Neolitskite zaednici vo Republika Makedonija:
Gespeichert in:
| Format: | Buch |
|---|---|
| Sprache: | Macedonian |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Skopje
Dante
2009
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract |
| Beschreibung: | In kyrill. Schr., mazedon. - Zsfassung in engl. Sprache |
| Beschreibung: | 314, 94 S., [24] Bl. Ill. 30 cm |
| ISBN: | 9786086506605 |
Internformat
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| 264 | 1 | |a Skopje |b Dante |c 2009 | |
| 300 | |a 314, 94 S., [24] Bl. |b Ill. |c 30 cm | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 500 | |a In kyrill. Schr., mazedon. - Zsfassung in engl. Sprache | ||
| 650 | 4 | |a Funde | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Excavations (Archaeology) |z Macedonia (Republic) | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Neolithic period |z Macedonia (Republic) | |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Neolithikum |0 (DE-588)4075272-0 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Funde |0 (DE-588)4071507-3 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 651 | 4 | |a Macedonia (Republic) |x Antiquities | |
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| 700 | 1 | |a Naumov, Goce |d 1978- |e Sonstige |0 (DE-588)137904193 |4 oth | |
| 856 | 4 | 2 | |m Digitalisierung BSBMuenchen |q application/pdf |u http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=019008372&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |3 Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| 856 | 4 | 2 | |m Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen |q application/pdf |u http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=019008372&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |3 Abstract |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804141223116537856 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Содржина
Листа на слики во текстот
.............................................................................................................
XI
Вовед
..............................................................................................................................................
XV
1.
Историја
на
истражувањата
на неолитот во
Македонија
(Гоце
Наумов)
.............................1
2.
Природни и географски особености
на
релјефот (Љубо Фиданоски
и Игор Толевски)
.... 11
3.
Географска поставеност на неолитските локалитети (Игор Толевски)
.............................17
4.
Процесите на
неолитизација
во
Македонија
(Гоце
Наумов)
................................................25
5.
Периодизација
и
хронологија
на неолитските
култури
(Љубо
Фиданоски)
......................43
6.
Архитектура
(Игор
Толевски)
.................................................................................................53
7.
Економија...................................................................................................................................
73
7.1.
Земјоделство
(Игор
Толевски)
.........................................................................................77
7.2.
Сточарство и лов (Анета Ивковска)
................................................................................83
7. 3.
Производство
на керамички садови
(Љубо
Фиданоски)
............................................109
7.4.
Камени алати (Игор Толевски)
......................................................................................155
7. 5.
Предмети од керамика, камен,
коска, рог и школка
(Љубо
Фиданоски)
..................159
8.
Неолитска визуелна култура и обреди (Гоце
Наумов)
.......................................................169
8. 1.
Фигурини
.........................................................................................................................173
8.2.
Модели на
куќи
...............................................................................................................201
8. 3.
Жртвеници
........................................................................................................................217
8.4.
Печати
...............................................................................................................................227
8. 5.
Садови
..............................................................................................................................235
8.6.
Погребување....................................................................................................................
251
Заклучок
........................................................................................................................................261
Summary........................................................................................................................................
279
Библиографија
...............................................................................................................................295
Листа на табели
.............................................................................................................................315
Табели
.............................................................................................................................................317
Листа на табли
..............................................................................................................................349
Табли
..............................................................................................................................................363
SUMMARY
281
The Neolithic is one of the most explored periods in Macedonia. Despite the
deficiency of
amore
comprehensive exploration of all aspects of Neolithic life, still
there are attempts aimed at explaining and presenting the main characteristics of
the material culture of the time. The first information on this region s Neolithic
settlements dates back to the 30 s, but the real interest for this period appeared in
the second half of the century. Some intensive excavations then occurred, unearth¬
ing numerous settlements. Thus, the initial published reports contributed to general
idea of the Neolithic in the region. During the following period, the number of
national and international researchers gradually increased, which in the course of
the past two decades resulted with numerous works focusing on specific topics or
processes from the middle of the
VII
to the V millennium
ВС.
The Macedonian relief consists of relatively high mountainous ranges and several
valleys. The hydrographical potential is high, due to the abundance of mountain
springs and rivers, as well as a number of mountain and valley lakes. These natural
and geographic characteristics, paired with the moderate continental climate in the
North and the Mediterranean in the South, enabled a variety of flora and fauna. The
favorable natural environment is considered to be one of the most important factors
helping the intensive Neolithization across most of Macedonia.
There are numerous standpoints and opinions concerning the Neolithization in
Southeastern Europe, but few refer to Macedonia. Although the number of precise and
exact data on the climatic,-geographic, and anthropological changes in the second half
of
VII
millennium
ВС
is scarce, it is still sufficient for a partial reconstruction of the
occurrences at the beginning of the Neolithic in Macedonia. Due to the abundance of
data pertaining to the settlements architecture and their material culture, there is con-
cieving the manner in which Neolithic communities were formed and developed,
m
any case, substantial amount of data related to the paleobotanic, archaeozoological,
anthropological and imagery analyses confirm that the first Neolithic communities in
Macedonia were created, to a certain degree, as a result of the populations having Ana¬
tolian traditions. In the early phases of the Neolithic, these communities formed authentic
imagery features, thus manifesting their respective local identities. Later, during the
Middle Neolithic, the situation changed so that the communities of most of Macedonia
accepted some social and
iconographie
changes, and fiirthermore, became unified in
the frames of the
Amzabegovo-Vršnik
cultural group, while those from Pelagonia be¬
come a part of the
Velušina-Porodin
group and maintain many local traditions.
As for the different periods and chronology of the Neolithic in the region, several
cultures have been determined to-date. Based on research of the eponymous sites,
282
НЕОЛИТСКИТЕ ЗАЕДНИЦИ
ВО
РЕПУБЛИКА
МАКЕДОНИЈА
the cultural group of
Amzabegovo-Vršnik
was documented on almost the entire
territory of Eastern Macedonia and a part of its Northwest, dated at the Early, Middle
and Late Neolithic (I, II-III, IV). In addition to this cultural group, two other early
Neolithic cultural groups were identified in the South-western parts of the territory
of Macedonia: the
Velušina-Porodin
(in Pelagonia) and Zlastrana (in the
Ohrid
region). The aforementioned cultural groups differ depending on their respective
features, primarily providing evidence relating to the characteristic ceramic produc¬
tion. Regarding the period of the Middle Neolithic
(Amzabegovo-Vršnik
II-III), the
regions of
Veles,
Ovce
Pole, Kumanovo, Skopje, and
Polog
diverge in particular,
developing as specific Middle Neolithic centers with a rich material and non-material
culture and clearly distinctive economic structure. The late Neolithic in Macedonia
is defined according to the material from several sites throughout its territory. Thus,
Amzabegovo-Vršnik
IV and Angelci-Zelenikovo II are established as distinctive
cultural groups in the Northern and the Eastern part, while
Trn
and Ustie
na Drim
originate from the Southern and the South-western part of Macedonia. According
to the absolute chronology, the Neolithic in Macedonia developed from the second
half of the
VII
millennium until the middle of the V millennium
ВС.
When choosing the specific location for the future settlement, several basic
natural preconditions were taken into consideration, especially the proximity to
springs and rivers, valleys with fertile soil, naturally watered or flooded in sufficient
quantities.
The Neolithic population in Macedonia selected fertile valleys and water-rich
heights to build their settlements, with preference for dry areas, far from the marshes
or the remains of the earlier
neogene
lakes, as well as preference for high fluvial
terraces inaccessible to the unpredictable spring torrents. This means that Neolithic
communities were often in search for dry land intended for habitation and for well-
watered soil needed for nutrition of domestic animals and production of agricultural
species. The continuing renewal of houses in dry areas within the swamps resulted
in settlements with toponyms or geographical terms such as
tumba
i.e.
čuka
or
mogila .
Similar terms for these settlements in the Balkans are
te// or
maguía ,
while
in the Asia Minor s land the toponyms
teľ, tepe
and
ЫуШ
are used. The term
teľ
in the Middle East denote a much larger and more developed settlement.
The other type of settlements include those on fluvial terraces which, similarly to
the
tumba,
were erected on the dry, flood-protected side of the river. These settlements
have several layers and their continuity can be followed through all the periods of the
Neolithic (Amzabegovo), where life continued in the periods to follow, i.e. theEneo-
lithic and the Bronze Age (Govrlevo). This type of settlements spread to the entire
Balkans territory and wider, covering a larger territory, contrary to the
timbď
with
a strictly determined space. The Amzabegovo site, in the latest phase of the settlement,
occupied about
10
hectares with a population of probably
4000
inhabitants.
SUMMARY
283
Toward the end of the Neolithic the settlements gradually left the old traditions
that used hill s terraces as settlements locations. A new tendency, moving from the
rivers shores spread, spurring the inhabitation of smaller hills and higher terraces
looming over the surrounding terrain. The Neolithic houses building tradition in
the Balkan-Anatolian complex is similar, with some minor local specifics. There
were two ways of house building. The first is brick building
-
clay mixed with chaff
and straw i.e. dry clay, a tradition of the Near East and Anatolia, while the second
is specific and typical for the Balkans, where the building Includes an intertwine of
branches plastered with clay.
Therefore, we could state that the second way was a local craft of the Balkan
Neolithic building. The appearance of dry clay in Amzabegovo site in the Early
Neolithic can be explained by the influence of the early Neolithic settlements were
this technique was used to build a house.
The other way of Neolithic house building used vegetation as building materials
to a large extent
-
wood, reed, grass, moss, etc. It fitted well in the solid wooden
construction afterwards plastered with clay layers. This practice required a sufficient
amount of wooden material, which damaged the forest zones around the settlements.
The excessive use of wood during the developed Neolithic period most probably
decreased the forest wooden potential, which could be the motive for the partial
abendonment of the Neolithic settlements. These assumptions are general, as no
research or analysis was ever done on this topic.
At this point the problem of the pi-huts type of Neolithic houses should be
mentioned. It is currently impossible to answer accurately: do they represent pits
supplying subsoil for the building of the above ground dwellings, or just areas for
some domestic activities? A posibility they were the first dwellings from the camps
of the Neolithic pioneers in search of new land should not be neglected. The problem
with the site
Pešterica
still stands as enigma, including the relatively small surface
where the archaeological excavations took place. The flooding of this area and the
artificial lake formation excluded any possibility for resolution of this problem.
We should assert that the data on Neolithic architecture and the disposition of Neo¬
lithic settlements somehow suffice for the perception of the building variations and the
local features. The availability of new and interesting data could enrich this picture and
offer new considerations for better insight in the life of Neolithic communities.
Several types of grain cultures, different
fruits
seeds, as well as kernel fruits were
discovered on most excavated sites in Macedonia, as well as carbonized remaining
of one thiticum monococum, thriticum dicocum, thriticum aestiyum, barley, six
rowed barley, oats, seeds of grass, lentil, apple, cherry, wild grapes, hazelnut etc.
This sheds light on the nutrition of the Neolithic communities, his diverse and abun¬
dant taste, and, most of all, the need for vegetable products of rich nutritive value.
The necessity for vegetables food is complemented by the need for domestic
and wild animals meat. The climate changes, not always favoring intensive
agri-
284
НЕОЛИТСКИТЕ ЗАЕДНИЦИ
ВО
РЕПУБЛИКА
МАКЕДОНИЈА
culture, the marshy regions, and the floods, contributed to the search of the Neolithic
population for fertile soil in the higher dry
riverbanks
as well as on the alluvial
plains near the rivers.
The creation of Early Neolithic communities gradually followed by population
growth, actually lead to changes not only in life organization but also in the needs
and ways how food was supplied. The increased nutrition needs forced communities
to search for new sustainable sources for their existing and growing need for meat.
Thus the animals that were nearby the settlements initially representing prey i.e. a
fast and short-time satisfying of the needs for meet gradually became part of the
every day life of these early communities through the process of domestication.
The process of domestication, turning wild into domestic animals, began during
the Early Neolithic. In the early stage of domestication hunting was still widely
practiced, but the number of prey decreased in parallel with the development of
animal husbandry. The structure of animal husbandry was determined not only by
the needs and desires of men, but also by natural factors that influenced the environ¬
ment directly. With the exception of sheep and goats, the presence of whose wild
ancestors remains unconfirmed at Neolithic Balkan sites, the role of remaining ani¬
mals in the animal husbandry is related with to the presence of their wild ancestors
in the environments of the very settlements. Although it is known that former wild
animals were brought from the Near East already domesticated, still there were wild
species (except for sheep and goats) in the settlements environment. It allowed
local domestication of the cattle and pigs, thus increasing their number in the later
stages of the Neolithic.
In the Southern Balkan parts, in Macedonia and Greece, where the climate is
warmer and drier, sheep and goats dominated in the Early Neolithic, as the condi¬
tions were very suitable and similar to those of their indigenous environment. On
the contrary, in the Northern parts, in Bulgaria and Serbia, in response to the humid
climate, the cattle became the dominant species in the livestock. In the later stages
of the Neolihic, a similar tendency followed throughout the Balkans, regardless of
the territory or animal husbandry structure. The number of sheep and goats gradu¬
ally decreases even in Greece where the climate is most suitable, substituted by
cattle and pigs. Many authors search the answer to this question in the increase of
the population number, and thus to the need of a large quantity of meat. This ex¬
planation may seem logical if considering the fact that the cattle provide almost
seven times more meat than the sheep or goats, while the maintenance of the pig is
justified and explained by its vast procreation i.e. unlike the ruminant animals which
give birth to one and occasionally two offspring the pig usually gives four.
The archaeozoological analyses of the Neolithic sites from Macedonia show a
common tendency in the structure and development of animal husbandry in this
part of the Balkans. As regards the period of the Early Neolithic on the territory of
Republic of Macedonia, the fauna from the site of Amzabegovo was studied, where
SUMMARY
285
the domination of the domestic animal over the wild ones is evident. The sheep and
goats are predominant among the domestic animals, while the cattle and pigs are
less frequent. The fauna of the Middle Neolithic is well-studied based on material
from several sites: Amzabegovo (phase II-III), Rug Bair
-
Gorobinci, Na Breg
-
Mlado Nagoričane,
Tumba
-
Madžari and Čakovec
-
Resava. The osteo-zoological
material from all sites shows a gradual decreasing of the number of wild animals
and the increasing of domestic ones, among which the number of the sheep and
goats gradually decreases, while the number of cattle and pigs increases. The same
tendency can be noticed even during the Late Neolithic, but unfortunately the only
data available is from two sites: Amzabegovo (phase IV) and
Stonata
- Angeld.
Throughout all the phases of the Neolithic dogs are rare, but still maintained in all
the mentioned sites. Remains of shell appear relatively often while birds are a rarity.
The presence of certain wild animals, such as the aurochs, dear, wild pig, roe deer,
wolf and brown hare is registered on almost all sites, but on some we also come
across the brown bear, beaver, fox, badger, while wild equines are very rare. The
presence of the
mouflon
in the Balkan Neolithic is yet undetermined, although,
according to researchers, the presence of this animal has been registered on some
Macedonian sites.
The existing analyses of the osteo-zoological material from the Neolithic sites
in Macedonia show a continuing common tendency in the Balkans related to animal
husbandry structuring. Still, it would be irresponsible to draw certain conclusion
based on findings from several explored sites, if one bears in mind the exceptions
and possible inconsistency determined not only by man, but also by the natural
factor, which often hide the answers to the essential questions. For these reasons
we presented in this book only the osteo-zoological material from the Neolithic
sites in Macedonia explored so far, as well as a brief overview of the fauna in the
neighboring states, to serve as a guide in the further systematic research aimed at
discovering of the animals past, and thus the discovering of the human past and
the everyday life of Neolithic communities.
Neolithic ceramic vessels from Macedonia are special artifacts belonging to
tangible cultural heritage. They are special not only because they demonstrate skills
and spiritualism of Neolithic communities, but also because they are the starting
point for basic Neolithic periodization. Much information has been obtained by
studying vessel production technology, their form and ornamentation, as well as
their function. Briefly, they would be the following: information on the elementary
everyday objects, the cultural identity of communities, the spiritualism of inhabit¬
ants, and the economy.
Clay was the basic fabric the vessels were made of. According to its composi¬
tion, three types were identified: pure clay, clay with mineral, or organic temper.
Neolithic ceramic vessels from Macedonia were hand-made. However, there are
certain examples which indicate use of certain utensils (secondary use of vessel feet,
286
НЕОЛИТСКИТЕ ЗАЕДНИЦИ
ВО
РЕПУБЛИКА
МАКЕДОНИЈА
wooden, stone or bone tools). Vessels with regular circle rim and foot diameter, as
well as those with ideally circular body shapes, verify this conclusion. Considering
the great quantity of vessels with repeating dimension and proportions, we could
conclude that Neolithic potters knew and used certain metric system measurements
(digit, feet, cube, a rod as a measuring tool etc.). Several techniques were used for
vessel production: shaping a vessel with pinching a hollow in the centre of a lump
of clay, and shallow form was achieved; building a vessel of clay bands (coil made),
spirally placed in vertical rows and then coated in wet clay; using clay plates (slab
construction), placed from foot to rim and then coated in wet clay; as well as a mod¬
eling technique over a previously placed mould (fruit shaped, bellow shaped etc.)
Neolithic vessel forms from Macedonia can be divided in four basic groups
(each ofthem having many variations): plates, bowls, jars andaskoi. Complementary
forms were found too: cups, ladles, lids and flatbases. Plates were most frequently
form found on sites, as well as jars and bowls. Askoi are rarely found. Wooden and
marble vessels (in Amzabegovo) and those made of non-baked clay
(Tumba
-
Po-
rodin) are extremely rare findings.
The surface of Neolithic vessels was treated differently. There were four degrees of
treatment and accordingly four types of vessels: with rough surface, with smoothed surface,
with intensively smoothed (burnished) surface and those with polished surface.
Seven techniques were used to perform their decoration: barbotine, application,
impression, stabbing, incrustation, channeling and painting.
Depending on clay s chemical features, coloration (angobing) as well as on fir¬
ing modes, different tones and hues can be found on Neolithic vessels in Macedonia:
red, orange, yellow, ocher, brown, grey and black. Colorful examples are especially
interesting, but quite rare. Black topped vessels (with black-covered rim) are rarely
found. Firing temperatures reached
950 °С.
A rough distinction of technological groups can be made according to vessels
production technology. Fine and coarse pottery can be found in Neolithic cultures
from Macedonia. Fine pottery consists of non-coloured or coloured examples with
highly smooth or burnished surface, as well as painted vessels. Small number of
vessels with rough or poorly smooth surface belongs to this group. Fine pottery is
almost always well-fired. Coarse pottery consists of non-coloured vessels, usually
with rough or poorly smoothed surface. All decoration techniques, except painting,
were used for these vessels.
Ceramic vessels from all three Early Neolithic cultural groups in Macedonia have
round shape, well-burnished surface and mostly red color. Plates and jars dominate.
Bowls are especially interesting, having shallow (round and biconic) and deep (round)
variations. For the Amzabegovo
-
Vrsnik
group a special bowl type is typical only
for its earliest phase. They are deep round vessels with or without vertically perforated
handles.
Velušina
-
Porodin
bowls differ as they have usually ellipse or biconic shape.
Moreover, jar with long, narrow neck and short spherical body are typical for Early
SUMMARY
287
Neolithic in Macedonia. Generally, askoi are rare findings in Neolithic. However,
they are rather frequently found in Macedonia, typically for certain groups. In Early
Neolithic they had different asymmetrical forms. Regarding painted decoration in
that phase, white-painted pottery is especially interesting with geometric and vegetal
motives and various ways of their combination. The dominating motives are trian¬
gular, as well as are straight and curved lines, dots, lozenge, grid-like patterns,
ε
-like
ornaments, arch motives etc. In this aspect, there is a great database for Amzabegovo
-
Vrsnik
cultural group: Amzabegovo,
Cerje
-
Govrlevo,
Slatina
-
Zelenikovo,
Podselo
-
Stenče
etc;
Velušina
-
Porodin
group:
Tumba
-
Porodin,
Veluška
Tumba, Tumba
-
Optičari,
Tumba
- Mogila,
Pešterica,
Radin
Dol, Vrbjanska Čuka, Čuka
-
Topolčani
etc. and Zlastrana group:
Zlastrana and Dobo Trnovo.
Middle Neolithic in Macedonia, presented through ceramic vessel manufacture,
can be found only within the Amzabegovo
-
Vrsnik
group. The tradition continued
with manufacture of same vessel forms where slight changes can be noticed. One
of the more significant changes was the elevation of plates and bowls on a high
shallow foot. Moreover, dark-painted patterns (especially on high-foot bowls) were
typical for the period. They were mainly performed with rectilinear and curvilinear
motives and compositions, sometimes combined with other type of patterns. The
basic structural elements of the motives are: straight and curved lines, triangles,
grids, meander and spiral presentations etc. Askoi of Amzabegovo
-
Vrsnik
cultural
group are particularly interesting. There is a great askoi concentration in the region
of Skopje, with standard form
-
five handles, one flat side and spherical belly. Great
quantities of complete or fragmented examples have been found in
Slatina
-
Zele¬
nikovo,
Cerje
-
Govrlevo and
Tumba - Madžari.
Information for Middle Neolithic
in Macedonia has been obtained by the research done on the following sites:
Mramor
V
*
V V
-
Caška,
Rug Bair
-
Gorobinci, Na Breg
-
Mlado Nagoričane, Cubuk Cešma
-
Nikuštak, Sredselo
-
Mrševci,
Tumba
-
Dobo Palčište and Podselo
-
Stenče. The
material culture
within each cultural group is of great homogeneity, visible in pot¬
tery vessel forms and their decoration.
Late Neolithic in Macedonia, according to pottery, is unified complex as pre¬
sented on the following sites: Amzabegovo
-
Vrsnik
IV,
Angeld -
Zelenikovo
И,
Ústie na
Drim
and Mala Trnska
Tumba.
Even though it is not fully researched, it
displays major changes compared to previous stages. All vessel forms got certain
biconic characteristics, dark tones are dominant, mostly grey and black, and decora¬
tion was performed with incrustation, stabbing and channeling. This Neolithic phase
in Macedonia is relatively well researched in
Slatina
-
Zelenikovo,
Tumba
-
Doino
Palčište, Podselo
-
Stenče,
Amam
-
Lopate, Čubuk
Češma
-
Nikuštak, Amzabegovo,
Kutline
-
Rakle,
Mogiła
-
Senokos,
Atici
-
Crničani, Stranata
-
Angleci,
Mala
Trnska
Tumba,
Kutlina and Ustie na
Drim.
One can discuss on the ceramic vessels functionality only hypothetical^, as closed
units,
i.e.
houses were rarely discovered. However, there are rather well researched
288
НЕОЛИТСКИТЕ ЗАЕДНИЦИ
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units, such
as: Tumba
-
Porodin, Vrbjanska
Čuka, Mramor
-
Caška, Tumba
-
Madžari,
Cerje
-
Govrlevo and Slatina
-
Zelenikovo.
They offer enough evidence to assume
the functional aspects of pottery vessels. The noticeable concentration of vessels next
to the functional house elements, such as furnaces, hearths, altars etc., implies that
Neolithic inhabitants used vessels for everyday activities
-
cooking, washing or col¬
lecting waste. On the other hand, vessel s function is not simple as it seems. It shows
precisely the economic aspects of Neolithic communities so that at least three basic
functions closely related to economy can be recognized through known vessel forms
-
cooking, storage and transport. In order to cook, the food needed to be produced, in
order to store it, reserves are necessary, and in order to transport it, a surplus is needed.
Therefore, economy of the Neolithic communities in Macedonia can be reconstructed
through these vessels. Briefly, the fine pottery
-
mainly bowls, plates and jars
-
was
used for cooking. Coarse pottery especially jars and perhaps sometimes askoi and
deep plates, where used for storage. It was also used for the transport of goods, prob¬
ably using for that purpose mainly askoi and jars with handles. It is likely
posibile
that painted vessels had a sacral function, since it is hard to believe that a painted
vessel, the manufacture of which requires more time and effort, could have been used
as cooking vessel. It is not easy to determine its sacral function, but it is certain that
it was highly spiritual, as presented with typical Neolithic semantics.
Although Early Neolithic in Macedonia has been identifiable in three cultural
groups, they had close mutual relations according to ceramic vessels. It is visible
in all Neolithic phases, regardless of form and decoration variations.
Neolithic ceramic vessels from Macedonia demonstrate and confirm its belong¬
ing to the large Eastern Mediterranean block of Early Neolithic cultures. Considering
this it is easy to notice the intense liaisons among many Early and Middle Neolithic
cultures all over Balkans and even wider territory. Similarities were noticed among
cultures from the following sites:
Haçilar, Catai
Hüyük,
Ilpinar,
Носа
Çesme
in
Turkey;
Nea
Nikomedeia, Achilleion, Otzaki
Maguía, Sesklo
etc. in Greece,
Kra¬
jnici,
Galabnik, Ohoden,
Gradešnica,
Vaksevo,
Kovačevo, Elešnica, Slatina
-
Sophia,
Kremikovci, Čavdar, Rakitovo, Karanovo
etc. in Bulgaria;
Gura
Baciului
in Roma¬
nia;
Galovo
-
Slavonski Brod
in Croatia;
Starčevo, Donja Branjevina, Grivac,
Blagotin, Lepenski Vir, Rudnik
etc. in Serbia and Kosovo;
Podgorie,
Kolsh etc. in
Albania. Within Eastern-Adriatic complex several analogies can be made with fol¬
lowing Croatian complexes:
Crvena Stijena, Zelena
Pecina,
Markova Špilja
etc.
Contacts during Late Neolithic were registered with the following sites: Paradimi
and Sitagroi (Greece); Karanovo (Bulgaria);
Danilo, Smiljčič
and
Hvar
(Croatia);
Vinca - Pločnik
(Serbia and Kosovo); and, Cakran and Dunavec (Albania).
One of the biggest and probably the most significant change man performed
was the fact that he settled down, that is, he begun to live in one place, to adjust to
the environment, to the climate and the food resources, to explore and find fine
sources of stone material.
SUMMARY
289
The Neolithic communities acquired the raw materials primarily from the sur¬
rounding settlement environment, on the shores of the river beds, but it is possible
that the obtained it also in some dry erosive places with abundance of stone material
as a result of previous heavy spring rainfalls and the high snows melting.
Several types of stone were discovered in the Neolithic sites in Macedonia:
jasper (yellow-brownish and yellow-reddish), quartz, chalcedony, opal, jade, flints,
steatite, and basalt, some types of slates, sandbars, marble and nephrite.
These raw materials were used to manufacture several types of stone tools, such
as the rough flaked tools, the stone tools with a roughly elaborated surface, and the
polished stone tools. These three types contain a large number of products used for
different activities such as cutting, chopping, sawing, perforating and penetrating.
The stone tools were also used during the reaping of the grains, the preparation
of food, of the domestic and wild animals meat, than in their leather manufacturing,
the fishing and shells collecting, as well as in the wood and wooden vessels
production.
As the handicraft is concerned, as an important part of the Neolithic economy,
we can emphasize several basic features related to the objects produced from the
raw materials in Macedonia. Generally, presumptions on their usage are made ac¬
cording to the morphological features and the material used for their manufacture.
In this context two basic groups of objects are those used for the everyday needs of
the Neolithic communities (tools) and objects with no utilitarian character (jewelry
and other kinds of obj ects with undetermined meaning). In the frameworks of these
basic groups, the objects manufactured of ceramic, stone, antler and shell appear
in the form of loom weights, spindle whorls, bobbins, sling bullets, discoid plates,
bracelets, rings, beads, labrets, amulets, whistles, awls, needles, sparulae, burnish¬
ers, harpoons, hoe handles etc.
The Neolithic communities from Macedonia were familiar with the technology
needed for these objects manufacturing. On the basis of the older (traditional) tech¬
nological facilities, they simply improved the techniques for the manufacture of the
wanted objects, independent of the used raw material. Thus, based on the old knowl¬
edge and the new approaches the Neolithic craftsmen used their high skills to produce
forms unique in appearance and ornaments. Examples of this are the objects made
of stone
-
pearls, labrets and different objects with ambiguous meaning; than ther-
mically processed and polished bone objects
-
bracelets, rings, awls, needles, spatulae
and farming tools; and in the end the technologically perfect horn objects
-
harpoons
and, especially, the objects made of seashells
-
vertebras, bracelets and pearls.
The research done on portable material culture reveals a huge presence of obj ects
related to the textile manufacture. Therefore, one can say that it was a well developed
economy branch. The ceramic and stone labrets, stone andbone bracelets, rings and
amulets and especially the seashells-made objects are determined as specific status
symbols within the Neolithic communities.
290
НЕОЛИТСКИТЕ ЗАЕДНИЦИ
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The presence of these objects in the Macedonian Neolithic confirms the intensive
contacts among the communities from this territory and with their wider environ¬
ment. They are probable sign of the initial commercial relations between the cultures
of the continental Balkan parts with those of the wider Mediterranean region. A
further confirmation to this statement is the presence of some of these valuable objects
in the sites of Neolithic cultures in Greece, Bulgaria, Serbia, Kosovo and Albania.
The archaeological research performed during the past years disclosed numerous
ceramic objects from the Neolithic period, decorated with painted, engraved or
applied decoration or plastered in a form of houses, human and animal figures. A
part of these imagery motifs and objects are typical only for specific region i.e. for
the specific phases of the Neolithic period. Thus, based on these marks the chrono¬
logical division of the Neolithic phases was maintained, as well as the differentiation
of the Neolithic cultural groups of the so called Central Balkan zone. The two main
groups from Macedonia, the Amzabegovo-
Vrsnik
and the
Velušina-Porodin,
as a
part of this huge cultural complex, are especially distinctive for their recognizable
and variable decoration of the ceramic objects and specific architectonic, anthro¬
pomorphic and zoomorphic representations.
At this moment the Neolithic visual culture and rituals can be determined through
four referent conceptual standing points: the patterns, the corporeality (anthropo¬
morphic and zoomorphic), the architectonic miniaturization and the intramural
burials. All these segments of the ritual and visual culture are visible in some groups
of objects as active means of symbolic communication and wide-spread of the
community crucial ideas and principles.
The patterns are also typical for the painted and engraved vessels, stamps, sacrificial
altars as well as the figurines and models of houses that are partially decorated. When
the vessels are concerned, the elaboration and presentation usually focus on those with
■
painted patterns, first of all because of the huge number of compositions and motifs
this imagery media includes. Their visual character allows the defining of all parts of
the composition, including the typology of specific motifs and the composition as a
whole. The domain of the patterns also incorporates the motifs engraved on the stamps
and the sacrificial altars that, to a certain measure, indicate similarities to the vessels
painted patterns. The engravings and applications on the figurines andmodels ofhouses
could also be included since they correlate imagery to the remaining segments of the
Neolithic visual culture. The detailed analyses of the decoration of some of the figurines
point that concrete patterns were placed in strictly defined parts of the body in order
to accentuate the symbolic character of the specific anatomical zone.
Concerning corporeality, numerous anthropomorphic and zoomorphic figurines
should be emphasized, as well as the human and animal bodies representations
incorporated in the design and production of vessels, stamps, sacrificial altars and
models ofhouses and ovens. The anthropomorphic figurines have the basic features
of the human body, which enables to determine the way the Neolithic populations
SUMMARY
291
of the region perceived and represented their bodies. The analyses show several
basic variants in the representation of the human body (real, abstract, column like,
plate like, seated, standing etc) during all the Neolithic phases. The statistic data
confirms that female figurines were prevailing in most cases, compared to the pre¬
sentation of male. This leads to conclusions related to the symbolic character of
these objects. Their plastic treatment (decoration and specific plastering) gives
abundant data to explain the social position of the individuals or mythical characters,
as well as of their symbolic character in the frames of certain ritual related with the
change of status. Unlike the anthropomorphic figurines, the variations in the pre¬
sentation of the zoomorphic ones are minor. The predominant among them are the
deers, cattle, goats, sheep, pigs, frogs, snakes and dogs whose uniform presentation
shows a tendency to replica making for miniature figurines.
The Neolithic representations of the human and animal body are not concentrated
only in the miniature figurines domain. They were also applied in the design of the
remaining types of objects which at first glance have no anatomic correlations with
a body. Here one could include the anthropomorphic and zoomorphic vessels, altars,
stamps and models of houses on which the parts of the human or animal bodies
were engraved, applied or painted (face, snout, horns, breasts,
pubis,
upper extremi¬
ties etc). Similar to the figurines, the female representations dominate also in the
anthropomorphic equivalents in the remaining media. It allows a more precise
perception of the concepts which used the symbolic features of the female body.
Outstanding examples are the anthropomorphic models of houses representing a
body with a house placed in its lower part, instead of the thighs and extremities.
These objects contribute to better understanding of the way the Neolithic communi¬
ties from Macedonia perceived the architectonic space and the use of anthropomor¬
phism principles in its design. It is also important to mention the models and altars
that contain the principles of the architectonic miniaturization, although they do not
belong to the anthropomorphism. The creation and the representation of different
miniature forms of houses draw attention to several types of dwellings build during
the Neolithic, revealing the fact that they were perceived not only in their practical
dimension, but as an active symbolic space too.
There is also another, but probably crucial segment of the Neolithic cognitive
and ritual processes that should be emphasized, and that is the burial in the frame¬
works of the Neolithic settlements in Macedonia and wider. Although the burials
at first glance do not show direct liasons with the Neolithic visual culture, neverthe¬
less they are closely related to the symbolic treatment of the human body. In this
context, the burials that are especially relevant are those carried out inside the Neo¬
lithic houses, especially those performed in vessels, ovens or even bags. The position
of the buried individuals as well as the domination of infants and children skeleton
remains contributes the anthropomorphisation of the objects symbolically con¬
nected to these rituals.
292
НЕОЛИТСКИТЕ ЗАЕДНИЦИ
ВО
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МАКЕДОНИЈА
The regular presence of patterns on the clay vessels, stamps, figurines altars and
sculptures put emphasis on the aesthetic level of some cultural group and some ele¬
ments of the Neolithic cognitive process. On one hand, they stressed the aesthetic
values, but on the other they emphasized the function of the very same object. It is
considered that a large part of the decorated objects available probably had a ceremo¬
nial or ritual character, so that one can assume that the very patterns were in some
correlation to the function of the vessel. The precise and consistent decorating of
the ceramic vessels incorporated the geometries principles, allowing imagery ex¬
pression of the communities most essential ideas. At the same time, the use of human
and animal body on the figurines, house models, altars and other forms of plastered
objects points in two general Neolithic concepts used in the design of the material
culture i.e. the anthropomorphism and zoomorphism as most basic principles through
which the human himself and surrounding were explained.
The abundance of patterns, architectonic, anthropomorphic and zoomorphic
representations allows a better insight in the crucial cognitive features of the Neo¬
lithic period. The disposition of the painted and engraved motifs, the design of the
architectonic space and its miniature models, the use of the human and animal bod¬
ies and the objects with such patterns suggest that Neolithic communities developed
ability for clear perception, organization and design of the space and crucial sym¬
bolic concepts. One can notice that the Neolithic visual culture is one of the earliest
human manifestations of defined and skilled elaboration of abstract, anatomic and
geometric forms. This enables much better comprehension of the cognitive structure
of Neolithic population that produced the vessels, models and figurines. The clear
approach in the design of the imagery and sculptural media gives the possibility to
realize the principals of decoration and modeling of the Neolithic material culture.
The geometric organization and the symbolic use of architectonic and corporeal
representations are exactly the basic categories through which this monographs
approached the explanations of the patterns, stamps, figurines, sacrificial altars,
authentic and anthropomorphic models of houses. In this context, in order to deter¬
mine more precisely the structures of the Neolithic visual culture from Macedonia,
there are also included analogous
synchronie
examples from all over Balkan
region.
Although it is difficult to give definite conclusions of the semantic of patterns,
anthropomorphic, zoomorphic and architectonic representations, yet this book offers
several observations on their possible meaning. The motifs painted on bowls cor¬
relate with aquatic processes in the nature and refer, above all, to the crucial aspects
associated with one community i.e. the symbolic structuring of the space and the
maintenance of stable existential relations between the community members and
the environment. These patterns functioned also as a visual manifestation of the
identity, since the formation of some kind of regional composition characteristics
emphasized the local visual authenticity. Some of the stamps ornaments correlate
SUMMARY
293
imagery with those on painted vessels so that it is considered that they formed some
mutual semantic liaisons. According to the context related to some of the stamps
discoveries, as well as because of their great similarities to the relatively modern
proskurniL·, probability is high that in some cases the Neolithic stamps were used
for the decoration of bread. The sacrificial altars are also decorated with motifs
equally found on stamps and painted vessels, all of which helps defining a particular
imagery iconography with its principles and semantics when placed on specific
parts of the pottery. Some of the motifs on sacrificial altars correlate with the deco¬
ration on bigger architectonic constructions so that it can be stated that their primary
function is to protect and stimulate the raw materials placed inside.
Almost all anthropomorphic representations are generally related with the sym¬
bolic features of the female body, but they were used in different contexts, depending
on the object where they were represented. The miniature figurines are more prob¬
ably related to rituals referring to the social liaisons among specific individuals or
mythical characters. Thus certain visual features of these objects give data on the
dynamic change of status and rites of passage that included women of some com¬
munity. The significant functions and the importance of some of the community
members (usually children and women) are also reflected in their burial within the
settlements. These privileged characters, unlike the remaining members of the
community, probably buried in the cemeteries, were placed inside certain objects
(houses and ovens) or objects (vessels). Thus they mutually initialized the symbolic
relationship, which should secure the strengthening of the semantic character of
these objects and constructions, as well as to contribute to the process of symbolic
regeneration of the deceased.
Regarding this semantic relation between the rituals and the visual culture, one
can consider that anthropomorphic vessels and models of constructions belong to
the domain of their symbolic definition, but also of what is kept or is residing within.
Thus the anthropomorphic forms of vessels, models of ovens and houses, due to
the implemented imagery hybridism were conceived as characters with a purpose
to protect and symbolically stimulate the raw materials and the inhabitants inside
them or inside the real constructions they represented. In this context one can con¬
clude that the Neolithic communities, in order to explain themselves and the envi¬
ronment functioning, used their own bodies as most logical model to define the
space and the processes which took place inside the objects and the structures they
designed.
Therefore, one can consider that all the constituent elements of the life of this
population (handicrafts, agriculture, animal husbandry, architecture etc.) integrated
in the frameworks of visual culture and rituals. At the same time, it was also the
starting point for a reverse direction in which the everyday activities of the inhabit¬
ants of Neolithic settlements intertwined. The detailed exploring of the economic,
symbolic, climatic and biological features of these cultures will allow a more pro-
294
НЕОЛИТСКИТЕ ЗАЕДНИЦИ
ВО
РЕПУБЛИКА
МАКЕДОНИЈА
found research of the mutual relations between all components of their life That is
why we are confident that the chapters of this book will contribute to a certain extent
for further investigation and accurate understanding of the Neolithic communities
from the Republic of Macedonia.
(Превод:
Орхндеја
Зорова)
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
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| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV036118330 |
| callnumber-first | G - Geography, Anthropology, Recreation |
| callnumber-label | GN776 |
| callnumber-raw | GN776.22.M27 |
| callnumber-search | GN776.22.M27 |
| callnumber-sort | GN 3776.22 M27 |
| callnumber-subject | GN - Anthropology |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)606237641 (DE-599)BVBBV036118330 |
| format | Book |
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| geographic | Macedonia (Republic) Antiquities Nordmazedonien (DE-588)1181214262 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Macedonia (Republic) Antiquities Nordmazedonien |
| id | DE-604.BV036118330 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T22:12:27Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9786086506605 |
| language | Macedonian |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-019008372 |
| oclc_num | 606237641 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 DE-Re13 DE-BY-UBR |
| owner_facet | DE-12 DE-Re13 DE-BY-UBR |
| physical | 314, 94 S., [24] Bl. Ill. 30 cm |
| publishDate | 2009 |
| publishDateSearch | 2009 |
| publishDateSort | 2009 |
| publisher | Dante |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Neolitskite zaednici vo Republika Makedonija Goce Naumov ... Skopje Dante 2009 314, 94 S., [24] Bl. Ill. 30 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier In kyrill. Schr., mazedon. - Zsfassung in engl. Sprache Funde Excavations (Archaeology) Macedonia (Republic) Neolithic period Macedonia (Republic) Neolithikum (DE-588)4075272-0 gnd rswk-swf Funde (DE-588)4071507-3 gnd rswk-swf Macedonia (Republic) Antiquities Nordmazedonien (DE-588)1181214262 gnd rswk-swf Nordmazedonien (DE-588)1181214262 g Funde (DE-588)4071507-3 s Neolithikum (DE-588)4075272-0 s DE-604 Naumov, Goce 1978- Sonstige (DE-588)137904193 oth Digitalisierung BSBMuenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=019008372&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=019008372&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
| spellingShingle | Neolitskite zaednici vo Republika Makedonija Funde Excavations (Archaeology) Macedonia (Republic) Neolithic period Macedonia (Republic) Neolithikum (DE-588)4075272-0 gnd Funde (DE-588)4071507-3 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4075272-0 (DE-588)4071507-3 (DE-588)1181214262 |
| title | Neolitskite zaednici vo Republika Makedonija |
| title_auth | Neolitskite zaednici vo Republika Makedonija |
| title_exact_search | Neolitskite zaednici vo Republika Makedonija |
| title_full | Neolitskite zaednici vo Republika Makedonija Goce Naumov ... |
| title_fullStr | Neolitskite zaednici vo Republika Makedonija Goce Naumov ... |
| title_full_unstemmed | Neolitskite zaednici vo Republika Makedonija Goce Naumov ... |
| title_short | Neolitskite zaednici vo Republika Makedonija |
| title_sort | neolitskite zaednici vo republika makedonija |
| topic | Funde Excavations (Archaeology) Macedonia (Republic) Neolithic period Macedonia (Republic) Neolithikum (DE-588)4075272-0 gnd Funde (DE-588)4071507-3 gnd |
| topic_facet | Funde Excavations (Archaeology) Macedonia (Republic) Neolithic period Macedonia (Republic) Neolithikum Macedonia (Republic) Antiquities Nordmazedonien |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=019008372&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=019008372&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT naumovgoce neolitskitezaednicivorepublikamakedonija |