An introduction to language:
Gespeichert in:
| Hauptverfasser: | , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Boston
Wadsworth, Cengage Learning
2011
|
| Ausgabe: | 9. ed., Internat. student. ed. |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | XX, 619 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 9781439082416 1439082413 |
Internformat
MARC
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| 100 | 1 | |a Fromkin, Victoria |d 1923-2000 |e Verfasser |0 (DE-588)11895573X |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a An introduction to language |c Victoria Fromkin ; Robert Rodman ; Nina Hyams |
| 250 | |a 9. ed., Internat. student. ed. | ||
| 264 | 1 | |a Boston |b Wadsworth, Cengage Learning |c 2011 | |
| 300 | |a XX, 619 S. |b Ill., graph. Darst. | ||
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| 999 | |a oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-018996846 | ||
Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804141179314372608 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Contents
I
Preface
xiii
About the Authors
xix
PART
1
The Nature of Human Language
INTRODUCTION
Brain and Language
з
The Human Brain
4
The Localization of Language
in the Brain
5
Aphasia
6
Brain Imaging Technology
12
Brain Plasticity and Lateralization
in Early Life
14
Split Brains
15
Other Experimental Evidence
of Brain Organization
16
The Autonomy of Language
18
Other Dissociations of Language
and Cognition
19
Laura
20
Christopher
20
Genetic Basis of Language
21
Language and Brain Development
22
The Critical Period
22
A Critical Period for Bird Song
25
The Development of Language
in the Species
26
Summary
28
References for Further Reading
Exercises
30
29
PART
2
Grammatical Aspects of Language
CHAPTER
1
Morphology: The Words
of Language
36
Dictionaries
38
Content Words and Function Words
38
Morphemes: The Minimal Units of Meaning
Bound and Free Morphemes
43
Prefixes and Suffixes
43
Infixes
45
Circumfixes
45
Roots and Stems
46
Bound Roots
47
40
Rules of Word Formation
47
Derivational Morphology
48
Inflectional Morphology
50
The Hierarchical Structure of Words
Rule Productivity
56
Exceptions and Suppletions
58
Lexical Gaps
59
Other Morphological Processes
60
Back-Formations
60
Compounds
60
Pullet Surprises
63
Sign Language Morphology
63
53
Morphological Analysis: Identifying
Morphemes
64
Summary
67
References for Further Reading
68
Exercises
68
CHAPTER
2
Syntax: The Sentence
Patterns of Language
η
What the Syntax Rules Do
78
What Grammaticality Is Not Based On
82
Sentence Structure
83
Constituents and Constituency Tests
84
Syntactic Categories
86
Phrase Structure Trees and Rules
89
Heads and Complements
102
Selection
103
What Heads the Sentence
105
Structural Ambiguities
109
More Structures 111
Sentence Relatedness
115
Transformational Rules
115
The Structural Dependency
of Rules
117
Further Syntactic Dependencies
120
UG Principles and Parameters
124
Sign Language Syntax
127
Summary
128
References for Further Reading
129
Exercises
130
CHAPTER
3
The Meaning
of Language
ш
What Speakers Know about Sentence
Meaning
140
Truth
140
Entailment and Related Notions
141
Ambiguity
142
Compositional Semantics
144
Semantic Rules
144
Semantic Rule I
145
Semantic Rule
Π
145
When Compositionality Goes Awry
146
Anomaly
147
Metaphor
149
Idioms
150
Lexical Semantics (Word Meanings)
152
Theories of Word Meaning
153
Reference
154
Sense
155
Lexical Relations
156
Semantic Features
159
Evidence for Semantic Features
160
Semantic Features and Grammar
160
Argument Structure
163
Thematic Roles
164
Pragmatics
167
Pronouns
167
Pronouns and Syntax
168
Pronouns and Discourse
169
Pronouns and Situational Context
169
Deixis
170
More on Situational Context
172
Maxims of Conversation
172
Implicatures
174
Speech Acts
175
Summary
176
References for Further Reading
178
Exercises
178
CHAPTER
4
Phonetics: The Sounds
of Language
189
Sound Segments
190
Identity of Speech Sounds
191
The Phonetic Alphabet
192
Articulatory Phonetics
195
Consonants
195
Place of Articulation
195
Manner of Articulation
197
Phonetic Symbols for American
English Consonants
204
Vowels
206
Tongue Position
206
Lip Rounding
208
Diphthongs 208
Nasalization of Vowels
209
Tense and Lax Vowels
209
Different (Tongue) Strokes
for Different Folks
210
Major Phonetic Classes
210
Noncontinuants and Continuants
Obstruents and Sonorants
210
Consonantal
211
Syllabic Sounds
211
210
Prosodie
Features
212
Tone and Intonation
213
Phonetic Symbols and Spelling
Correspondences
215
The Phonetics of Signed Languages
217
Summary
219
References for Further Reading
220
Exercises
221
CHAPTER
5
Phonology: The Sound
Patterns of Language
226
The Pronunciation of Morphemes
227
The Pronunciation of Plurals
227
Additional Examples of Allomorphs
230
Phonemes: The Phonological Units of
Language
232
Vowel Nasalization in English as
an Illustration of Allophones
232
Allophones of /t/
234
Complementary Distribution
235
Distinctive Features of Phonemes
238
Feature Values
238
Nondistinctive Features
239
Phonemic Patterns May Vary across
Languages
241
ASL Phonology
242
Natural Classes of Speech Sounds
242
Feature Specifications for American
English Consonants and Vowels
243
The Rules of Phonology
244
Assimilation Rules
244
Dissimilation Rules
248
Feature-Changing Rules
249
Segment Insertion and Deletion Rules
250
Movement (Metathesis) Rules
252
From One to Many and from Many
to One
253
The Function of Phonological Rules
255
Slips of the Tongue: Evidence for
Phonological Rules
255
Prosodie
Phonology
256
Syllable Structure
256
Word Stress
257
Sentence and Phrase Stress
258
Intonation
259
Sequential Constraints of Phonemes
260
Lexical Gaps
262
Why Do Phonological Rules Exist?
262
Phonological Analysis
264
Summary
268
References for Further Reading
Exercises
270
269
PART
3
The Biology and Psychology of Language
CHAPTER
6
What Is Language?
284
Linguistic Knowledge
284
Knowledge of the Sound System
285
Knowledge of Words
286
Arbitrary Relation of Form
and Meaning
286
The Creativity of Linguistic
Knowledge
289
Knowledge of Sentences and
Nonsentences
291
Linguistic Knowledge and Performance
292
What Is Grammar?
294
Descriptive Grammars
294
Prescriptive
Grammars
295
Teaching Grammars
297
Language
Universais
298
The Development of Grammar
299
Sign Languages: Evidence for the Innateness
of Language
300
American Sign Language
301
Animal Languages
302
Talking Parrots
303
The Birds and the Bees
304
Can Chimps Learn Human Language?
306
In the Beginning: The Origin of Language
308
Divine Gift
309
The First Language
309
Human Invention or the Cries
of Nature?
310
Language and Thought
310
What We Know about Human Language
315
Summary
317
References for Further Reading
318
Exercises
319
CHAPTER
7
Language Acquisition
324
Mechanisms of Language Acquisition
325
Do Children Learn through Imitation?
325
Do Children Learn through Correction
and Reinforcement?
326
Do Children Learn Language through
Analogy?
327
Do Children Learn through Structured
Input?
329
Children Construct Grammars
330
The Innateness Hypothesis
330
Stages in Language Acquisition
332
The Perception and Production
of Speech Sounds
333
Babbling
334
First Words
335
Segmenting the Speech Stream
336
The Development of Grammar
339
Setting Parameters
Ђ54
The Acquisition of Signed
Languages
355
Knowing More Than One Language
357
Childhood Bilingualism
357
Theories of Bilingual
Development
358
Two Monolinguals in One Head
360
The Role of Input
360
Cognitive Effects of Bilingualism
361
Second Language Acquisition
361
is L2 Acquisition the Same as LI
Acquisition?
361
Native Language Influence in L2
Acquisition
363
The Creative Component of L2
Acquisition
364
Is There a Critical Period for L2
Acquisition?
365
Summary
366
References for Further Reading
368
Exercises
369
CHAPTER
8
Language Processing:
Humans and
Computers
375
The Human Mind at Work:
Human Language Processing
375
Comprehension
377
The Speech Signal
378
Speech Perception and
Comprehension
379
Bottom-up and Top-down
Models
381
Lexical Access and Word
Recognition
383
Syntactic Processing
384
Speech Production
387
Planning Units
387
Lexical Selection
389
Application and Misapplication
of Rules
389
Nonlinguistic Influences
390
Computer Processing of Human Language
391
Computers That Talk and Listen
391
Computational Phonetics and
Phonology
391
Computational Morphology
396
Computational Syntax
397
Computational Semantics
402
Computational Pragmatics
404
Computational Sign Language
405
Applications of Computational
Linguistics
406
Computer Models of Grammar
406
Frequency Analysis, Concordances,
and Collocations
407
Computational Lexicography
Information Retrieval and
Summarization
410
Spell Checkers
411
Machine Translation
412
Computational Forensic
Linguistics
414
Summary
418
References for Further Reading
420
Exercises
421
409
PART
4
Language and Society
CHAPTER
9
Language in Society
4зо
Dialects
430
Regional Dialects
432
Phonological Differences
434
Lexical Differences
435
Dialect Atlases
436
Syntactic Differences
436
Social Dialects
439
The Standard
439
African American English
442
Latino (Hispanic) English
446
Genderlects
448
Sociolinguistic Analysis
451
Languages in Contact
452
Lingua
Francas
453
Contact Languages: Pidgins
and Creoles
454
Creoles and Creolization
457
Bilingualism
460
Codeswitching
461
Language and Education
463
Second-Language Teaching Methods
463
Teaching Reading
465
Bilingual Education
467
Ebonics
468
Language in Use
Styles
469
Slang
470
469
Jargon and Argot
470
Taboo or Not Taboo?
471
Euphemisms
473
Racial and National Epithets
474
Language and Sexism
474
Marked and Unmarked Forms
Secret Languages and Language
Games
476
Summary
477
References for Further Reading
479
Exercises
480
CHAPTER
10
Language Change:
The Syllables of Time
The Regularity of Sound Change
489
Sound Correspondences
490
Ancestral Protolanguages
490
Phonological Change
491
Phonological Rules
492
The Great Vowel Shift
493
Morphological Change
494
Syntactic Change
496
Lexical Change
500
Change in Category
500
Addition of New Words
500
Word Coinage
501
475
Words from Names
502
Blends
503
Reduced Words
504
Borrowings or Loan Words
504
Loss of Words
507
Semantic Change
508
Broadening
508
Narrowing
509
Meaning Shifts
509
Reconstructing Dead Languages
509
The Nineteenth-Century
Comparativists
510
Cognates
511
Comparative Reconstruction
514
Historical Evidence
516
Extinct and Endangered Languages
518
The Genetic Classification of Languages
520
Languages of the World
523
Types of Languages
525
Why Do Languages Change?
528
Summary
530
References for Further Reading
531
Exercises
532
CHAPTER
11
Writing: The ABCs
of Language
540
The History of Writing
541
Pictograms and Ideograms
541
Cuneiform Writing
543
The Rebus Principle
545
From Hieroglyphics to the Alphabet
546
Modern Writing Systems
547
Word Writing
548
Syllabic Writing
549
Consonantal Alphabet Writing
551
Alphabetic Writing
551
Writing and Speech
553
Spelling
556
Spelling Pronunciations
560
Summary
561
References for Further Reading
562
Exercises
563
Glossary
569
Index
601
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| spelling | Fromkin, Victoria 1923-2000 Verfasser (DE-588)11895573X aut An introduction to language Victoria Fromkin ; Robert Rodman ; Nina Hyams 9. ed., Internat. student. ed. Boston Wadsworth, Cengage Learning 2011 XX, 619 S. Ill., graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Linguistik (DE-588)4074250-7 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)4123623-3 Lehrbuch gnd-content Linguistik (DE-588)4074250-7 s DE-604 Rodman, Robert Verfasser (DE-588)136672671 aut Hyams, Nina 1952- Verfasser (DE-588)1014416035 aut Digitalisierung UB Passau application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=018996846&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
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| title_full | An introduction to language Victoria Fromkin ; Robert Rodman ; Nina Hyams |
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| title_sort | an introduction to language |
| topic | Linguistik (DE-588)4074250-7 gnd |
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