Adipose tissue in health and disease:
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
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| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Weinheim
Wiley-Blackwell
2010
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| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Klappentext |
| Beschreibung: | XXV, 504 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 9783527318575 |
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This timely and most comprehensive reference available on the topic
covers all the different aspects vital to understanding the fight against
the global obesity epidemic.
Following a look at adipose tissue development and morphology, the
authors go on to examine its metabolic and endocrine functions and its
role in disease. The final section deals with comparative and evolutionary
aspects of the tissue.
The result is an essential resource for cell and molecular biologists,
physiologists, biochemists, pharmacologists, and those working in the
pharmaceutical industry.
Todd Leff is Associate Professor in the Department of Pathology
and a member of the Center for
Integrative
Metabolic and Endo¬
crine Research at the Wayne State University School of Medicine
in Detroit, Michigan. Dr. LefPs research interests are focused on the
regulation of gene expression by metabolic signals. He serves on the
editorial boards of Diabetes, the Journal of Biological Chemistry, the
Journal of
Lipid
Research and the American Journal of Physiology.
James
G. Granneman
is Professor of Psychiatry and Pathology,
and Director of the Center for
Integrative
Metabolic and Endo¬
crine Research at the Wayne State University School of Medicine.
Dr.
Granneman 's
research addresses the linkage between adipose
tissue function and obesity-related disorders, such as diabetes and
cardiovascular diseases. His current work focuses on therapeutic
remodeling of white adipose tissue, molecular mechanisms of fat
mobilization in adipose tissue and muscle, and the identification
and validation of novel obesity/diabetes drug targets.
Contents
Preface
XIX
List of Contributors
XXI
Part One Adipose Tissue Development and Morphology
1
1
Transcriptional Control of Adipogenesis and Fat Cell Gene Expression
Ursula A. White and Jacqueline M. Stephens
1.1
Introduction
3
1.2
Transcriptional Control of Adipogenesis
4
1.2.1
AP-1 Transcription Factors
4
1.2.2
Signal Transducers and Activators of Transcription
5
1.2.3 Krüppel-Iike
Factors
6
1.2.4
SREBPs
7
1.2.5
C/EBP
7
1.2.6
PPAR-Y
8
1.3
Identification of Adipocyte Transcription Factor Target Genes
9
1.3.1
C/EBP Target Genes
9
1.3.2
SREBP-1 Target Genes
10
1.3.3
PPAR
-γ
Target Genes
11
1.3.4
STAT-5 Target Genes
12
1.3.5
Summary
13
References
14
1
Cellular and Molecular Basis of Functional Differences among
Fat Depots
21
Thomas Thomou,
Tamara
Tchkonia, and James
L Kirkland
2.1
Introduction
21
2.1.1
Fat Tissue Function
21
2.1.2
Diversity in Fat Distribution
23
2.1.3
Regional Differences in Fat Tissue Growth
24
2.1.4
Disease Associations
26
2.2
Physiology
27
VI
Contents
2.2.1
Contribution
of Inherent Cell Dynamic Mechanisms to Regional
Differences
28
2.2.2
Preadipocyte Function
29
2.2.3
Preadipocyte Replication
29
2.2.4
Differences in Adipogenesis among Depots
30
2.2.5
Regional Variation in Susceptibility to Apoptosis
32
2.2.6
Differences in Preadipocyte
Subpopulations
among Fat Depots
32
2.2.7
Differences in Preadipocyte Gene Expression Profiles
among Depots
33
2.3
Conclusions
35
References
36
3
Plasticity of the Adipose Organ
49
Saverio
Cìnti
3.1
Introduction
49
3.2
Gross Anatomy Demonstrates that WAT and BAT are Mixed Together
in the Adipose Organ
50
3.3
light and Electron Microscopy show that White and Brown Adipocytes
have a Well-Defined and Distinct Morphology
51
3.3.1
WAT
51
3.3.2
BAT
52
3.4
WAT and BAT have a Different Vascular and Nerve
Supply
53
3.5
WAT and BAT have a Different Physiology
54
3.6
Phenotype of the Adipose Organ is Variable: Plasticity of the
Adipose Organ
55
3.6.1
Transformation of the Phenotype: Cold and Warm Exposure
and Acclimatization
55
3.6.2
Transformation of the Phenotype: Pregnancy and Lactation
58
3.6.3
Transformation of the Phenotype: Hypertrophy and
Hyperplasia (Positive Energy Balance: Overweight
and Obesity)
59
3.6.4
Transformation of the Phenotype: Hypoplasia (Negative Energy
Balance: Caloric Restriction and Fasting)
60
3.7
Adipose Organ of Humans
61
References
63
4
Biology of Adipose Tissue Stem Cells
69
Jeffrey M. Cimble, Bruce A. Bunnell, and Farshid Cuilak
4.1
Introduction
69
4.2
In Situ Localization and Embryology
69
4.3
Isolation Methods
70
4.3.1
Yield, Proliferation Rate, Depot, and Aging Influences
70
4.4
Characterization
71
4.4.1
Immunophenotype
71
Contents
VII
4.4.2 Immunogenicity 71
4.4.3
Proteomic
and
Transcriptomic
Analysis
72
АЛЛ
Cytokine
Profile
72
4.4.5
Clonality
72
4.5
Differentiation and Potential Utility for Regenerative Medicine
73
4.5.1
Mesodermal Lineages
73
4.5.2
Endodermal and
Ectoderma!
Lineages
73
4.6
Conclusions
74
References
74
Part Two Metabolic Functions of Adipose Tissue
81
5
Molecular Mechanisms of Adipocyte Lipolysis
83
James C.
Granneman
and Hsiao-Ping H. Moore
5.1
Introduction
83
5.2
Key Players in Adipocyte Lipolysis
83
5.2.1
lipid
Droplets and Droplet Scaffold Proteins
84
5.2.2
Upases
86
5.2.2.1
HSL
86
5.2.2.2
Adipose
Triglycéride
Lipase
87
5.2.2.3
CGI-Se
87
5.2.2.4
Other Upases and the Biological Significance of HSL
versus ATGL
88
5.3
Upolytic Protein Trafficking
88
5.3.1
PLIN Subcellular
Targeting
88
5.3.2
Interactions with
СЄІ-бб
88
5.3.3
Interactions with HSL
89
5.3.4
Interactions with ATGL
89
5.3.5
Disruption and Dispersion of Upid Droplets Following
PKA Activation
90
5.3.6
Additional Interactions
90
5.4
Working Model and Unresolved Issues
91
References
93
6
New Developments in the Lipolytic Processing
of Triglyceride-Rich Lipoproteins
97
André Bensadoun,
Anne P. Beigneux,
Loren C.
Fang,
and Stephen
С.
Young
6.1
Introduction
97
6.2
LPL
98
6.3
Functional Domains of LPL
99
6.4
Regulation of LPL Activity by Angiopoietin-Iike Proteins
100
6.5
Role of GPIHBP1 in the Upolysis of Triglyceride-Rich
Upoproteins
101
6.6
Role of
Apo-
AV
in Upolysis
103
VIII Contents
6.7
Newly Discovered Regulators of LPL Activity and their
Physiological Significance
104
References
105
7
Intracellular Fatty Acid Transport, Activation, and Trafficking
109
Doug Mashek
7.1
Introduction
109
7.2
Fatty Acid-Binding Protein Family
109
7.2.1
Function and Regulation of FABP-4
110
7.2.2
Function and Regulation of FABP-5
112
7.3
Fatty Acid Activation and Channeling: Role of Long-Chain
Acyl-CoA Synthetases and Fatty Acid Transport Proteins
113
7.4
Role of Acyl-CoA-Binding Protein in Acyl-CoA
Metabolism
116
7.5
Regulation and Function of Distinct Fatty Acid and
Acyl-CoA Pools
117
7.6
Contribution of Fatty Acid and Acyl-CoA Metabolism
to Metabolic Diseases
119
7.7
Conclusions
121
References
121
8
Aquaporins and Adipose Tissue: Lesson from Discovery
to Physiopathology and to the Clinic of Aquaporin
Adipose (AQP7)
329
Ken Kishida
8.1
Introduction
129
8.2
Characteristics of Adipocytes and Gycerol Metabolism in the
Mammalian Body
130
8.3
Adipose Glycerol Channel: AQP7
132
8.3.1
AQP7: A Putative Adipose-Specific Glycerol Channel
132
8.3.2
Function and Regulation of AQP7 in Adipocytes
134
8.3.3
Human AQP7 Genetic Mutation
137
8.3.4
Adipose-Derived Glycerol and Gluconeogenesis
through AQP7
-
Lessons from AQ^-Deficient Mice
and Cells
139
8.4
Hepatic Glycerol Channel: AQP9
141
8.4.1
AQP9: A Putative Hepatic-Specific Glycerol Channel
143
8.4.2
Gluconeogenesis through AQP9
-
Lessons from
ACWDeficient Mice
342
8.5
Coordination of Adipose Glycerol Channel, AQP7,
and Hepatic Glycerol Channel, AQP9
143
8.6
Dysregulation of AQP7 and AQP9 in Obesity with
Insulin Resistance
143
8.7
Conclusions
344
References
144
Contents
IX
9
Signaling Pathways Controlling Lipolysis and
Lipid
Mobilization in Humans
149
Max Lafontan
9.1
Introduction
149
9.2
Role of Lipases in the Regulation of Hydrolysis of Fat Cell
Triacylglycerols
151
9.2.1
Hormone-Sensitive
Lipase
151
9.2.2
Adipose Tissue
Triglycéride
Lipase
151
9.3
Adrenergic Control of cAMP Production, Lipolysis
and
Lipid
Mobilization
152
9.4
Control of cAMP Production by Adenylyl Cyclase
Inhibitors
-
Inhibition of lipolysis
157
9.5
Insulin: A Major Antilipolytic Agent Controlling
cAMP Degradation
158
9.6
Natriuretic Peptides Control cGMP Production, Lipolysis,
and
lipid
Mobilization in Humans
159
9.6.1
Natriuretic Peptides
159
9.6.2
lipolytic Effect of Natriuretic Peptides
160
9.6.3
Induction of
lipid
Mobilization by Administration
of Pharmacological Doses of
ANP
162
9.6.4
Contribution of
ANP
to the Physiological Control
of
lipid
Mobilization in Humans
262
9.7
Other lipolytic Pathways
163
9.7.1
Growth Hormone
163
9.7.2
IL-6
164
9.7.3
TNF-ot
165
9.7.4
Other lipolytic Peptides
166
9.8
Future Trends and Pharmacological Prospects
167
References
368
Part Three Endocrine Functions of Adipose Tissue
181
10
Leptin Secretion and Action
183
Robert V. Considine
10.1
Introduction
183
10.2
Leptin Synthesis
184
10.2.1
Gender and Body Fat Distribution Determine Serum Leptin
184
10.2.2
Caloric Intake, Insulin, and Glucose Influence Serum Leptin
185
10.2.3
Transcriptional Regulation of Leptin Synthesis in Adipocytes
186
10.3
Leptin Receptors
187
10.4
Leptin Action in the Central Nervous System
187
10.5
Leptin Resistance in Obesity
189
10.6
Metabolic Complications of Hyperleptinemia in Obesity
190
10.6.1
Leptin and Obesity-Related Hypertension
190
10.6.2
Other Possible Pathologic Effects of Leptin
191
Contents
10.7
Lepün
Therapy in Humans
192
10.7.1 Leptin,
Weight Loss, and Human Obesity
192
10.7.2
Congenital Leptin Deficiency
192
10.7.3
Lipodystrophic Leptin Deficiency
193
10.7.4
Hypothalamic Amenorrhea
193
10.8
Conclusions
194
References
194
Π
Adiponectin
201
Jonathan P. Whitehead and Ayanthi A. Richards
11.1
Introduction
201
11.2
Adiponectin Structure and Post-Translational Modifications
202
11.3
Significance and Bioactivity of Adiponectin Multimers
204
11.4
Adiponectin and liver
205
11.5
Adiponectin and Skeletal Muscle
206
11.6
Adiponectin and the Vasculature
206
11.7
Adiponectin and the Brain
207
11.8
Adiponectin Expression and Secretion
208
11.9
Adiponectin Secretion
209
11.10
Ectopie
Adiponectin Expression
211
11.11
Regulation of Expression and Secretion
212
11.11.1
Oxidative stress
222
11.11.2
Activators of PPARy
-
TZDs and Fish Oils
213
11.11.3
Weight Loss
213
11.11.4
Other Agents
214
11.12
Adiponectin Clearance
214
11.13
Adiponectin Receptors and Downstream Effectors
215
11.14
Adiponectin Signaling
216
11.15
Conclusions
227
References
228
Τ
2
Preadipocyte factor-l and Adipose Tissue-Specific Secretory
Factor/Resistin
-
Two Secreted Factors from Adipose Tissue:
Role in Adipogenesis and Insulin Resistance
232
Hei
Sook
Sul, Yuhui
Wang, and Carolyn Hudak
12.1
Introduction
232
12.2
Pref-1 Structure
232
12.3
Pref-1 Inhibition of Adipocyte Differentiation
233
12.4
Mechanism for Pref-1 Function
234
12.5
I» Vivo Effect of Pref-1 on Adipogenesis and Glucose/Insulin
Homeostasis
235
12.6
ADSF/Resistin: Identification and Structure
236
12.7
ADSF/Resistin Expression and Function
237
12.8
Conclusions
239
References
240
Contents
XI
13
Adipose Tissue and Blood Pressure Regulation
245
Lisa A. Cassis and Sara B. Police
13.1
Introduction
245
13.2
Adipose Tissue Changes with Obesity: Relation to Blood
Pressure Control
245
13.2.1
Adipocyte
RAS in
Obesity-Related Hypertension
247
13.2.2
Leptin in Obesity-Related Hypertension
249
13.2.3
Adiponectin in Obesity-Related Hypertension
250
13.2.4
Insulin and Obesity-Related Hypertension
251
13.2.5
Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-l and Obesity-Related
Hypertension
252
13.2.6
Free Fatty Acids and Obesity-Related Hypertension
252
13.2.7
Resistin and Obesity-Related Hypertension
253
13.2.8 llß-HSD
-Ι
and Obesity-Related Hypertension
254
13.3
Regional Adipose Deposition and Blood Pressure Regulation
254
13.3.1
Changes in Visceral Adipose Tissue in Obesity-Related
Hypertension
255
13.3.2
Potential Role for Perivascular Adipose Tissue in Obesity-Related
Hypertension
255
13.4
Conclusions
256
References
257
14
Adipokines, Inflammation, and Obesity
265
Karine
Clément
14.1
Introduction
265
14.2
Contribution of Adipose Tissue in Systemic Inflammation
during Obesity
266
14.3
Adipose Tissue Depots and Adipokine Production
268
14.4
Adipokines and Adipose Tissue Cell Types
269
14.5
Adipokines,
Macrophages,
and the Biology of Adipocytes
270
14.5.1
Chemoattraction
271
14.5.2
Paracrine Cross-Talk in the Adipose Tissue
via Adipokines
272
14.6
Adipokines and Complications of Obesity
274
14.7
Adipokines and Weight Loss
275
14.8
Conclusions
276
References
276
Part Four Adipose Tissue and Disease
283
15
Depot-Specific Biology of Adipose Tissues: Links to Fat
Distribution and Metabolic Risk
285
Mi-Jeong Lee and Susan K. Fried
15.1
Introduction
285
15.2
Adipose Depots: Definitions
286
XII Contents
15.3
Physiological and Anatomical Differences among Depots
may Drive Functional Heterogeneity
286
15.3.1
Depot Differences in Cellular Composition
286
15.3.2
Definition of Visceral Fat Depots
287
15.4
Heterogeneity in Adipocyte Function among Adipose
Depots
288
15.4.1
Iipolysis
288
15.4.2
Triglycéride
Deposition
289
15.4.3
Glucose Uptake and Insulin Action
290
15.5
Regional Differences in Adipose Tissue Gene Expression
and Protein Production: Relationship to the Metabolic
Syndrome
291
15.6
Search for Novel Adipokines with Depot-Specific Expression
that Link Regional Adiposity to Metabolic Risk
291
15.7
Importance of Adipose Tissue
Macrophages
and other
Immunocytes in Regional Adipose Tissue Dysfunction
293
15.8
Gene Expression Profiles are Providing New Insights on
Regional Adipose Growth and Function
295
15.9
Depot Differences in Cell Proliferation and Differentiation
Capacity
296
15.10
Conclusions and Future Directions
297
References
298
16
Viral Induction of Obesity and Adipogenesis
307
Magdalena
Pasarica,
Rohan
N.
Dhurandhar, Nazar Mashtalir,
and Nikhil V. Dhurandhar
16.1
Introduction
307
16.2
Viruses
313
16.2.1
Canine Distemper Virus
313
16.2.2
Rous-Associated Virus-7
314
16.2.3
Borna
Disease Virus
314
16.2.4
Adenoviruses
315
16.2.4.1
SMAM-1
315
16.2.4.2
Ad-36
316
16.2.4.3
Ad-5
319
16.2.4.4
Ad-37
319
16.2.4.5
Adipogenic Potential of other Adenoviruses
319
16.3
Chlamydia pneumoniae
320
16.4
Gut Microbiota
320
16.5
Gut Parasites
321
16.6
Scrapie Agents
322
16.7
Interaction of Pathogens and Adipose Tissue
323
16.8
Adipogenic Pathogens and Humans
324
16.9
Conclusions
324
References
325
Contents XIII
17
Adipose Tissue Cachexia
333
Michael John Tisdale
333
17.1
Introduction
333
17.2
Changes in Adipose Tissue in Cachexia
333
17.3
Energy Expenditure in Cancer Patients
335
17.4
Factors Governing Adipose Tissue Mass
336
17.5
Mechanism of Loss of Adipose Tissue in Cachexia
337
17.6
Requirements of Tumor-Bearing Animals for Iipids
338
17.7
Fat-Mobifeing Substances in Cancer Cachexia
338
17.8
Conclusion
340
References
342
18
Obesity and Diabetes: Lipotoxicity
347
Christopher]. Lelliott,
Matej Orešič,
and Antonio
J.
Vidal-Puig
18.1
Introduction
347
18.2
White Adipose Tissue at the Center of
lipid Homeostasis
and Delivery
348
18.3
Insulin Resistance in Adipocytes Disrupts the Balance between
lipid
Storage and Secretion
348
18.4
Scenarios that may Result in
Ectopie
Fat Deposition
348
18.4.1
Altered Plasticity of the Adipose Tissue: A Shift in Expansion
Towards Hypertrophy
349
18.4.2
Impaired Fat Deposition Capacity in Adipose Tissue
350
18.4.3
Inappropriate Balance of Substrate Uptake and Oxidative
Capacity in Peripheral Tissue
353
18.5
Mechanisms Contributing to the lipotoxicity in the
Peripheral Organs
355
18.5.1
Lipotoxicity in Skeletal Muscle
355
18.5.1.1 Rändle
Hypothesis and its Successors
355
18.5.2
Molecular Mechanisms for the Generation of Muscle
Lipotoxicity
356
18.5.2.1
Type of Iipids is More Important than the Amount of
Fat Deposited
356
18.5.2.2
Diacylglycerols and Insulin Resistance
358
18.5.2.3
Ceramides and Insulin Resistance
358
18.6
Impaired Oxidation as a Trigger for Lipotoxicity
360
18.6.1
Adipocytokine's Proinflammatory Activity Contributes
to Iipotoxicty in Skeletal Muscle
361
18.6.1.1
Adipose Tissue
Macrophages as
Key Players for Lipotoxicity
361
18.6.1.2
Signaling Effector Pathways in Iipotoxicty
361
18.6.2
Lipotoxicity and Insulin Resistance Affecting liver Metabolism
362
18.6.2.1
Hepatic Lipotoxicity
362
18.7
Pancreatic
ß-Cell
as a Target for Lipotoxicity
363
18.8
New Analytical and Computational Methods to Identify
lipotoxicity-Related Metabolic Networks
363
XIV
Contents
18.9
Lessons from Iipotoxicity
-
Potential Antilipotoxic
Therapeutic Strategies
365
References
365
19
Obesity and
Cancer
369
Andrew
C. Renehan
19.1
Introduction
369
19.2
Epidemiology
369
19.2.1
Excess Body Weight and Cancer Risk
369
19.2.2
Excess Body Weight and Cancer Mortality
370
19.3
Biological Mechanisms
371
19.3.1
Candidate Mechanisms
371
19.3.2
Insulin and IGFs
372
19.3.2.1
Insulin-Cancer Hypothesis
372
19.3.2.2
Insulin and C-Peptide
372
19.3.2.3
IGFs
376
19.3.3
Sex Steroids
376
19.3.3.1
Estrogen and Breast Cancer
376
19.3.3.2
Androgens and Breast Cancer
377
19.3.3.3
Sex Steroids and Endometrial Cancer
377
19.3.4
Adipokines
378
19.3.4.1
Overview
378
19.3.4.2
Leptin and Cancer in Humans
378
19.3.4.3
Adiponectin and Cancer Risk in Humans
379
19.3.4.4
Adipokines, Animal Models, and Cancer Risk
380
19.4
Other Biological Candidates
380
19.4.1
Obesity-Related Inflammatory Markers
380
19.4.2
Nuclear
Factor
-κΒ
System
381
19.4.3
Oxidative Stresses
381
19.5
Mechanical Mechanisms
381
19.6
New Research Areas
382
References
382
20
Overview of Acquired and Genetic Lipodystrophies
385
Tishajoy and Robert
A. Hegele
20.1
Introduction
385
20.2
Congenital lipodystrophies
386
20.2.1
Congenital Generalized Iipodystrophy (Berardinelli-Seip
Syndrome)
386
20.2.1.1
Clinical Features
386
20.2.1.2
Molecular Genetics
390
20.2.2
Familial Partial Iipodystrophy
390
20.2.2.1
Clinical Features
390
20.2.2.2
Molecular Genetics
391
20.3
Acquired lipodystrophies with a Possible Genetic Component
393
Contents
XV
20.3.1
Acquired Generalized Lipodystrophy
393
20.3.1.1
Clinical Features
393
20.3.1.2
Molecular Genetics
393
20.3.2
Acquired Partial Iipodystrophy (Barraquer-Simons Syndrome)
393
20.3.2.1
Clinical Features
393
20.3.2.2
Molecular Genetics
394
20.3.3
HIV-Related
Ľpodystrophy
394
20.4
Iipodystrophy Associated with other Syndromes
395
20.4.1
Mandibuloacral Dysplasia
395
20.4.1.1
Clinical Features
395
20.4.1.2
Molecular Genetics
395
20.4.2
SHORT Syndrome
396
20.4.2.1
Clinical Features
396
20.4.2.2
Molecular Genetics
396
20.4.3
Neonatal Progeroid Syndrome
396
20.4.3.1
Clinical Features
396
20.4.3.2
Molecular Genetics
396
20.4.4
Hutchinson-Gilford Progeria Syndrome
396
20.4.4.1
Clinical Features
396
20.4.4.2
Molecular Genetics
397
20.4.5
Werner Syndrome
397
20.4.5.1
Clinical Features
397
20.4.5.2
Molecular Genetics
397
20.5
Conclusions
397
References
398
21
Mouse Models of Lipodystrophy
403
Jimmy
Donkor
and Karen
Reue
21.1
Introduction
403
21.2
Physiological Mechanisms of Lipodystrophy in Mouse Models
403
21.3
Upodystrophic Models with Impaired Adipogenesis
407
21.3.1
A-ZIP/F1 Transgenic Mouse
408
21.3.2
aP2-SREBP-lc Transgenic Mouse
408
21.3.3
Mouse Models with Altered
PPAR
-γ
Levels
409
21.3.4
C/EBPa-Defident Mouse
410
21.3.5 Zmpste24-Deficient
Mice
410
21.4
Lipodystrophic Models with Impaired Triacylglycerol
Biosynthesis
411
21.4.1
GPATl-Deficient Mouse
411
21.4.2
AGPATc-Deficient Mouse
412
21.4.3
DGATl-Deficient Mouse
412
21.4.4
Lipin-l-Deficient Mouse
412
21.5
lipodystrophic Models with Enhanced Energy Expenditure
414
21.5.1
Leptin Transgenic Mouse
414
21.5.2
PPAR
-б
Transgenic Mouse
415
XVI
Contents
21.5.3
FOXC2
Transgenic Mouse
415
21.6
Mouse Models with Acquired or Conditional
Iipodystrophy
416
21.6.1
aP2-DTA Transgenic Mouse
416
21.6.2
FAT-ATTAC Transgenic Mouse
416
21.6.3
RSK2 Deficient Mouse
417
21.6.4
Drug-Induced lipoatrophy
417
21.6.5
Diet-Induced Lipoatrophy
417
21.7
Conclusions
418
References
419
22
Caloric Restriction, Longevity, and Adiposity
423
Leanne M. Redman and Eric Ravussm
22.1
Introduction
423
22.2
Physiological Changes with Aging
424
22.3
Aging and Caloric Restriction
424
22.4
Energy Restriction may Alter the "Rate of living"
425
22.5
CR and Oxidative Stress
426
22.6
CR and Cardiovascular Disease
427
22.7
CR and Insulin Resistance/Type
2
Diabetes Mellitus
427
22.8
What is Known from Humans?
427
22.8.1
Centenarians from Okinawa
427
22.8.2
Vallejo Study
428
22.8.3
Unexpected CR in Biosphere
2 428
22.8.4
Randomized Controlled Trials of Prolonged CR
in Humans
429
22.9
Could CR Increase Longevity in Humans?
432
22.9.1
How Much CR?
432
22.9.2
How Long is CR Required?
432
22.10
CR
Mimetice
433
22.11
Conclusions
434
References
434
23
Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated
Receptor
-γ:
A Key Regulator
of Adipose Tissue Formation, Remodeling, and Metabolism
441
Olga Astapova
and Todd Leff
23.1
Introduction
441
23.2
Molecular Biology of
PPAR
-γ
442
23.2.1
PPAR
-γ
Structure and
DNA
Binding
442
23.2.2
Transcriptional Regulation by
PPAR
-γ
444
23.3
PPAR
-γ
is a Master Regulator of Adipose Tissue Development
447
23.3.1
Role
ofPPAR
-γΐη
Adipogenesis- Cell Culture Studies
447
23.3.2
PPAR
-γ
is Required for Adipose Tissue Development In Vivo
448
23.4
Metabolic Functions of
PPAR
-γ
449
23.5
White versus Brown Fat-Specific Functions of
PPAR
-γ
450
Contents
XVII
23.6
PPAR
-γ
Function in Adipose Tissue Maintenance
and Remodeling
452
23.7
Conclusions
454
References
454
24
Early-Life Programming of Adipogenesis and Adiposity
459
Roseile
L
Cripps and Susan E. Ozanne
24.1
Introduction
459
24.2
Theories for the Developmental Origins of Obesity
460
24.3
Evidence for the Developmental Origins of Obesity
460
24.3.1
Data from Humans
461
24.3.2
Data from Animal Models
461
24.4
Adipogenesis
462
24.4.1
Adipogenesis In Vitro
462
24.4.2
Control of Adipogenesis
463
24.4.3
Developmental Alterations to Adipogenesis
464
24.5
Potential Mechanisms?
465
24.5.1
Glucocorticoids
465
24.5.2
Leptin
465
24.5.3
Epigenetic Alterations
467
24.6
Future Perspectives
467
24.6.1
Optimizing Early life Nutrition?
467
24.6.2
Interventions?
467
References
468
25
Evolutionary Aspects of Obesity and Adipose Tissue Function
473
Jonathan
С. К.
Wells
25.1
Introduction
473
25.2
Thrifty Genotype and Phenotype Hypotheses
474
25.3
Ethological Approach
476
25.3.1
Ontogeny
477
25.3.2
Fitness Value
478
25.3.3
Evolutionary History
480
25.4
Significance of Agriculture
482
25.5
Significance of Colonizing
483
25.6
Significance of Social Inequality
485
25.7
New Obesogenic Environment
486
References
487
Index
491 |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Leff, Todd |
| author_GND | (DE-588)13754023X |
| author_facet | Leff, Todd |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Leff, Todd |
| author_variant | t l tl |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV036108039 |
| classification_rvk | WX 2300 YC 6600 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)634336899 (DE-599)BVBBV036108039 |
| dewey-full | 571.57 |
| dewey-hundreds | 500 - Natural sciences and mathematics |
| dewey-ones | 571 - Physiology & related subjects |
| dewey-raw | 571.57 |
| dewey-search | 571.57 |
| dewey-sort | 3571.57 |
| dewey-tens | 570 - Biology |
| discipline | Biologie Medizin |
| format | Book |
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| id | DE-604.BV036108039 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2025-02-03T17:09:29Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9783527318575 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-018998268 |
| oclc_num | 634336899 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-355 DE-BY-UBR |
| owner_facet | DE-355 DE-BY-UBR |
| physical | XXV, 504 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| publishDate | 2010 |
| publishDateSearch | 2010 |
| publishDateSort | 2010 |
| publisher | Wiley-Blackwell |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Leff, Todd Verfasser (DE-588)13754023X aut Adipose tissue in health and disease ed. by Todd Leff ... Weinheim Wiley-Blackwell 2010 XXV, 504 S. Ill., graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Pathogenese (DE-588)4115512-9 gnd rswk-swf Fettsucht (DE-588)4016953-4 gnd rswk-swf Tissue Engineering (DE-588)4646061-5 gnd rswk-swf Fettgewebe (DE-588)4154224-1 gnd rswk-swf Molekularbiologie (DE-588)4039983-7 gnd rswk-swf Fettsucht (DE-588)4016953-4 s Pathogenese (DE-588)4115512-9 s Fettgewebe (DE-588)4154224-1 s Tissue Engineering (DE-588)4646061-5 s Molekularbiologie (DE-588)4039983-7 s DE-604 Digitalisierung UB Regensburg application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=018998268&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung UB Regensburg application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=018998268&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Klappentext |
| spellingShingle | Leff, Todd Adipose tissue in health and disease Pathogenese (DE-588)4115512-9 gnd Fettsucht (DE-588)4016953-4 gnd Tissue Engineering (DE-588)4646061-5 gnd Fettgewebe (DE-588)4154224-1 gnd Molekularbiologie (DE-588)4039983-7 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4115512-9 (DE-588)4016953-4 (DE-588)4646061-5 (DE-588)4154224-1 (DE-588)4039983-7 |
| title | Adipose tissue in health and disease |
| title_auth | Adipose tissue in health and disease |
| title_exact_search | Adipose tissue in health and disease |
| title_full | Adipose tissue in health and disease ed. by Todd Leff ... |
| title_fullStr | Adipose tissue in health and disease ed. by Todd Leff ... |
| title_full_unstemmed | Adipose tissue in health and disease ed. by Todd Leff ... |
| title_short | Adipose tissue in health and disease |
| title_sort | adipose tissue in health and disease |
| topic | Pathogenese (DE-588)4115512-9 gnd Fettsucht (DE-588)4016953-4 gnd Tissue Engineering (DE-588)4646061-5 gnd Fettgewebe (DE-588)4154224-1 gnd Molekularbiologie (DE-588)4039983-7 gnd |
| topic_facet | Pathogenese Fettsucht Tissue Engineering Fettgewebe Molekularbiologie |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=018998268&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=018998268&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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