAITH 406 10.6.3
THE CONTENTS OF A DOCTRINE OF UNFAIRNESS 406 PART IV THE CONTENTS OF
CONTRACTS 413 PART IV INTRODUCTORY DIAGRAM OVERVIEW OF THE LEGAL CONTROL
OVER THE CONTENTS OF CONTRACTS 414 DETAILED CONTENTS XXIX CHAPTER 11
IDENTIFYING CONTRACTUAL TERMS 415 11.1 THE PROBLEM OF STANDARD FORM
CONTRACTS 415 11.2 WHAT ARE TERMS? 417 11.3 EXPRESS TERMS 417 DIAGRAM
11A THE REMEDIAL SIGNIFICANCE OF THE TERMS-REPRESENTATIONS DISTINCTION
418 11.3.1 THE PAROLE EVIDENCE RULE 418 11.3.2 COLLATERAL TERMS AND
COLLATERAL CONTRACTS 419 11.3.3 THE INCORPORATION OF TERMS 421 11.3.3.1
SIGNED DOCUMENTS 422 11.3.3.2 UNSIGNED DOCUMENTS 423 11.3.3.3 PREVIOUS
DEALING AND CUSTOM 428 11.4 IMPLIED TERMS 428 DIAGRAM 11B OVERVIEW OF
IMPLIED TERMS 429 11.4.1 IMPLICATION BY CUSTOM 429 11.4.2 IMPLICATION IN
FACT 430 11.4.2.1 THE TEST FOR IMPLICATION IN FACT 430 11.4.3
IMPLICATION BY LAW 433 11.4.3.1 COMMON LAW 433 11.4.3.2 STATUTE 436
CHAPTER 12 INTERPRETATION OF TERMS 440 12.1 GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF
INTERPRETATION 440 12.1.1 FROM LITERAL TO CONTEXTUAL INTERPRETATION 441
12.1.2 THE MEANING OF PERSONS, NOT OF WORDS 443 12.1.3 INADMISSIBLE
EVIDENCE 445 12.1.3.1 EXCLUSION OF EVIDENCE OF PREVIOUS NEGOTIATIONS 446
12.1.3.2 EXCLUSION OF EVIDENCE OF SUBSEQUENT CONDUCT 448 12.2
INTERPRETATION OF EXEMPTION CLAUSES 448 12.2.1 THEN AND NOW 448 DIAGRAM
12A THE SCOPE OF ADMISSIBLE EVIDENCE IN INTERPRETING CONTRACTS 449
12.2.2 FUNDAMENTAL BREACH 450 12.2.3 CONTRA PROFERENTEM 451 DIAGRAM 12B
CONTROL OF EXEMPTION CLAUSES VIA INTERPRETATION 452 12.2.4 THE
LIMITATION-EXCLUSION DISTINCTION 453 12.2.5 EXEMPTIONS OF NEGLIGENCE
LIABILITY 453 DIAGRAM 12C EXEMPTIONS FROM LIABILITY IN NEGLIGENCE: THE
CA/IAC/A 5FEAMS^. P RO^ES 454 12.2.6 EXEMPTIONS FOR INDIRECT AND
CONSEQUENTIAL LOSS 456 XXX DETAILED CONTENTS 459 CHAPTER 13 DIRECT
CONTROL OVER TERMS 459 13.1 INTRODUCTION 459 13.1.1 ILLEGALITY: A
SUMMARY 13.1.2 UNFAIR TERMS: PRELIMINARY POINTS I 462 13.2 THE PATTERNS
OF CONTROL DIAGRAM 13A SUMMARY OF THE MAIN DIFFERENCES BETWEEN UCTA AND
UTCCR 463 DIAGRAM 13B OVERVIEW OF UCTA AND UTCCR: THE PATTERNS OF
CONTROL 464 13 3 THE PARTIES AFFECTED AND EXCLUDED CONTRACTS 465 13.3.1
AGAINSTWHOM? 13.3.1.1 BUSINESSLIABILITY UNDERUCTA 13.3.1.2 SELLERS
AND SUPPLIERS UNDER UTCCR 13 3.2 IN FAVOUR OF WHOM? 466 13.3.2.1
CONSUMERS 467 13.3.2.2 BUSINESSES 467 13.3.2.3 STANDARD OR
NON-NEGOTIATED TERMS 13.3.3 EXCLUDED CONTRACTS DIAGRAM 13C TERMS
REVIEWABLE UNDER UCTA AND UTCCR 13.4 TERMS CONTROLLED BY UCTA 470 470
13.4.1 INDEMNITY CLAUSES: SECTION 4 UCTA 13.4.2 EXEMPTIONS OF LIABILITY
FOR NEGLIGENCE: SECTIONS 2(1) AND (2) UCTA 47 DIAGRAM 13D THE OPERATION
OF SECTIONS 6 AND 7 UCTA 13.4.3 EXEMPTIONS OF SPECIFIC STATUTORY IMPLIED
TERMS IN SALE AND SUPPLY CONTRACTS: SECTIONS 6 AND 7 UCTA 13.4.4
EXEMPTIONS OF LIABILITY IN CONTRACT: SECTION 3(2) UCTA DIAGRAM 13E THE
FUNCTION OF EXEMPTION CLAUSES: DEFENSIVE OR DUTY-DEFINING? 13.4.5 THE
JURISDICTIONAL QUESTION: WHAT COUNTS AS REVIEWABLE EXEMPTION CLAUSES
UNDER UCTA? 13.4.5.1 DEFENSIVE OR DUTY-DEFINING ? 13.4.5.2 TERMS THAT
MAKE CLAIMS MORE DIFFICULT TO PROVE DIAGRAM 13F WIDENING THE DEFINITION
OF EXEMPTION CLAUSES 13.4.5.3 EXEMPTIONS FOR NEGLIGENCE AND BREACH OF
STATUTORY IMPLIED TERMS SUBJECT TO SECTIONS 2, 5-7 475 DIAGRAM 13G
CONTRASTING PHILLIPS AND THOMPSON 477 13.4.5.4 EXEMPTIONS FOR BREACH OF
CONTRACT SUBJECT TO SECTION 3(2)(A) 478 13.4.6 CONTROL MECHANISM UNDER
UCTA 47 ^ 13.4.6.1 OUTRIGHT INVALIDITY 479 13.4.6.2 REVIEW FOR
REASONABLENESS 480 DIAGRAM 13H OVERVIEW OF THE REASONABLENESS AND
FAIRNESS TESTS 481 DETAILED CONTENTS XXXI 13.5 TERMS CONTROLLED BY UTCCR
485 13.5.1 THE REQUIREMENT OF PLAIN AND INTELLIGIBLE LANGUAGE 486
13.5.2 EXEMPTED CORE TERMS 487 13.5.3 REVIEW FOR UNFAIRNESS 491 13.5.3.1
THE TIME OF ASSESSMENT 491 13.5.3.2 THE POTENTIAL WIDTH OF TERMS 491
13.5.3.3 THE ONUS OF PROOF 492 13.5.3.4 THE TEST OF UNFAIRNESS 492
DIAGRAM 131 INDICATIVELY UNFAIR TERMS: THE NATURE OF UNFAIRNESS 495 13.6
THE LAW COMMISSION S RECOMMENDATIONS 496 13.6.1 EXTENDING AFFECTED TERMS
496 13.6.1.1 CONSUMER CONTRACTS 497 13.6.1.2
BUSINESS-TO- MICRO-BUSINESS CONTRACTS 497 13.6.2 REGUIREMENT OF FAIR AND
REASONABLE TERM 498 13.6.3 THE BURDEN OF PROOF 499 13.7 THE ENFORCEMENT
MECHANISM 499 13.7.1 UCTA 499 13.7.2 UTCCR 500 13.7.3 THE LAW
COMMISSION S RECOMMENDATION 501 13.8 OTHER STATUTORY AND COMMON LAW
CONTROLS OF TERMS 501 13.8.1 STATUTORY CONTROL OF TERMS 501 13.8.2
COMMON LAW CONTROL OF TERMS 502 13.9 CONTROL OF SUBSTANTIVE UNFAIRNESS
503 PARTV BREACH AND REMEDIES FOR BREACH 509 PARTVA INTRODUCTORY DIAGRAM
A: OVERVIEW OF THE END OF A CONTRACT 510 PART VB INTRODUCTORY DIAGRAM B:
OVERVIEW OF REMEDIES FOR BREACH OF CONTRACT 511 CHAPTER 14 BREACH OF
CONTRACT AND TERMINATION 513 14.1 BREACH OF CONTRACT 513 14.1.1
RENUNCIATION OR REPUDIATION 514 14.1.2 IMPOSSIBILITY OF PERFORMANCE 516
14.1.3 FAILURE OF PERFORMANCE 517 14.2 TERMINATION FOR BREACH 517 14.2.1
INTRODUCTION 517 DIAGRAM 14A HOW AND WHEN DOES BREACH OCCUR? 518 14.2.2
CLEARING THE GROUND 519 XXXII DETAILED CONTENTS 14.2.2.1 LEVEL I:
CONTINGENT OR PROMISSORY OBLIGATION? 519 DIAGRAM 14B OVERVIEW OF THE
CLAIMANT S RIGHT TO WITHHOLD PERFORMANCE IF HIS EXPECTATION IS
DISAPPOINTED 520 14.2.2.2 LEVEL II: DEPENDENT OR INDEPENDENT OBLIGATION?
520 14.2.2.3 LEVEL 111: ENTIRE OR DIVISIBLE OBLIGATION? 521 14.2.3 LEVEL
IV: THE STATUS OF TERMS 522 14.2.3.1 CONDITIONS, WARRANTIES, AND
INNOMINATE TERMS 523 14.2.3.2 WHEN IS TERMINATION ALLOWED FOR BREACH OF
INNOMINATE TERMS? 524 14.2.4 HOW ARE TERMS CLASSIFIED? 525 14.2.4.1
CLASSIFICATION BY STATUTE 526 DIAGRAM 14C CLASSIFICATION OF TERMS 527
14.2.4.2 CLASSIFICATION BY THE PARTIES 527 14.2.4.3 CLASSIFICATION BY
THE COURTS 530 14.2.5 ELECTING TERMINATION 531 14.2.6 LOSS OF THE RIGHT
TO TERMINATE 532 14.2.7 THE EFFECT OF TERMINATION 533 14.3 AFFIRMATION
534 14.3.1 GENERAL POINTS 534 14.3.2 RESTRICTIONS ON THE RIGHT TO AFFIRM
535 CHAPTER 15 DAMAGES 541 15.1 INTRODUCTION 541 15.1.1 JUDICIAL
REMEDIES 541 15.1.2 POLICY CONSIDERATIONS 542 15.1.3 DAMAGES 543 DIAGRAM
15A DAMAGES FOR BREACH OF CONTRACT: EXPECTATION, RELIANCE, AND
RESTITUTION 543 15.2 EXPECTATION DAMAGES FOR NOT RECEIVING DUE
PERFORMANCE 544 15.2.1 THE COMPENSATORY AIM 544 15.2.2 BASIS OF
CALCULATION: LOSS OF EXPECTATION MINUS GAINS 546 DIAGRAM 15B EXPECTATION
LOSSES: THE PLUSES AND MINUSES 547 15.2.3 THE MEASURE OF EXPECTATION
DAMAGES 548 15.2.3.1 MINIMUM OBLIGATION UNDERTAKEN 549 15.2.3.2
DIMINUTION OF VALUE, COST OF CURE, OR LOSS OF AMENITY? 549 15.2.4 THE
PROBLEM OF NON-PECUNIARY LOSS 554 15.2.4.1 CONTRACTS FOR ENJOYMENT OR
ALLEVIATION OF DISTRESS 556 15.2.4.2 MENTAL DISTRESS CONSEQUENT ON
PHYSICAL INJURY OR INCONVENIENCE 559 15.2.4.3 BREACH OF EMPLOYMENT
CONTRACTS AND LOSS OF REPUTATION 560 15.2.4.4 LOSS OF PERFORMANCE TO A
THIRD PARTY 563 DIAGRAM 15C MCALPINE V PANATOWN 565 DETAILED CONTENTS
XXXIII 15.2.4.5 THE FUTURE SCOPE OF RECOVERABLE NON-PECUNIARY LOSS 569
15.2.5 FACTORS LIMITING THE PROTECTION OF THE EXPECTATION INTEREST 570
DIAGRAM 15D OVERVIEWOF RECOVERY FOR NON-PECUNIARY TOSS 571 15.2.5.1
MITIGATION 572 15.2.5.2 THE TIME FOR MEASURING LOSS 575 15.2.5.3
INTERVENING CAUSES 576 15.2.5.4 CONTRIBUTORY NEGLIGENCE 577 15.2.5.5
SPECULATIVE LOSS 578 15.2.5.6 REMOTENESS 580 15.2.5.7 TIME LIMIT 587
15.3 RELIANCE DAMAGES FOR BREACH OF CONTRACT 588 15.4 RESTITUTION OF
BENEFITS CONFERRED 589 15.5 ACCOUNT OF PROFITS AND LOSS OF BARGAIN 593
CHAPTER 16 SPECIFIC AND AGREED REMEDIES 603 16.1 THE AGREED SUM 604 16.2
SPECIFIC ENFORCEMENT 605 16.2.1 SPECIFIC PERFORMANCE 605 16.2.1.1
OVERVIEWOF LIMITS ON THE AVAILABILITY OF SPECIFIC PERFORMANCE 606
16.2.1.2 CLAIMANT-SIDED CONSIDERATIONS 607 16.2.1.3 DEFENDANT-SIDED
CONSIDERATIONS 610 16.2.1.4 IMPRACTICALITY AND UNSUITABILITY 613 16.2.2
INJUNCTIONS 614 16.2.3 DAMAGES IN LIEU OF SPECIFIC PERFORMANCE OR
INJUNCTION 616 16.2.4 SHOULD SPECIFIC ENFORCEMENT BE MORE WIDELY
AVAILABLE? 616 16.2.5 CAN PARTIES AGREE TO SPECIFIC PERFORMANCE OR AN
INJUNCTION? 620 16.3 AGREED REMEDIES 621 16.3.1 INTRODUCTION 621
16.3.1.1 POLICY CONSIDERATIONS 621 16.3.1.2 TYPES OF AGREED REMEDIES 621
16.3.1.3 PRIMARY TERMS WITH REMEDIAL CONSEQUENCES 622 DIAGRAM 16A
OVERVIEW OF PRIMARY TERMS WITH REMEDIAL CONSEQUENCES AND SECONDARY
(REMEDIAL) TERMS 623 16.3.2 PAYMENTS ON BREACH: LIQUIDATED DAMAGES AND
PENALTIES 623 16.3.2.1 THE PENALTY RULE 623 16.3.2.2 THE JUSTIFICATION
FOR THE PENALTY RULE 626 16.3.2.3 THE SCOPE OF THE PENALTY RULE: THE
JURISDICTIONAL QUESTION 627 16.3.3 FORFEITURES OF PAYMENTS 629 XXXIV
DETAILED CONTENTS 16.3.3.1 DEPOSITS AND PART-PAYMENTS 629 DIAGRAM 16B
PAYMENT CLAUSES AND THEIR TESTS OF VALIDITY 630 16.3.3.2 INSTALMENTS 630
INDEX 635
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Chen-Wishart, Mindy |
| author_facet | Chen-Wishart, Mindy |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Chen-Wishart, Mindy |
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| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV036447861 |
| classification_rvk | PU 4343 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)699859962 (DE-599)BVBBV036447861 |
| discipline | Rechtswissenschaft |
| edition | 3. ed. |
| format | Book |
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| language | English |
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| spelling | Chen-Wishart, Mindy Verfasser aut Contract law Mindy Chen-Wishart 3. ed. Oxford [u.a.] Oxford Univ. Press 2010 LXVI, 654 S. graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Vertragsrecht (DE-588)4063283-0 gnd rswk-swf Großbritannien (DE-588)4022153-2 gnd rswk-swf Großbritannien (DE-588)4022153-2 g Vertragsrecht (DE-588)4063283-0 s DE-604 SWB Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=020320073&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
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| title | Contract law |
| title_auth | Contract law |
| title_exact_search | Contract law |
| title_full | Contract law Mindy Chen-Wishart |
| title_fullStr | Contract law Mindy Chen-Wishart |
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