Concise chemical thermodynamics:
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| Main Author: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Book |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Boca Raton, FL. [u.a.]
CRC Press
2010
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| Edition: | 3. ed. |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Physical Description: | XIX, 214 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 9781439813324 |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Concise chemical thermodynamics |c A. P. H. Peters |
| 250 | |a 3. ed. | ||
| 264 | 1 | |a Boca Raton, FL. [u.a.] |b CRC Press |c 2010 | |
| 300 | |a XIX, 214 S. |b Ill., graph. Darst. | ||
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| _version_ | 1804141225193766912 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Titel: Concise chemical thermodynamics
Autor: Peters, A. P. H
Jahr: 2010
Contents
Preface......................................................................................................................ix
Preface to the Second Edition...................................................................................xi
Preface to the First Edition....................................................................................xiii
Author......................................................................................................................xv
Symbols and Abbreviations...................................................................................xvii
Chapter 1 Energy..................................................................................................1
1.1 The Realm of Thermodynamics..............................................................1
1.1.1 Energy Bookkeeping.................................................................2
1.1.2 Nature s Driving Forces............................................................6
1.2 Setting the Scene: Basic Ideas.................................................................7
1.2.1 System and Surroundings.........................................................7
1.2.2 Functions of State......................................................................7
1.2.3 Mechanical Work and Expanding Gases..................................8
1.2.4 The Absolute Temperature Scale..............................................9
1.3 Forms of Energy and Their Interconversion..........................................11
1.4 Forms of Renewable Energy..................................................................17
1.4.1 Solar Energy............................................................................17
1.4.2 Wind Energy...........................................................................18
1.4.3 Hydroelectric Power................................................................18
1.4.4 Geothermal Energy.................................................................19
1.4.5 Biomass Energy......................................................................19
References.......................................................................................................19
Problems.........................................................................................................20
Chapter 2 The First Law of Thermodynamics....................................................21
2.1 Statement of the First Law.....................................................................21
2.1.1 Reversible Expansion of an Ideal Gas.....................................23
2.1.2 Constant-Volume Processes....................................................23
2.1.3 Constant-Pressure Processes...................................................24
2.2 A New Function: Enthalpy....................................................................24
2.2.1 Relationship between A// and AU..........................................25
2.3 Uses and Conventions of AH.................................................................26
2.3.1 Enthalpy Change of Reaction..................................................26
2.3.2 Standard Enthalpies of Formation..........................................27
2.3.3 The Many Uses of AfH° Data.................................................29
References.......................................................................................................35
Problems.........................................................................................................35
vi Contents
Chapter 3 Thermochemistry...............................................................................39
3.1 Calorimetry............................................................................................39
3.1.1 Bomb Calorimeters.................................................................39
3.1.2 Differential Scanning Calorimetry.........................................43
3.2 Concepts of Heat Capacity.....................................................................44
3.2.1 Combustion and Flame Temperatures....................................49
3.2.2 Variation of Reaction Enthalpies with Temperature...............51
3.3 BondEnergies........................................................................................53
3.3.1 Average Bond Dissociation Energies......................................54
References.......................................................................................................57
Problems.........................................................................................................57
Chapter 4 Spontaneous Changes.........................................................................59
4.1 Everyday Processes................................................................................59
4.2 Exothermicity: A Possible Criterion......................................................60
4.2.1 Spontaneous Exothermic Processes........................................60
4.2.2 Spontaneous Processes Involving No Heat Change................60
4.2.3 Endothermic Processes...........................................................62
4.3 The Second Driving Force.....................................................................62
Problems.........................................................................................................63
Chapter 5 Entropy...............................................................................................65
5.1 Measurement of Entropy........................................................................65
5.1.1 The Second Law of Thermodynamics....................................65
5.1.2 Reversibility and Entropy........................................................66
5.1.2.1 Isothermal Expansion of Gases.............................67
5.1.2.2 Reversible Transfer of Heat....................................67
5.1.2.3 An Irreversible Change..........................................69
5.1.3 Changes in Entropy with Temperature...................................71
5.1.4 An Adiabatic Compression.....................................................71
5.2 Absolute Entropies.................................................................................72
5.2.1 TheThird Law of Thermodynamics.......................................72
5.2.2 AS for Phase Changes.............................................................74
5.3 The Direction of Time...........................................................................77
Reference........................................................................................................77
Problems.........................................................................................................77
Chapter 6 Free Energy: The Arbiter...................................................................81
6.1 Processes in Isolated Systems................................................................81
6.2 Gibbs Free Energy, G.............................................................................83
6.3 Gibbs Free Energy and Maximum Work...............................................84
6.4 Some Processes in Terms of Gibbs Free Energy...................................86
6.4.1 Adsorption Processes..............................................................86
Contents vii
6.4.2 Evaporation Phenomena..........................................................86
6.4.3 Endothermic Chemical Processes...........................................88
6.4.4 Exothermic Chemical Process................................................90
6.5 Standard Free Energy Changes..............................................................91
Reference........................................................................................................91
Problems.........................................................................................................92
Chapter 7 Chemical Equilibrium........................................................................95
7.1 Preamble................................................................................................95
7.2 Variation of G with Gas Pressure..........................................................96
7.2.1 Chemical Potential, u..............................................................97
7.2.2 Pressure and Chemical Potential for Ideal Gases.................102
7.2.3 Chemical Potential for Real Gases.......................................103
7.2.4 Activity..................................................................................106
7.3 The Active Mass of Pure Liquids and Solids.......................................107
7.4 Activity of Materials in Solution.........................................................108
7.4.1 Solvents.................................................................................108
7.4.2 Solutes or Minor Components..............................................108
7.5 A Summing Up: Activity as a Unifying Concept................................109
7.6 Practical Aspects of Activity...............................................................109
7.7 Equilibrium and the Reaction Isotherm...............................................110
7.8 Summary..............................................................................................116
References.....................................................................................................116
Problems.......................................................................................................116
Chapter 8 Equilibrium Experiments and Their Interpretation.........................121
8.1 The Reaction Isochore Equation..........................................................121
8.1.1 Le Chatelier Up to Date........................................................124
8.2 Applications of the Isochore Equation.................................................124
8.2.1 Vaporization Processes.........................................................125
8.2.2 The Decomposition of the Compound Fe(OH)3....................127
8.2.3 The High-Temperature Dissociation of Water Vapor...........129
8.3 The Clapeyron Equation......................................................................131
8.4 Summary..............................................................................................132
References.....................................................................................................133
Problems.......................................................................................................133
Chapter 9 Electrochemical Cells......................................................................137
9.1 Electrochemical Cells..........................................................................137
9.2 Cell Energetics.....................................................................................140
9.3 Standard Electrode Potentials..............................................................142
9.4 Variation of Cell Electromotive Force with Activity...........................145
9.4.1 Ionic Activities......................................................................149
9.4.2 Analysis of Electromotive Force Data to Find E°.................150
viü Contents
9.5 Variation of Electromotive Force with Temperature...........................152
References.....................................................................................................156
Problems.......................................................................................................156
Chapter 10 Free Energy and Industrial Processes..............................................161
10.1 Free Energies as a Function of Temperature.....................................161
10.1.1 The Gibbs-Helmholtz Equation..........................................161
10.1.2 The Integrated Form of the Gibbs-Helmholtz Equation.....162
10.1.3 Tabulated Forms of Free Energy.........................................163
10.2 The Synthesis of Ethanol...................................................................164
10.2.1 Equilibrium Calculations....................................................164
10.2.2 Use of Activity Coefncients................................................166
10.3 Ellingham Diagrams..........................................................................168
10.3.1 Corrosion Prevention...........................................................172
10.3.2 Electrolysis of Alumina.......................................................173
10.3.3 Thermal Reduction of Magnesia.........................................173
10.3.4 Titanium and the Kroll Process..........................................175
10.3.5 Silicon Metal Production.....................................................177
10.4 Summary............................................................................................178
References.....................................................................................................178
Problems.......................................................................................................179
Chapter 11 Computational Thermochemistry....................................................181
11.1 Calculation of an Adiabatic Flame Temperature...............................181
11.2 Precipitation of Carbide and Nitride Phases from Dilute Solution
in Alloy Steel......................................................................................185
11.3 CVD Production of Ultrapure Silicon...............................................186
11.4 Processing of Wastes from the Aluminum Electrolytic Furnace......188
11.5 Production of Metallurgical-Grade Silicon in an Are (Oven)
Furnace...............................................................................................189
11.6 Summary............................................................................................191
References.....................................................................................................192
Appendix 1............................................................................................................193
Appendix II...........................................................................................................195
Appendix III.........................................................................................................197
Answers.................................................................................................................203
Suggested Further Reading................................................................................209
Index......................................................................................................................211
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| isbn | 9781439813324 |
| language | English |
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| spelling | Peters, A. P. H. Verfasser aut Concise chemical thermodynamics A. P. H. Peters 3. ed. Boca Raton, FL. [u.a.] CRC Press 2010 XIX, 214 S. Ill., graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Thermodynamics Thermochemie (DE-588)4078260-8 gnd rswk-swf Thermochemie (DE-588)4078260-8 s DE-604 HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=019009440&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Peters, A. P. H. Concise chemical thermodynamics Thermodynamics Thermochemie (DE-588)4078260-8 gnd |
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| title | Concise chemical thermodynamics |
| title_auth | Concise chemical thermodynamics |
| title_exact_search | Concise chemical thermodynamics |
| title_full | Concise chemical thermodynamics A. P. H. Peters |
| title_fullStr | Concise chemical thermodynamics A. P. H. Peters |
| title_full_unstemmed | Concise chemical thermodynamics A. P. H. Peters |
| title_short | Concise chemical thermodynamics |
| title_sort | concise chemical thermodynamics |
| topic | Thermodynamics Thermochemie (DE-588)4078260-8 gnd |
| topic_facet | Thermodynamics Thermochemie |
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