Vilniaus Žemutinė pilis XIV a. - XIX a. pradžioje: 2005 - 2006 m. tyrimai
Gespeichert in:
| Format: | Buch |
|---|---|
| Sprache: | Lithuanian |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Vilnius
Lietuvos Pilys
2007
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | kostenfrei Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract |
| Beschreibung: | Zsfassungen in engl. Sprache |
| Beschreibung: | 391 S. zahlr. Ill., Kt. |
| ISBN: | 9789986907176 |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804142931674660865 |
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| adam_text | VILNIAUS ŽEMUTINÉ
PILIS
XIV
Α.
- XIX
Α.
PRADŽIOJE.
2002-2004
M. ISTORINiy
ŠALTINILJ PAIEŠKOS
Pratarmè
........................................................................................................5
I.
Ruta Janonienè. XVI-XIX a. Vilniaus
Žemutinés
pilies ikonografìniai
šaltiniai
..........................................................................................................11
A. Zemutinè
pilis
senuosiuose
miesto planuose, miestovaizdžiuose, panoramose
B.
XVIII
a. pabaigos Vilniaus
miesto
planai
C. Žemutinés
pilies ruma fasadai
P. Smuglevičiaus
akvarelése
D. P. Rosio
piešiniai
ir ju_ kartotès
E. J. Ligberio
raižinys
pagai J. Rustemo
piešin;
IL
1.
Aivas Ragauskas.
XIV
a.
- XVI
a.
pradžios
Vilniaus Zemutinè
pilis
istoriniuose
šaltiniuose
........................................................................44
IL
2.
Vilniaus Zemutinè
pilis
XIV
a.
- XVI
a.
pradžioje.
Istoriniai
šaltiniai
.........................................................................................49
III.
1.
Biruté Ruta Vitkauskienè. XVI-XVIII a. Lietuvos
Didžiosios
Kunígaikštystés
valdoviţ
rumai istoriniuose
šaltiniuose..........................
72
A.
Nauji Žygimanto
Augusto rumai ir Vilniaus
Žemutinés
pilies komplekso piètra
valdant
Žygimantui Augustui
B. Lietuvos
Didžiosios Kunigaikštystés
valdova
ruma
rekonstrukcija
valdant
Zigmantui ir Vladislovui Vazoms
III.
2.
XVI-XVIII a. Lietuvos
Didžiosios
Kunigaikštystés valdovq
rumai.
Istoriniai
šaltiniai
.......................................................................................129
A. Lietuvos
Didžiosios Kunigaikštystés
valdova
ruma
statyba
ir
rekonstrukcija
atskirais
istoriniais laikotarpiais
B. Statybinés
medžiagos,
јц
tiekimas
ir ikainiai
C.
Su
Lietuvos
Didžiosios
Kunigaikštystés valdovq
ттц
statybomis
ir pastatii
priežiura
susijusios pareigybès (pilininkai,
statybą
priziürètojai, ükvedziai, vartininkai, rotmistrai
ir
kiti)
D.
Su
Lietuvos
Didžiosios
Kunigaikštystés valdovq rumu_ statybomis
ir pastani
priežiura
susiję
amatininkai
E. Lietuvos Didžiosios Kunigaikštystés valdovu^rumupastatai, jujšvaizda
E
Lietuvos Didžiosios Kunigaikštystés valdoviirumuvidaus patalpos,
ją
lokalizacija,
interj erai
IV.
1.
Liúdas
Glemža.
Vilniaus
Zemutinès pilies ansamblio
topografija
istoriniuose
šaltiniuose
..............................................................................243
IV.
2.
Vilniaus
Žemutinés
pilies ansamblio topografija.
Istoriniai šaltíniai
.......................................................................................256
A. Privatus pastatai
ir
sklypai
Vilniaus
Zemutinès
pilies teritorij oj
e XVI-XVIII
a.
B. LDK
Vyriausiojo
Tribunolo, Vilniaus pavieto
teismi^
pastatai, pilies
sienos ir variai
C.
Katedra,
Š v.
Onos
ir
Šv.
Barboros
bažnyčios,
ууѕкирц
rumai,
капаипіпкц
namai
D.
Didžiujxikunigaikščhiukiniai
pastatai, šunides,
arklidès
E.
Arsenalas
ir
jame
dirbę
Arsenalo
priziürètojai,
patrankininkai
F. Malünai
ir tiltai
С
Vilniaus
Aukštutinés
ir Zemutinès piliu_kalèjimai
H. Pilininko namas
/.
Pastatai Vilniaus Zemutinès pilies teritorijoje
XIX
a.
pradžioje
К.
Vilniaus
Žemutinés
pilies
pastara griovimas
XVIII
a. pabaigoje
- XIX
a.
pradžioje
V.
Raimonda Ragauskienè. Lietuvos valdovq
vilnietiški
itinerariumai
... 304
VI.
1.
Raimonda Ragauskienè. Lietuvos
Didžiosios
Kunigaikstystès
valdovij
гишц
gyvenimo ritmas
istoriniuose
šaltiniuose
.........................331
VI.
2.
Lietuvos
Didžiosios
Kunigaikstystès valdovq rumi} gyvenimo
ritmas.
Istoriniai šaltíniai
..........................................................................337
A. Politiniai bei religiniai reikalai ir Vilniaus Zemutinè
pilis
B. Žymesniuju
užsienio svečra,
pasiuntinybrą
priémimas Lietuvos Didžiosios
Kunigaikstystès
valdovu,
rümuose,
јц
sustos
ar atvežtos dovanos
C. Žymesnieji istoriniai ivykiai Lietuvos Didžiosios
Kunigaikstystès
valdovii^
rümuose.
Valdovii ižengimas
[
Vilnia
ir
išvykimo ceremonialas
D. Pramogos Lietuvos Didžiosios
Kunigaikstystès
valdovu.
rümuose
(turnyrai,
karnavalai, žveriu. pjudymas, teatras)
E. Kasdienybé ir buitis
E Valdovo
dvaras Vilniaus Žemutinéje pilyje
VIL Archeologiniai šaltíniai
ir
publikacijos
.............................................395
VIII.
Santrumpos
.......................................................................................396
IX. Summary
..............................................................................................400
X.
Rodyklè, parengè
Darius
Antanavičius
ir
Darius
Vilimas
..................411
THE RULERS PALACE OF THE GRAND DUCHY OF LITHUANIA
DURING THE 14th TO THE EARLY 19th CENTURIES
The Search for Historical Evidence in
2002-2004
Summary
This publication presents the results of search for the historical evidence about the
complex of the Palace of the Grand Duchy Lithuania Rulers (further on
-
Palace of
GDL Rulers) and the Lower Castle of Vilnius. Two and a half years of thorough work
is evidenced in the articles of twelve researches. The present publication can also be
viewed as an account for the research of sequential written sources and iconography of
the Rulers Palace and the Lower Castle of GDL carried out by the centre of castle
research Lithuanian Castles and the Lithuanian Institute of History during the period of
2002 - 2004.
The search for historical evidence and its generalizations was already
conducted at the very beginning of the reconstruction of the Palace of GDL Rulers;
therefore, the publication reflects the particularity of available knowledge on one of the
most significant objects of the Lithuanian heritage. Most of the sources and articles are
published for the first time; only a minor part of the texts is well-known historical sources.
Because of its exceptionality the Palace of GDL Rulers, its reconstruction prob¬
lems and future destination raise a variety of questions and discussions within the
Lithuanian society. It can be predicted that the palace will continue to be an object of
interest and discussions after the opening as well. One of the few issues on which the
discussing parts agreed was the necessity of a thorough historical research of the
Rulers Palace and the Lower Castle. It was assumed that the search for new written
and
iconographie
evidence and its generalizations would contribute to the reconstruc¬
tion of the interior and exterior of the Palace of GDL Rulers on the one hand, and
would form the perspective of utilization of the object on the other.
In order to carry out a careful and detailed research on new and published historical
evidence about the complex of the Palace of GDL Rulers and the Lower Castle of
Vilnius a group of researches was gathered in
2002.
During a rather short period of time
(the middle of
2002 -
the end of
2004)
twelve Lithuanian historians and art critics
worked in the archives, libraries and museums of Lithuania, Poland, Italy, Russia, Hun¬
gary, Vatican and Germany. The preliminary research and evaluation of relevant ar¬
chives and publications in foreign countries allowed to set the guidelines for further
research. The most important Lithuanian archives in foreign countries, which contained
useful information were also detected. Besides, researches revised the published his¬
torical sources and historiography about the complex of the Vilnius Lower Castle.
In
2003,
the work in the archives was largely adjusted by previous research. Ac¬
tive explorations in Poland
(Warszawa, Kraków, Gdańsk)
made it possible to retrieve
a considerable amount of new information (which is included in the present publica¬
tion) about the specificity of life and constructions carried out in the Palace of GDL
Rulers in the 6th
-
17th centuries. In
2004,
the investigations in Lithuania and Poland
were continued. An analysis of the 16th century Lithuanian Metrics and a part of the
400
complex
of the Law books was carried out; the material available from the Vilnius
Magistrate, the Court of Vilnius Castle and other file complexes was collected. The
gathered historical information was translated and together with certain remarks pro¬
duced for the reconstruction specialists. Furthermore, a wider publication of the found
written historical sources was prepared.
Although the conducted research was time-consuming and requiring large expendi¬
tures, it was not always successful: at the beginning, there was a great lack of informa¬
tion about the specific and narrow problem of the Palace of GDL Rulers stored in the
foreign archives. On the other hand, the second and the third years of research were
much more productive. Obviously, it was impossible to collect all the material and to
look through all the archives during such a short period of time. On the other hand, the
guidelines for further research were set and the situation of the analyzed object was
detected. All in all, the present work includes both new information retrieved in the
archives and evaluations of important documents which have already been published.
It should be noted that this publication is the first attempt to represent the complex of
the Palace of GDL Rulers and the Lower Castle as a significant historical and cultural
monument of Lithuania through historical evidence. Archeological research and investiga¬
tion is not included in publication. As it has already been said the major part of the work
consists of the data, which is new and has not been published before. Moreover, as a result
of the analysis
(2002 - 2003)
of the published material about the Palace of GDL Rulers,
certain known, but useful information is also included. Besides, opinions of some researches
concerning the topics of the theatre and manor of the Palace of GDL Rulers are given.
The present work has two major aims. First, the utilitarian aspect plays an impor¬
tant role. It is believed that the collected information about the development of the
palace and the whole complex during the rule of
Žigimantas
Augustas, the construc¬
tions carried out, materials and elements of interior used, etc., at the beginning of the
17th century will serve for a more exact reconstruction of the building. Information
about the way of life, officers of the palace and its
socio-cultural
environment will
contribute to the preparation of exposition and utilization of the reconstructed palace.
All in all, new knowledge, evaluations and generalizations should further the key project
of the program of Millennium of Lithuania, which aims at a precise reconstruction and
utilization of the Palace of GDL Rulers. Second, the publication has a scientific value:
it contains a number of new sources for historiography and scientific articles based on
their analysis. The reader will be able to find a number of scientific novelties and
providences. The publication reveals a complex and contradictory fate of the Palace
of GDL Rulers, gives useful insights into the problems of cultural, political and social
development of the capital of Lithuania and GDL.
The publication is divided thematically into
6
chapters which have chronological
subdivisions. Because of the variety of included information the internal structure of
the work has certain shortcomings, i.e. the problems of clarity of topics and repetition
of information can be met. On the other hand, such division of the chapters is more
comfortable and allows for a fuller representation of the Palace of GDL Rulers. In
each chapter (except for the 1st and 5th), the publicized sources are preceded by the
author s presentation of the problem and its analysis.
401
The sources are published in Lithuanian, whereas extracts from the originals or
their microfilms are stored in the archive of the centre of castle research Lithuanian
Castles and are going to be published in a separate volume in the future. In the present
publication, more important or unclear details and concepts of the source are left in
the original language in brackets. Skips or unreadable places of the sources are marked
by angle brackets. The cited information is enclosed in quotation marks, whereas
a summary of the source does not include any quotation marks. It should be men¬
tioned that translating original sources the problem of terminology was encountered.
The Lithuanian language does not involve exact terms for the architectural, art details,
etc., used in the 16th and 17th centuries. The same problem concerns the naming of the
officers of the palace. Therefore, a consistent terminology of the names was intro¬
duced, for example:
szafarz
is translated as ukvedys (housekeeper),
budowniczy
as
statybą
priziürètojas
(supervisor of constructions), horodniczy as pilininkas (cas¬
tle keeper), ceikwart as Arsenalo
priziürètojas
(arsenal keeper), etc. The indicated
names of the officers and citizens of GDL are Lituanized, whereas the names of the
foreigners are left as in original.
After a close analysis of the recent publications about the Palace it appeared that
the use of the term of the residence of GDL Rulers is extremely inconsistent. Con¬
sider the following examples: Lietuvos
didžiuju kunigaikščia
(the Palace of the
Lithuanian Grand Dukes),
didžiuja kunigaikščia
(the Palace of the Grand Dukes),
LDK valdova (the Palace of GDL Rulers), Lenkijos
кагаїщ
ir
Lietuvos
didziują
kunigaikščui
(the Palace of Polish Kings and Lithuanian Grand Dukes), Vilniaus
Žemutiné
pilis
(Vilnius Lower Castle),
Žemutinés
pilies
rumai
(Manor of Lower
Castle), etc. The present publication employs two key concepts which are as follows:
The Rulers
Palace of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (the concept involves the
residential part in the territory of the Lower Castle) and the Vilnius Lower Castle
(a wider concept involving the total complex of the Lower Castle).
The translations of the publicized sources and their calibrations with the originals
were carried out by a number of researches: Polish texts were translated by Darius
Antanavičius,
Dominikas Burba,
Vytautas Jogéla,
Elmantas Meilus, Aivas Ragauskas,
Raimonda
Ragauskiené,
Gintautas Sliesoriünas, Ramuné
Smigelskyté-Stukienè, Ruta
Birutè Vitkauskienè;
Latin texts were translated by D.
Antanavičius
and
Mintautas
Čiurinskas;
translations from Italian were made by
Ruta Janonienè
and
M. Čiurinskas
and translations from
Ruthenian
were made by
D. Antanavičius
and R.
Ragauskiené.
As has already been mentioned, the search for new historical and important informa¬
tion about the Palace of GDL Rulers is not finished. It is obvious that a number of signifi¬
cant sources in Lithuanian and foreign archives are still to be found. Therefore, this work
is not a full and final account on the historical documentation of the Palace of GDL Rulers.
Due to the short period of investigations not all stages of the Palace of GDL Rulers
development or certain related topics are thoroughly presented. Hopefully, the detected
inconsistencies and shortcomings will be corrected by future publications for the present
work is only a first attempt and a starting point for research of a similar kind.
A separate attention should be given to introductory parts of the publication which
generalize the collected historical evidence. Due to the practical aspect of the work,
402
a number of hypotheses and implications on the issues of the reconstruction of the
Palace of GDL Rulers are raised. Generalizations help to reflect the present level of
the collected historical information. The further growth of the collected historical data,
new and fuller view of the complex of the Palace of GDL Rulers and the Vilnius
Lower Castle are going to complement the present perspective. It was not the aim of
the authors to give a full account of the topics of the Palace of GDL Rulers due to the
fragmented nature and inconsistency of the original sources. Despite of the men¬
tioned drawbacks a number of future directions of research have been detected and
a variety of problems, such as terminology, have been analyzed.
The first part of the publication called Iconographical Sources of the Vilnius
Lower Castle in the 16th
- 19
Centuries (by R.
Janonienè)
presents the images of
the Lower Castle found in old city maps and panoramas; Vilnius city schemes of the
late 18th century; aquarelles of
Pranciškus Smuglevičius;
pictures of
Pietro
Rossi and
their copies and the carving of Jonas Rustemas picture made by
E. J.
Ligberis. Ac¬
cording to
Janonienè,
the early iconography of Vilnius is quite poor. Although in the
last few years an extensive research has been carried out, the major
iconographie
sources still remain well-known maps of the 16th and 17th centuries. The buildings of
the Lower Castle complex are described basing on the survived French versions of
Vilnius maps and population census of about
1787
and
1808.
A conclusion is made that
the present visual material is only a partial
iconographie
source, which needs a con¬
stant comparison and checking against the new archeological and historical data.
In the second part of the publication Historical Sources of the Palace of GDL
Rulers in the 14th and the Early
16
Centuries (by A. Ragauskas), the existing
written sources, the majority of which have already been published, are gathered and
presented in a chronological order. A. Ragauskas states that although the written
evidence is not as important as archeological for the early history of the Lower Castle,
still it can serve as a source for certain decisions. The information about the buildings
and life in them is equally significant for the early history of the castle, the restoration
of its everyday routines and understanding of the growing importance and meaning of
the castle. However, it has to be said that the available information about the oldest
period involving
200
years of history of the Vilnius castles is rather laconic and having
few simultaneous messages which can be contradicting. Therefore, the published
sources encounter the problems of relevance and faithfulness. The majority of the
sources presented in the article are quite known and used by other authors which
conducted their investigations on the topics of the early Vilnius citified or, in
a proper term, castle problems; thus, the article does not aim at new discoveries .
On the other hand, the sources of the early
1
5th and late
1
6th centuries can present
a variety of useful information as the research proceeds.
Small number of written sources made by contemporaries or contemporary docu¬
ments of the late
16*
century is of the greatest value as they provide with single-sided,
military information about Vilnius. Due to the non-ceasing fighting or, sometimes,
fires, Vilnius castles were continuously decrepitated. However, these crucial moments
served for the extent of historical evidence about the castles i.e. Crusader chroniclers
or later authors described the destruction of castles or fixings ruined during the at-
403
tacks. Accounts of Crusaders allow us to use fragmentary information about the early
interior and details of the buildings. A large part of the information includes descrip¬
tions of the Crusader attacks and battles between
Jogaila, Vytautas
and their backing
because of Vilnius and its castles. Furthermore, fragmentary data on separate facts of
religious life of Orthodox and Franciscan monks, etc., and, in rare cases, business
correspondence of Crusaders can also be met. To continue, the period of the Vytautas
rule and later years provide with other useful data for the history of the castles. The
bigger part of the remaining documents comprises written charters related to Vilnius
Bishopric and Cathedral which mention Vilnius castles. An increased diplomatic cor¬
respondence of the times provides with data about Vilnius castle officers. Events that
took place in the castles such as the visits of the Rulers and their gentry, preparations
for the coronation of Vytautas or reception of foreign ambassadors are described in
full details. This information correlates with the written impressions of foreign travelers
like Gillibert
de Lanoy.
The richness of documentation can be explained by common
visits of Lithuanian Rulers at Vilnius as it can be judged from their itineraries. Finally,
form the second half of the
1
5th century information on the Vilnius Castle appears in
the Lithuanian Metrics.
The beginning of the
1
6th century marks the ending of the early history of the
castles. Starting with the rule of the Grand Duke of Lithuania and King of Poland
Žygimantas
Senasis
in
1506,
a new qualitative period of castle development (marked
by Renaissance) can be distinguished. The period is characterized by the gradual
growth of the role of the castle, architectural development of the complex and changes
of topographical elements which is important for the rebuilding of the castle both
historically and practically. It should be noted, however, that the buildings of the Lower
Castle are mentioned quite rarely which makes the available data less informative.
Mostly, it relates to individual dwellings of priests, gentry and castle officers. The late
1
5th century presents with more generous data on the residential function of the Lower
Castle and castle facilities such as stable, forge, etc.
The writings by the chroniclers of the 16th and 17th centuries such as
Jan Długosz,
authors of the Lithuanian Cronies,
Motiejus Strijkovskis,
Alexander Gwagninus,
Martynas Bielskis,
Augustinas
Rotundas Meleskis and
Albertas
Vijukas
Kojelavičius
are of less significance.
The third part of the publication the Development of the Palace of
GOL
Rulers
in the
16 - 18
Centuries by
R. B. Vitkauskiené
provides with considerable facts
about the architects and craftsmen who worked in the palace, the exterior of the
residence and interior facilities. The major focus falls on the period of the functioning
of the residence which lasted until the middle of the
1
7th century.
The chapter is divided into six sections. The first one comprises sources dealing
with the works and reconstructions in the Vilnius Lower Castle which illustrate the
extent and time of the reconstructions, the responsible people and accounts for the
work. The author aimed at collecting all the possible sources in which the works and
reconstructions of the palace are noted. Due to the complex nature of the documents
(the same source might combine information on several different buildings), the chap¬
ter includes papers about the building of the palace of Mikalojus Radvila Rudasis
404
situated in the territory of the Vilnius Lower Castle near the Gediminas Hill and
St. Kazimieras Chapel. The latter buildings were integrally related with the Palace of
GDL Rulers which increases their role in the history of the residence.
The most significant documents of the first section are the scrip of
Žygimantas
Senasis
for
Ulrich
Hozij
in
1530;
the account of
Kalèda Fiodorovich
for the building
expenses of the castle of Mikalojus Radvila Rudasis and account for Vilnius
vaitasi (administrator) stable written in
1544;
documents depicting the ravages of fire
in the Vilnius Lower Castle in
1610
and
1611
and accounts for building expenses by
treasurers of GDL in
1615-1618, 1623-1631, 1640-1644
and
1648-1651.
Building
activities are reflected in the correspondence of the treasurer Steponas
Pacas
and
King Zigmantas
III Vaza
on the one hand, and in the letters of Jonas Bindza and the
treasurer of GDL Mikalojus
fCiška
on the other. The mentioned documents show the
role of Italian architects and masons
Constantine
and Jacob Tencalls during the re¬
construction of the palace in the first half of the 17th century.
The second section involves extracts from
Žygimantas
Augustas palace balance in
1545 - 1548
which reflects the delivery of building material, its preparation, amount and
costs. It turned out that the main building material such as bricks, lime, tiling, wood and
some of the iron blanks were provided by the local purveyors. The indicated places of
lumbering were most probably Lithuanian forests belonging to the Ruler of GDL. The
accounts mention the major owners of Vilnius brick works and citizens which provided
tin, iron and nails. The local stone for the architraves of the windows and doors, ceilings
and stairs was brought from
Bistryčia
and worked by the mason Bartholomew the
Italian. The brigade of masons was managed by an Italian architect and sculptor Giovanni
Cini. Apart form the local resources, foreign material such as special blanks of iron from
Poland (Vanchoch mine), Austrian tin and lead is also mentioned. Moreover, it appeared
that French window glass was imported from
Gdańsk.
In
1545-1547,
Swedish sand¬
stone for grounding of the palace halls was brought from Livonia through Pollock.
The information in the third section about
statybą
prižiurétojus
(supervisors of
constructions) andpilininkus (castle keepers) is retrieved from the Lithuanian Metrics.
New data for the Lithuanian historiography about the Vilnius pilininkas
Kalèda
Fiodorovičius,
family of
Šimka Mackevičius,
gatekeepers, key holders, guards, keep¬
ers of the Upper Castle and
rotmisters
is given. Some of the documents of the second
half of the 17th century reveal the economic situation of the Vilnius Castle and show
the economies of the Ruler which helped to maintain the residence.
To continue, the works and position of the architects and craftsmen in the Palace of
the Ruler of GDL are also portrayed in the collected material. New information was
found about the Italian masons and architects Giovanni Cini and Baltramiejus. The arti¬
cle gives the extracts from the statutes of mason guild established in
1595
by an Italian
mason Peter
Pelgrim
who served in the Vilnius Castle during the late 16th and early 17th
centuries. Moreover, the
10
years account of the pilininkas
Petras Nonhartas
with the
castle craftsmen dated
1631
is published for the first time. The money for the craftsmen
was received from the revenue of the royal mill of the Vilnius Castle. An interesting
message was found about the painter Kristophor Grzyniewski who lived at the castle
gates in the times of Vladislovas IV
Vaza
and Jonas Kazimieras.
405
The two
tínal
sections of the article are devoted to exterior and interior of the
castle buildings. The publicized documents give the information on the heated premises
of the palace, castle clock, palace doors, windows, amount of stone architraves of the
windows and stairs built in
1545 - 1548.
Furthermore, facts on the gardens of the
palace and waterway are included. Rather interesting findings come form the docu¬
ments of the second half of the Sth century, namely, in
1787
the magistrate of Vilnius
decided to send the schemes and drawings of the old castle to
Warszawa.
This is
a clear proof that the inventory and visual documentation of the derelict castle was
performed. In the letter written by an unknown person most probably for
Adornas
Čartoriskis
in the second decade of the 19th century we can find valuable data on the
marble gates of the palace which had a blazon decorated with the Golden Wool order.
The letter tells that the GDL patriots strived at preserving the artistic details of the
destructed palace. The most valuable facts about the interior of the palace come from
the period of Renaissance. The collected data gives information about the mural car¬
pets, furniture, palace premises (treasury, halls, bathhouse, etc.) or even topics of
pictures bought for Zygimantas Augustas. It is known that in
1560,
gobelin, treasury
and other goods of the Ruler were carried from
Kraków
to Vilnius. Another document
points to the fact that in
1551,
palace tailors were paid for decoration of the palace and
churches on the occasion of Barbora s burial-service. A memorable event in the Vilnius
Castle was the wedding celebrations of the sister of Zygimantas Augustas and the
prince of Finland John. The document of
8
October
1562
points to the fact that the
preparation for the ceremony was very long and thorough. Among a variety of goods
which Kotryna took to Stockholm Lithuanian carpets, utensils made by Lithuanian
craftsmen and other things are included. New information was found about the Rul¬
er s apartments in the Lower Castle in the first half of the 17th century. Namely, it
turned out that in
1627,
the apartments were situated in the western part of the palace
above the central gates. It is also known that in
1643-1644
the plafonds of the ceilings
of the apartments of the king Vladislovas
Vaza
were decorated with painting and
rolled gold.
R. B.
Vitkauskienè
specifies the stages of development of the residential palace
and the whole complex of the castle basing on the information collected from the
historical sources and historiography. The most important documents for the analysis
were as follows: palace accounts of the Grand Duke of GDL Zygimantas Augustas
written in
1544 - 1548;
bills and letters of the chancery of the treasurer Steponas
Pacas
in
1630 - 1631
and documents retrieved from the Lithuanian Metrics dated the
first half of the
1
7th century. Following the listed sources, R. B.
Vitkauskienè
detected
two major architectural stages in the development of the residential palace:
(1)
the
stage of the middle of the
16
century and
(2)
the stage of the first third of the 17th
century. R. B.
Vitkauskienè
rejects the assumption that the Renaissance ensemble of
the residential palace with the internal closed yard was built before
1530
by Zygimantas
Senasis and
Bona Sforza.
The accounts from the GDL treasury for the works in the
Lower Castle in
1544 - 1548
show that the northern and western sides of the internal
yard were reconstaicted and the Renaissance bulks were built only after
1542
during
the
mie
of Zygimantas Augustas. Hence this reconstruction had nothing in common
406
with
Bona Sforza
who left Vilnius after
1542.
A prediction is made that the recon¬
struction is related with the newly built palace of Radvila Rudasis at the Gediminas
Hill; however, more information is required to support the presumption. The author of
the article suggests revising the chronological borders of the formation of the Renais¬
sance residence, which can reach as far as the second half of the
1
6th century. No
information has been found on the reconstruction works during the rule of Aleksandras
Jogailaitis and Zygimantas Senasis. During the latter period the southern and eastern
bulks of the palace were already built. In the accounts of
1544 - 1548
these bulks are
mentioned as the Old Palace of King
(Aula Regia
Antique). The accounts give certain
hints on the exterior of the palace: the architraves of the palace were made from the
local ashlars. Building works carried out before and after
1530
could bring a number
of Renaissance features into the exterior and interior of the palace. To add, halls built
during the rule of Zygimantas Augustas were often characterized as new , which
alludes that they were more modern that the Old Palace. The southern bulk of the Old
Palace is thought to have been not from the southern side as presented in the iconog¬
raphy, but from the northern side. Drawing a parallel with the development of the
early Renaissance architecture in Poland it can be said that the southern side of the
palace could have had features of a defensive architecture. To be more precise, dur¬
ing the first half of the 16th century in Poland, the reconstructed yard bulks and galler¬
ies of the buildings had clear Renaissance features (for example the Vavel Castle).
An indirect justification of the hypothesis is the fact that the expansion of the residen¬
tial complex had a north-west direction.
The recent archeological and architectural research in the Vilnius Lower Castle
confirmed a number of facts of archival documents. For example, the exact date of
the bulkhead at the hill and gallery built for the military purposes was set. As to the
gallery, the source provides with information that it stretched up to the present building
of the Lithuanian National Museum, which was built as the New Palace of Zygimantas
Augustas in the place of the old fortifications in
1544.
The excavated foundations
specified the configuration of the ensemble. The newly retrieved data from historical
sources shows that in the middle and in the second half of the
16*
century, the ensem¬
ble of the Vilnius Lower Castle encompassed two connected parts. The first part
comprised the Old Residence, whereas the second one consisted of the New Palace
at the river of Vilnia. The New Palace had a garden with ornamental waters. Moreo¬
ver, archeological and archival data provides similar information on the facilities of
Renaissance interior such as delivery of stone and masonry, imported glass, new pal¬
ace windows from lead twists and heater setting.
It should be mentioned that historiography does not involve much information on
the development of the residential complex in the first half of the 17th century. It is
known that important reconstructions took place in
1619 - 1631
when St. Kazimieras
Chapel was built. Zigmantas
III Vaza
played a great role in the process of recon¬
struction as on the one hand he was striving to be crowned as a king of Poland,
Sweden and Russia and tried to follow the latest fashions dictated by the
Habsburg
Palaces on the other. During the mentioned period of reconstructions the palace
underwent great changes; the role of the western block with the apartments of the
407
Ruler grew significantly. New building material and technologies implemented by
Italian architects and masons
Constantine
and Jacob Tencalls were also of a con¬
siderable importance. There is evidence that around the period of time under dis¬
cussion the third floor of the building was built or reconstructed (at least at the
western side). Furthermore, the interior style also had a number of alterations such
as the southern portal of the palace (recognized in the paintings of the late 18th
-
19th
centuries), which most probably was from marble as traced from the 19th century
description. It is predicted that in the course of the reconstruction, the southern
block of the palace obtained the shape depicted in later iconography i.e. the palace
and St. Kazimieras Chapel seem to face the city.
In the fourth chapter of the publication the Topography of the Vilnius Lower
Castle Ensemble in the Historical Sources by
L. Glemža,
it is stated that until the
joint of the 18th
-
19th centuries, the territory of the Lower Castle was considered as
an integral paled complex. The sources mention not only separate buildings, but also
people working within the territory of the castle. It should be noted that the present
article does not include some of the well-know sources such as the Vilnius Economy
Inventory of
1622,
etc.
The article gives data on individual houses and plots within the territory of the
Vilnius Lower Castle in the 16 1
-
18th centuries. The introduced sources reflect the
development of the castle wall, gates and some of the buildings belonging to the gen¬
try. It is shown that as the castle lost its residential function it became the centre of the
state institutions of the gentry. The presented data mentions jurisdiction of church
buildings, fragmentary evidence of bathhouses of the dukes, bake houses, kennels,
stables and lavatories. From the information gathered about the old arsenal one can
follow the development of the buildings, the numbers or cannonry, work of the offic¬
ers, mills and bridges, prisons of the Upper and the Lower Castles and the house of
pilininkas
(castle keeper). Finally, the included data reflects the condition of the buildings
in the territory of the Vilnius Castle just before their demolition and the repayment for
the people who lost their living premises after the pull down.
Basing on the information about the trade of the houses and plots within the territory
of the Vilnius Castle it is stated that the plans of expansion of the residence could be
dated as far as the rale of
Žygimantas
Senasis.
As it has already been mentioned, with
the loss of the residential function the castle became the centre of the state institutions.
During the late
1
8th century an attempt to renew and maintain the buildings of the castle
was made. Referring to the retrieved historical evidence, the statement that the arsenal
was situated in the Upper Castle in the 15th and the early 16th centuries is kept to be
false. The information found in the Lithuanian Metrics and Vilnius vaivadija books of
acts allows to date and understand the development of the Vilnius Castle prisons. The
publicized document shows the inventory of a two-storey house
oí
pilininkas (castle
keeper) which was situated at the castle hill in
1738.
The collected facts evidence that
plots in the territory of the Lower Castle were owned by private individuals who aware
of the demolition of the buildings appealed to czarist administration in
1800
with a re¬
quest to compensate the damage. Finally, the sources show that a part of the building
material of the ruined Lower Castle was used for the building of bridges.
408
The fifth part of the publication Vilnius Itineraries of the Lithuanian Rulers by
R.
Ragauskienè
concentrates on the itineraries of historical individuals, Rulers and
their family and also on the impact of the visits on the prosperity of the residence.
According to R.
Ragauskienè,
the itineraries of the Rulers played an important role in
the life of the Vilnius castles. The visits of the Rulers in Vilnius until the end of the 14th
and 15th centuries made Vilnius one of the main political centers and strengthened the
position of a single capital. After the Lublin Union when Lithuania and Poland formed
the Commonwealth of the Two Nations with two major centers in Vilnius and
Kraków
(later Warsawa), any visit of a royal person in Vilnius meant confirmation of GDL
independence and increase of its political-cultural role.
The King of Poland and the Grand Duke of Lithuania
Jogaila
(ruled GDL in
1389 -
1392)
was the first Ruler of Lithuania whose visits in Vilnius attract a considerable
attention of historians. It is known that from
1386
to
1434
he visited Vilnius
25
times
and stayed for a period of one day to several months. During the rule of the Great
Duke of Lithuania Vytautas (ruled
1392 - 1430)
Vilnius occupied the second position
among the major political centers. The strengthening of the capital grew during the
rule of
Švitrigaila
in
1430 -1432.
However, the following Ruler of Lithuania
Žygimantas
Kęstutaitis
(ruled
1432 - 1440)
did not distinguish the importance of the city as much
as his predecessors. Only in the middle of the
1
5th century, during the rule of Kazimieras
Jogailaitis (ruled
1440 - 1492)
Vilnius was established as the capital of Lithuania.
Aleksandras Jogailaitis (ruled
1492 - 1506)
also preferred Vilnius, although he paid
similar attention to Grodno and later to
Kraków.
Both capitals
-
Vilnius of GDL and
Kraków
of Poland were the major places of
visits for
Žygimantas
Senasis
(ruled
1506 - 1548),
although Vilnius occupied only the
second place according to the frequency of visits. The next king,
Žygimantas
Augustas
(ruled
1544 - 1572)
spent a bigger part of his rule in Lithuania and its capital Vilnius.
Three periods of his stay in Vilnius can be distinguished:
(1) 1528 - 1542, (2) 1544 -
1548
and
(3) 1551 - 1566.
The first elected Ruler
Stepanas Batoras
(ruled
1576 - 1586)
also visited Vilnius several times during the period of
1579 - 1582.
Zigmantas
III Vaza
(ruled
1587 - 1632)
and Vladislovas IV
Vaza
(ruled
1632 - 1648)
visited Lithuania and
Vilnius most frequently from the dynasty of
Vaza
which ruled Lithuania during the end
of the 16th and the middle of the 17th centuries. However, from the second half of the
1
7th century the visits of the Rulers visibly lessened. During the period of
1648 - 1795,
only three monarchs out of six paid four short visits. The last
Vaza
monarch Jonas
Kazimieras (ruled
1648 - 1668)
was in Vilnius only in
1661
and in
1664.
The final part of the publication the Rhythm of Life in the Royal Palace of GDL by
R.
Ragauskienè
aims to extend the definition of the concepts of
pilis
(castle),
rumai
(palace) and
rezidencija
(residence) considering not only their architectural meaning
but also their institutional and political-cultural significance. R.
Ragauskienè
emphasizes
not the buildings, their interior and exterior, but the individuals, important events, aspects
of lifestyle and common socio-cultural surroundings of the 16th
-
18th centuries. For
nearly two hundred years the Palace of GDL Rulers played the leading role in the
political and spiritual, cultural and communicative life of the state. The complex mecha¬
nism of the palace was both static and dynamic. A variety of political events, embassy
409
receptions,
Seimai,
court proceedings, placements of officials and other numerous
occasions were conducted. Moreover, the palace comprised both Polish and Lithua¬
nian estates of the Rulers and attracted big numbers of Lithuanian gentry. In sum, it
can be said that the Vilnius Palace of GDL Rulers had a strong life pulse in the 16th
and the early 17th centuries.
The material illustrating the way of life in the Palace of GDL Rulers is divided
into six parts. Some of the sources show the Vilnius Lower Castle as a key political
institution and the centre of Vilnius vaivadija of the
Іб 1
-
18th centuries. Another
group of material allows to see how the everyday life and environment of the palace
was seen by contemporaries. The documents tell about the historical events which
took place within the borders of the castle, celebrations such as hounding, carnivals,
theatre performances or even everyday routines. The topic of the Palace of GDL
Rulers is especially common within the documents and historiography. At its broad¬
est sense, the concept of dvaras (court) encompassed all people living in the royal
surrounding: the family of the king, state officials, courtiers, clients of the Ruler and
servants. At a proper sense dvaras (court) involves only courtiers and palace serv¬
ice. The publicized sources follow the proper definition of the dvaras (court). To
illustrate, messages on certain palace officials, their activities, moods and position
are given. Information about the servants of the Lithuanian Vilnius Palace of GDL
Rulers is presented for the first time in the historiography, for example one can read
about the cooks, shooters, doorkeepers, towel-keepers, etc. Specific individuals and
honors for their work in the palace are also mentioned. From the collected informa¬
tion, the recruitment, social background, privileges, rewards and other aspects of
life can be traced.
Written by Raimonda
Ragauskienè,
translated by Jurgita
Vaičenoniené
410
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| genre | (DE-588)4143413-4 Aufsatzsammlung gnd-content |
| genre_facet | Aufsatzsammlung |
| geographic | Untere Burg Wilna (DE-588)4290776-7 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Untere Burg Wilna |
| id | DE-604.BV036446695 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T22:39:37Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9789986907176 |
| language | Lithuanian |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-020318934 |
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| physical | 391 S. zahlr. Ill., Kt. |
| publishDate | 2007 |
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| publisher | Lietuvos Pilys |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Vilniaus Žemutinė pilis XIV a. - XIX a. pradžioje 2005 - 2006 m. tyrimai sudarė Liudas Glemža. Straipsnių autoriai: Rasa Abramauskienė ... Vilnius Lietuvos Pilys 2007 391 S. zahlr. Ill., Kt. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Zsfassungen in engl. Sprache Geschichte 1300-1850 gnd rswk-swf Untere Burg Wilna (DE-588)4290776-7 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)4143413-4 Aufsatzsammlung gnd-content Untere Burg Wilna (DE-588)4290776-7 g Geschichte 1300-1850 z DE-604 Glemža, Liudas Sonstige oth DE-601 pdf/application http://www.gbv.de/dms/greifswald/toc/57679046X.pdf kostenfrei Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=020318934&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=020318934&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
| spellingShingle | Vilniaus Žemutinė pilis XIV a. - XIX a. pradžioje 2005 - 2006 m. tyrimai |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4290776-7 (DE-588)4143413-4 |
| title | Vilniaus Žemutinė pilis XIV a. - XIX a. pradžioje 2005 - 2006 m. tyrimai |
| title_auth | Vilniaus Žemutinė pilis XIV a. - XIX a. pradžioje 2005 - 2006 m. tyrimai |
| title_exact_search | Vilniaus Žemutinė pilis XIV a. - XIX a. pradžioje 2005 - 2006 m. tyrimai |
| title_full | Vilniaus Žemutinė pilis XIV a. - XIX a. pradžioje 2005 - 2006 m. tyrimai sudarė Liudas Glemža. Straipsnių autoriai: Rasa Abramauskienė ... |
| title_fullStr | Vilniaus Žemutinė pilis XIV a. - XIX a. pradžioje 2005 - 2006 m. tyrimai sudarė Liudas Glemža. Straipsnių autoriai: Rasa Abramauskienė ... |
| title_full_unstemmed | Vilniaus Žemutinė pilis XIV a. - XIX a. pradžioje 2005 - 2006 m. tyrimai sudarė Liudas Glemža. Straipsnių autoriai: Rasa Abramauskienė ... |
| title_short | Vilniaus Žemutinė pilis XIV a. - XIX a. pradžioje |
| title_sort | vilniaus zemutine pilis xiv a xix a pradzioje 2005 2006 m tyrimai |
| title_sub | 2005 - 2006 m. tyrimai |
| topic_facet | Untere Burg Wilna Aufsatzsammlung |
| url | http://www.gbv.de/dms/greifswald/toc/57679046X.pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=020318934&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=020318934&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT glemzaliudas vilniauszemutinepilisxivaxixapradzioje20052006mtyrimai |