Supercritical solvents:
Gespeichert in:
| Weitere Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Weinheim
Wiley-VCH-Verl.
2010
|
| Schriftenreihe: | Handbook of green chemistry
4 : Set 2, Green solvents |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | Hier auch später erschienene, unveränderte Nachdrucke |
| Beschreibung: | XXIII, 495 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 9783527325900 9783527315741 |
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| 020 | |a 9783527325900 |9 978-3-527-32590-0 | ||
| 020 | |a 9783527315741 |9 978-3-527-31574-1 | ||
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| 084 | |a CHE 050b |2 stub | ||
| 084 | |a CHE 138b |2 stub | ||
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Supercritical solvents |c ed. by Walter Leitner... |
| 264 | 1 | |a Weinheim |b Wiley-VCH-Verl. |c 2010 | |
| 300 | |a XXIII, 495 S. |b Ill., graph. Darst. | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 490 | 1 | |a Handbook of green chemistry |v 4 : Set 2, Green solvents | |
| 500 | |a Hier auch später erschienene, unveränderte Nachdrucke | ||
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Grüne Chemie |0 (DE-588)7563215-9 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Überkritischer Zustand |0 (DE-588)4186602-2 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
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| 689 | 0 | 2 | |a Grüne Chemie |0 (DE-588)7563215-9 |D s |
| 689 | 0 | |5 DE-604 | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Leitner, Walter |d 1950- |0 (DE-588)136125077 |4 edt | |
| 830 | 0 | |a Handbook of green chemistry |v 4 : Set 2, Green solvents |w (DE-604)BV035406315 |9 4 | |
| 856 | 4 | 2 | |m Digitalisierung UB Regensburg - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment |q application/pdf |u http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=020309973&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |3 Inhaltsverzeichnis |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804142918435340288 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | VII
Contents
Foreword
У
Preface XV
About the editors
XIX
List of Contributors
XXI
I Introduction
1
Philip Jessop and Walter Leaner
1.1
What is a Supercritical Fluid (SCF)?
1
1.2
Practical Aspects of Reactions
m
Supercritical Fluids
4
1.3
The Motivation for Use of SCFs in Modern Chemical Synthesis
6
1.4
The History and Applications of SCFs
9
1.4.1
The Discovery of SCFs and Their Use as Solvents
9
1.4.2
Extraction and Chromatography in SCFs
14
1.4.3
The History of Chemical Reactions in SCFs
16
1.4.4
Industrial Use of SCFs as Reaction Media
20
References
24
2
High-pressure Methods and Equipment
31
Nils Theyssen,
Katherine
Scopeti,
and
Martyn Poliakoff
2.1
Introduction
31
2.2
Inirastructure for High-pressure Experiments
32
2.2.1
Location
32
2.2.2
Gas Supply, Compression, and Purification
33
2.3
High-pressure Reactors
34
2.3.1
Materials of Construction for
High
-ртеѕѕиге
Reactors
34
2.3.1.1
Metal Components
34
2.3.1.2
S
eaHng Materials
35
2.3.2
Reactor Design
41
2.3.2.1
Geneial Considerations
41
2.3.2.2
Pressure Vessels for Batch Processing
41
2.3.2.3
Continuous Flow Reactors
44
2.4
Auxiliary Equipment and Handling
45
VIII
Contents
2.4.1
Tubes and Fittings
45
2.4.2
Valves
47
2.4.3
Pressure Transmitter and Manometer
47
2.4.4
Reactor Heating and Temperature Control
48
2.4.5
Stirrer Types
51
2.4.6
Optical
Windo
ws
53
2.4.7
Pressure Safety Valves and Bursting Discs
53
2.4.8
Online Sampling
54
2.4.9
Inline
Spectroscopie
Measurements
56
2.4.10
Reactor Cleaning
57
2.4.10.1
Cleaning with Organic Solvents
57
2.4.10.2
Cleaning with Heated Solvents
58
2.4.10.3
Cleaning with Adds
58
2.4.10.4
Cleaning with a Combination of Organic Solvent and scCO2
58
2.5
Dosage Under a High-pressure Regime
58
2.5.1
Dosage of Gases
58
2.5.1.1
Safety Warnings
58
2.5.1.2
Dosing in Batch Processes
60
2.5.1.3
Dosage fox Continuous Flow Processes
62
2.5.2
Dosage of Liquids
62
2.5.3
Dosage of Solids
64
2.6
Further Regulations and Control in Flow Systems
64
2.6.1
Supply Pressure
64
2.6.2
Reactor Pressure
65
2.6.3
Flow and Total Volume Measurement of Depressurized
Gas Streams
66
2.7
Evaporation and Condensation
66
2.7.1
Evaporation
66
2.7.2
Condensation
66
2.8
Complete Reactor Systems for Synthesis with SCFs
67
2.8.1
Standard Batch Reactor System
67
2.8.1.1
Essential equipment
67
2.8.1.2
Brief Description of Work Steps
67
2.8.2
Fully Automated System for Continuous Flow Operation
69
2.9
Conclusion
73
References
73
3
Basic Physical Properties, Phase Behavior and Solubility
77
Neil R. Foster, Frank P.
Lucien,
and Raffaella Mammucan
3.1
Introduction
77
3.2
Basic Physical Properties of Supercritical Fluids
77
3.3
Phase Behavior in High-Pressure Systems
86
3.3.1
Types of Binary Phase Diagrams
86
3.3.2
Asymmetric Binary Mixtures
88
3.4
Factors Affecting Solubility in Supercritical Fluids
92
Contents
IX
3.4.1 The Supercritical Solvent 92
3.4.2
Chemical Functionality of the Solute
94
3.4.3
Temperature and Pressure Effects
96
References
97
4
Expanded Liquid Phases in Catalysis: Gas-expanded Liquids
and Liquid-Supercritical Fluid Biphasic Systems
101
Ulrich Hintermair,
Walter
Lettner,
and Philip Jessop
4.1
A Practical Classification of Biphasic Systems Consisting of Liquids
and Compressed Gases for Multiphase Catalysis
101
Physical Properties of Expanded Liquid Phases
106
Volumetric Expansion
106
Density
109
Viscosity
110
Melting Point 111
Interfacial
Tension
112
Diffusivity
114
Polarity
115
Gas Solubility
118
Chemisorption of Gases in Liquids and their Use for Synthesis
and Catalysis
120
In Situ Generation of Acids and Temporary Protection Strategies
120
Switchable Solvents and Catalyst Systems
124
Using Gas-expanded Liquids for Catalysis
129
Motivation and Potential Benefits
129
Sequential Reaction-Separation Processes
130
Tunable Precipitation and Crystallization
130
Tunable Phase Separations
131
Tunable Miscibility
134
Hydrogénation
Reactions
135
Carbonylation Reactions
139
Oxidation Reactions
143
Miscellaneous
14-8
Why Perform Liquid-SCF Biphasic Reactions?
150
By Necessity {Unintentional Immisability)
151
To Facilitate Post-Reaction Separation
152
To Facilitate Product/Catalyst Separation in Continuous
Flow Systems
354
To Stabilize a Catalyst
155
To Remove a Kinetic Product
156
To Control the Concentration of Reagent or Product
in the Reacting Phase
156
To Permit Emulsion Polymerization
157
To Create Templated Materials
158
Biphasic Liquid-SCF Systems
159
4.2
4.2.
1
4.2.
,2
4.2.
3
4.2.4
4.2.
5
4.2.
6
4.2.
7
4.2.
8
4.3
4.3.
1
4.3.
2
4.4
4.4.
1
4.4.
2
4.4.
2.1
4.4.
2.2
4.4.
2.3
4.4.
3
4.4.
4
4.4.
5
4.4.
6
4.5
4.5.
1
4.5.
2
4.5.
3
4.5.4
4.5.
5
4.5.
6
4.5.
7
4.5.
8
4.6
Contents
4.6.1 Solvent
Selection
259
4.6.2 Aqueous-SCF Biphasic Systems 159
4.6.3
Ionic
Liquid-SCF Biphasic Systems 163
4.6.4 Polymer— SCF Biphasic Systems 167
4.6.5 liquid Product-SCF Biphasic Systems 171
4.7 Biphasic
Reactions in Emulsions
172
4.7
Л
Watex-in-SCF
Inverse Emulsions
172
4.7.2
S CF-m-Wat
er
Emulsions
173
4.7.3
Ionic Ljqu-id-in-SCF Emulsions
173
AJA
Applications of Emulsions
174
References
175
5
Synthetic Organic Chemistry in Supercritical Fluids
189
Christopher M.
Rayner,
Paul M. Rose, and Douglas C.
Bornes
5.1
Introduction
189
5.2
Hydrogénation
in Supercritical Fluids
190
5.2.1
Asymmetric
Hydrogénation
and Related Reactions
198
5.3
Hydroformylation and Related Reactions in Sirpercri
tical
Fluids
202
5.4
Oxidation Reactions in Supercritical Fluids
205
5.5
Palladium-mediated Coupling
Réactions
in Supercritical Fluids
208
5.6
Miscellaneous Catalytic Reactions in Supercritical Fluids
214
5.6.1
Metal-catalyzed Processes
214
5.6.2
Base-catalyzed Processes
218
5.6.3
Acid-Catalyzed Processes
219
5.7
Cycloaddition
Reactions in Supercritical Fluids
221
5.8
Photochemical Reactions in Supercritical Fluids
224
5.9
Radical Reactions in Supercritical Fluids
228
5.10
Biotxansformations in Supercritical Fluids
229
5.11
Conclusion
234
References
235
6
Heterogeneous Catalysis
243
Roger Closer
6.1
Introduction and Scope
243
6.2
General Aspects of Heterogeneous Catalysis in SCFs and GXLs
244
6.2.1
Utilization of
ЅСБѕ
in Heterogeneous Catalysis
245
6.2.1
Л
General Considerations
245
6.2.1.2
Rate Enhancement
247
6.2.1.3
Selectivity Tuning
248
6.2.1.4
Lifetime/Stability Enhancement
250
6.2.1.5
Reactor and Process Design
251
6.2.2
Utilization of GXLs in Heterogeneous Catalysis
251
6.3
Selected Examples of Heterogeneously Catalysed Conversions
m
SCFs and GXLs
252
6.3Л
Conversions in SCFs
252
Contents
XI
6.3.1.1
Hydrogénations
256
6.3.1.2 Fischer-Tropsch
Synthesis
260
6.3.1.3 Hydroformylanons 262
6.3.1.4
Oxidations
263
6.3.1.5 Alkylations 266
6.3.1.6 Isomerizations 269
6.3.1.7
Miscellaneous
270
6.3.2
Conversions in GXLs
271
6.4
Outlook
273
References
274
7
Enzymatic Catalysis
281
Pedro
Lozano,
Teresa
De
Diego, and
José
L
Iborra
7.1
Enzymes in Non-aqueous Environments
281
7.2
Supercritical Fluids for Enzyme Catalysis
283
7.3
Enzymatic Reactions in Supercritical Fluids
285
7.4
Reaction Parameters
m
Supercritical Biocatalysis
289
7.5
Stabilized Enzymes for Supercritical Biocatalysis
292
7.6
Enzymatic Catalysis in IL-scCO? Biphasic Systems
294
7.7
Future Trends
298
References
298
8
Polymerization in Supercritical Carbon Dioxide
303
Uwe Beginn
8.1
General Aspects
303
8.1.1
Introduction and Scope
303
8.1.2
Supercritical Fluids
304
8.1.3
Solubility of Macromolecules in scCO2
306
8.1.4
Stabilizer Design for Dispersion Polymerizations
310
8.1.5
Limitations of Polymer Preparation in scCO2
314
8.2
Polymerization in scCO2
315
8.2.1
Radical Polymerization in scCO2
315
8.2.1.1
Side-chain Fluoropolymers
317
8.2.1.2
Fluoroolefm Polymers
319
8.2.1.3
Poly (Methyl Methacrylate)
326
8.2.1.4
Polystyrene
332
8.2.1.5
Other Vinyl Monomers
335
8.2.2
Metal-catalyzed Polymerizations
340
8.2.2.1
Polyolefins
340
8.2.2.2
Other Metal-catalyzed Polymerizations
342
8.2.3
Ionic Cham Polymerizations
346
8.2.3.1
Catóme
Polymerizations
346
8.2.3.2
Coordinative
Anionie
Polymerization
348
8.3
Conclusion
352
References
353
XII Contents
9
Synthesis of Nanomaterials
369
Zhimin Liu and Buxing Han
9.1
Introduction
369
9.2
Metal and Semiconductor Nanocrystals
369
9.2.1
Direct Synthesis of Nanocrystals
m
SCFs
369
9.2.1.1
Synthesis
m scCO2
370
9.2.1.2
Synthesis in Supercritical Organic Solvents
372
9.2.1.3
Synthesis
m
Supercritical Water (scH2O)
373
9/1.2
Synthesis of Nanomatenals in
S
CF-based Microemulsions
374
9.2.2.1
Water-m-Supercritical
Alleane
Microemulsion 374
9.2.2.2
Water-m-scCC^
Micxoemulsions
375
9.2.2.3
Recovery of Nanop article
s
from Reverse Micelles
Using SCCO2
377
9.3
Metal Oxide Nanopaxtides
377
9.3.1
Supercritical
Hydrothermal
Synthesis
377
9.3.2
Direct Sol-Gel Synthesis
m
ѕсСОг
380
9.3.3
Synthesis Using Water-in-COj Microemulsions
382
9.4
Carbon Nanomatenals
383
9-4.1
Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs)
383
9.4.2
Carbon Nanocages
385
9.5
Nanocomposites
385
9.5.1
Synthesis of Polymer-based Composites
386
9.5.2
Decoration
oí
Nanoparticles on Carbon Nanotubes
388
9.5.3
Deposition
oí
Nanoparticles on Potous Supports
391
9.5.4
Some Other Nanocomposites
393
9.6
Conclusion
393
References
394
10
Photochemical and PhotO induced Reactions
in Supercritical Fluid Solvents
399
James M.
Tanko
10.1
Introduction
399
10.1.1
Solvent Properties of Supercritical Fluids
399
10.1.2
S
cope of This Chapter
400
10.1.3
Experimental Considerations
4-00
10.2
Photochemical Reactions in Supercritical Fluid Solvents
403
10.2.1
Geometric Isomerization
403
10.2.2
Photodimerization
403
10.2.3
Carbonyl Photochemistry
405
10.2.4
Photosensitization and Photo-induced Electron Transfer
409
10.2.5
Photo-oxidation Reactions
410
10.3
Photo-initiated Radical Chain Reactions in Supercritical
Fluid Solvents
410
10.3.1
Free Radical Brominations of
Alkyl
Aromates
in Supercritical
Carbon Dioxide
410
Contents
XIII
10.3.2
Free Radical Chlorination of Allcanes
m
Supercritical
Fluid Solvents
411
10.4
Conclusion
414
References
41
S
Π
Electrochemical Reactions
419
Patricia Ann Mabrouk
11.1
Introduction
419
11.2
Electrochemical Methods
419
11.3
Analytes
420
11.4
Electrolytes
422
11.5
Electrochemical
СеБ
and Supercritical Fluid Delivery System
421
11.6
Electrodes
422
11.6.1
Working Electrode
422
11.6.2
Reference Electrode
422
11.7
Solvents
423
11.7.1
Supercritical Carbon Dioxide
424
11.7.1.1
Electrode Modification
425
11.7.1.2 Hydrophobie
Electrolytes
426
11.7.1.3
Water-in-Carbon Dioxide Microemulsions
426
11.7.2
Hydrofluorocarbon Supercritical Solvents
426
11.8
Applications
429
11.8.1
Electrochemical Synthesis an Supercritical Solvents
429
11.8.2
Electrochemical Detection in Supercritical Solvents
429
11.9
Conclusion and Outlook
431
References
431
12
Coupling Reactions and Separation in Tunable Fluids: Phase
Transfer-Catalysis and Acid-catalyzed Reactions
435
Pamela Pollet, Jason P. Hallett, Charles A.
Eckert,
and Charles L. Liotta
12.1
Introduction
435
12.2
Phase Transfer Catalysis
435
12.2.1
Background
435
12.2.2
Phase Transfer Catalysis Quaternary Ammonium Salt-catalyzed
Reactions
436
12.2.3
PTC Separation and Recycling Using CO2
437
12.3
Near-critical Water
438
12.3.1
Definition
438
12.3.2
Properties
439
12.3.3
Fnedel-Crafts Chemistry in
N CW
442
12.4
Alkylcarbonic Acids
448
12.4.1
Probing Alkylcarbonic Acids
-
Alkylcarbomc Acids with
Diazodbphenylmethane
(DDM) 448
12.4.2
Reactions Using Alkylcarbonic Adds
451
12.4.2.1
Ketal Formation
451
XIV
Contents
12.4.2.2
Formation of Diazonium Salts
452
12.5
Conclusion
453
References
454
13
Chemistry in Near- and Supercritical Water
457
Andrea
Kruse
and
С
Herbert
Vogel
13.1
Introduction
45 7
13.2
Properties
457
13.3
Synthesis Reactions
459
13.3.1
Hydrations
460
13.3.2
Hydrolysis
460
13.3.2.1
Esters
460
13.3.2.2
EtheTs
461
13.3.2.3
Axrudes
461
13.3.3
Dehydrations
462
13.3.4
Condensations
462
13.3.5
Diels-Alder Reactions
462
13.3.6
Rearrangements
463
13.3.7
Partial Oxidations
464
13.3.8
Reductions
464
13.3.9
Organometallic Reactions
465
13.4
Biomass Conversion
465
13.4.1
Platform Chemicals
465
13.4.1.1
Carbohydrates
465
13.4.1.2
Lignin
467
13.4.1.3
Proteins
467
13.4.2
Oil, Gases, Coke
468
13.5
Supercritical Water Oxidation
(
SCWO)
470
13.6
Inorganic Compounds in NSCW
471
13.6.1
Particle Formation
471
13.6.2
Corrosion
471
13.6.3
Unwanted Salt Precipitation and Salt Plugging
472
13.6.4
Poisoning of Heterogeneous Catalysts
472
13.7
Conclusion
472
13.8
Future Trends
473
References
473
index
477
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author2 | Leitner, Walter 1950- |
| author2_role | edt |
| author2_variant | w l wl |
| author_GND | (DE-588)136125077 |
| author_facet | Leitner, Walter 1950- |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV036437550 |
| classification_rvk | VN 9200 |
| classification_tum | CHE 050b CHE 138b |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)705472294 (DE-599)BVBBV036437550 |
| discipline | Chemie / Pharmazie Physik Chemie |
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| id | DE-604.BV036437550 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T22:39:24Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9783527325900 9783527315741 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-020309973 |
| oclc_num | 705472294 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-1028 DE-83 DE-91G DE-BY-TUM DE-355 DE-BY-UBR |
| owner_facet | DE-1028 DE-83 DE-91G DE-BY-TUM DE-355 DE-BY-UBR |
| physical | XXIII, 495 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| publishDate | 2010 |
| publishDateSearch | 2010 |
| publishDateSort | 2010 |
| publisher | Wiley-VCH-Verl. |
| record_format | marc |
| series | Handbook of green chemistry |
| series2 | Handbook of green chemistry |
| spelling | Supercritical solvents ed. by Walter Leitner... Weinheim Wiley-VCH-Verl. 2010 XXIII, 495 S. Ill., graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Handbook of green chemistry 4 : Set 2, Green solvents Hier auch später erschienene, unveränderte Nachdrucke Grüne Chemie (DE-588)7563215-9 gnd rswk-swf Überkritischer Zustand (DE-588)4186602-2 gnd rswk-swf Lösungsmittel (DE-588)4036160-3 gnd rswk-swf Lösungsmittel (DE-588)4036160-3 s Überkritischer Zustand (DE-588)4186602-2 s Grüne Chemie (DE-588)7563215-9 s DE-604 Leitner, Walter 1950- (DE-588)136125077 edt Handbook of green chemistry 4 : Set 2, Green solvents (DE-604)BV035406315 4 Digitalisierung UB Regensburg - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=020309973&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Supercritical solvents Handbook of green chemistry Grüne Chemie (DE-588)7563215-9 gnd Überkritischer Zustand (DE-588)4186602-2 gnd Lösungsmittel (DE-588)4036160-3 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)7563215-9 (DE-588)4186602-2 (DE-588)4036160-3 |
| title | Supercritical solvents |
| title_auth | Supercritical solvents |
| title_exact_search | Supercritical solvents |
| title_full | Supercritical solvents ed. by Walter Leitner... |
| title_fullStr | Supercritical solvents ed. by Walter Leitner... |
| title_full_unstemmed | Supercritical solvents ed. by Walter Leitner... |
| title_short | Supercritical solvents |
| title_sort | supercritical solvents |
| topic | Grüne Chemie (DE-588)7563215-9 gnd Überkritischer Zustand (DE-588)4186602-2 gnd Lösungsmittel (DE-588)4036160-3 gnd |
| topic_facet | Grüne Chemie Überkritischer Zustand Lösungsmittel |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=020309973&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV035406315 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT leitnerwalter supercriticalsolvents |