Aktivity NKVD/KGB a její spolupráce s tajnými službami střední a východní Evrópy 1945 - 1989: sborník k mezinárodní konferenci ... 2 Sborník k mezinárodní konferenci pořádané v Praze ve dnech 19. - 21. listopadu 2008
Gespeichert in:
| Format: | Buch |
|---|---|
| Sprache: | English Czech |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Praha
Ústav pro Studium Totalitních Režimů
2009
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract |
| Beschreibung: | Zsfassung der Beiträge in engl. Sprache |
| Beschreibung: | 289 S. Ill. |
| ISBN: | 9788087211243 |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text |
OBSAH/CONTENTS:
Panel
1
Archivy bezpečnostních složek v zemích střední a východní Evropy
The
archives
of security forces in Central and Eastern European
countries
VIRGILII! TARAU
(Romania, Collegium of the National Council for the Study of the
Securitate
Archives) i>The saga of the
Securitate
state archive
.11
SVĚTLANA PTÁČNÍKOVA
(Czech Republic,
ABS) > Archiv
bezpečnostních složek a dokumenty
o spolupráci StB
a KGB
-
možnosti bádání
(The Security Forces
Archive
and documents
on cooperation between the
StB and
KGB
-
potential research)
.17
LADISLAV
BUKOVSZKY (Czech Republic,
ABS) >
Ochrana
sovietskych
vojsk a
sovietskych
vojenských objektov
(The protection of
Soviet
troops and Soviet military facilities)
.25
Panel
2
Utváření bezpečnostních aparátů sovětských satelitů
po
2.
světové válce
The establishment of the security apparatus in Soviet satellite states
after World War II
JORDAN BAEV (Bulgaria, Bulgarian Inter-University Cold War Research Group)
>
MGB/KGB cooperation with Bulgarian intelligence and security services
1944-1989.37
CLAUDIU SECASIU (Romania, Collegium of the National Council for the Study of the
Securitate
Archives)
>
Soviet intelligence activities in Romania in the years
1944-1947.51
UUBA DORNIK
ŠUBEU
(Slovenia, Archives of the Republic of Slovenia)
>
The influence of
the NKVD on the establishment of an intelligence and counterintelligence organisation
in Slovenia and Yugoslavia
.,.55
VLADIMÍR BYSTROV
(Czech Republic)
>
Aktivita zvláštních oddílů Lidového
komisariátu
vnitra SSSR
(The activity of special units of the USSR's People's Commissariat
for Internal Affairs)
.,.,.65
JANSONS RITVARS
(Latvia,
State
Archives of Latvia)
>
Činnost kontrarozvědky tajné služby
Lotyšské sovětské socialistické republiky v letech
1945-1991.
(The counterespionage
activities of security institutions in the Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic in the years
1945-1991).75
ANNA GEIFMAN (USA, Boston University)
>
When terrorists come to power:
from underground combat to Cheka-NKVD rule
.81
VÍTĚZSLAV
SOMMER
(Czech Republic,
ÚSTR)
>
Druhý život F. E. Dzeržinského.
Zakladatelská
osobnost sovětského bezpečnostního aparátu jako postava stalinské mytologie (The
second life of
Felix
Dzerzhinsky. The founding father of the Soviet security apparatus as
a figure of Stalinist mythology)
.93
Panel
3
Střední a východní Evropa jako východisko
к
zpravodajskému pronikání na Západ
Central
and Eastern Europe as a starting point
for intelligence infiltration into Western societies
JAMES G. CONNELL Jr., Ph.D., and
SVETLANA SHEVCHENKO
(USA, US
Dept.
of Defence Prisoner
of War/Missing Personnel Office)
>
The role of archival holdings of the security forces of
Russia and the Soviet Union in trying to account for United States prisoners of war and
missing personnel in the Cold War
.107
PROKOP TOMEK
(Czech Republic,
VHÚ)
>
Spolupráce
KGB a StB
proti Rádiu Svobodná
Evropa
(KGB and StB cooperation against Radio Free Europe)
.113
EUGENIE TRUTZSCHLER-FUGNER (Germany,
Thüringer
Landtag)
>
Akce
Nikola:
postup a cíle získávání emigrantů
pro
potřeby Státní bezpečnosti
(Operation Nikola: the
process and objectives of obtaining
émigrés
for State Security purposes)
.121
PAVEL
ŽÁČEK
(Czech Republic,
ÚSTR) > Sovětská pomoc při organizaci služby zvláštního určení
(Soviet assistance during the organisation of the special purposes service)
.133
Panel
4
Průběh rozvoje spolupráce NKVD/KGB se satelitními tajnými službami
The development of cooperation between the NKVD/KGB and satellite
intelligence services
WŁADYSŁAW BULHAK
(Poland, Institute of National Remembrance),
ANDRZEJ PACZKOWSKI
(Poland, Institute of Political Studies of the Polish Academy of Sciences)
>
Soviet friends:
relations between the Soviet and Polish security services in the years
1944-1990,
as exemplified by intelligence issues
.147
PAUL MADDRELL (UK, Aberystwyth University)
>
The
Stasi,
the KGB and the German
Democratic Republic's security and intelligence policy in the years
1953-1957.163
MARTIN
SLAVIK
(Czech Republic,
ÚSTR)
>
Spolupráce rozvědky
StB a KGB
v oblasti
aktivních opatření
(Cooperation between the StB and the KGB in the area
of active measures)
.175
JAN MICHL
(Czech Republic,
ÚSTR)
>
Osmnáct
let
v čele kontrarozvědky.
Josef Stavinoha,
náčelník VKR
1953-1971
(Head of counter-intelligence for
18
years: Josef Stavinoha, chief
of the VKR from
1953
to
1971).185
Panel
5
Operace komunistických tajných služeb, vzájemná kooperace řízená
KGB
The operations of communist intelligence services, joint operations
managed by the KGB
KOSTADIN GROZEV
(Bulgaria, Sofia University)
>
Bulgarian State Security and its monitoring
of US and British diplomats in Sofia in the Cold War years
(1945-1989).193
VLADIMÍR
VARÍNSKY
(Slovakia, Faculty of Humanities,
Matej
Bel University,
Banská
Bystrica)
>
The anti-communist activities of the exiled White Legion and its implementation by the
State Security agency in Slovakia
.203
MICHAL ŠMIGEĽ
(Slovakia,
Katedra
historie
FHV UMB
v Banskej Bystrici
/
Department of
History, Faculty of Humanities,
Matej
Bel University, Banska Bystrica)
o V boji s banderovci na
Slovensku
(1945-1947):
aktivity československých
bezpečnostních složek
proti
UPA
-
spolupráce s
Polskem a SSSR
.217
RICHARD CUMMINGS (USA, RFE) >
KGB-controlled intelligence
operations against
Radio
Free Europe/Radio Liberty
.227
JAN PEŠEK
(Slovakia, HU
SAV) > Ofenziva
Státní bezpečnosti proti francouzskému
generálnímu konzulátu v Bratislavě v letech
1949-1951
a její důsledky (The State
Security
agency's offensive against the French General Consulate in Bratislava in
1949-1951
and
its consequences)
.245
MICHAL MIKLOVIČ
(Slovakia,
ÚPN
/Nation's Memory Institute)
>
Index
nenadálého napadení.
Československá verze
KGB
operace
VRJAN
(Index
of Sudden Attack. The Czechoslovak
version of the KGB's VRYAN operation)
.255
JAN KALOUS
(Czech Republic,
Vysoká škola politických a společenských věd Kolín
/
College of
Political and Social Science)
>
Spolupráce
KGB a StB
při pronikání
do
ruské emigrantské
organizace
NTS (Cooperation between the KGB and StB in the infiltration of the NTS
Russian emigration organisation)
.263
Summaries
.277
Redakční poznámka
U českých
příspěvků
v tomto
sborníku byly v souladu se současnými jazykovými normami provedeny jen
nejnutnější opravy, aby nebyl narušen projev jednotlivých autorů. V anglických textech byly provedeny nutné
stylistické a gramatické úpravy.
Editor's note
Although all the papers have undergone some minor stylistic and grammatical emendations for the
anthology, and every effort has been made to ensure the overall formal consistency of this publication,
the authors' individual contributions are more or less faithful representations of the works they presented
at the conference.
VIRGILII)
TARAU
>
Romania,
Collegium
of the National Council for the Study of the
Securitate
Archives
The saga of the
Securitate
state archive
This paper summarises the history of documents created and amassed by the
Securitate,
from the establishment of this archive at the turn of August and September
1948
up to
the present day. Tarau describes how the approach to
Securitate
documents (which
comprise
20
kilometres of files) has developed since
1989,
whilst taking account of
statutory regulations.
SVĚTLANA PTÁČNÍKOVA
>
Czech Republic, Security Services Archive
Archiv bezpečnostních složek a dokumenty o spolupráci STB a
KGB
-
možnosti bádá ní/Secu rity Services Archive and
documents on
co-operation between STB and KGB - potential research
The objective of this contribution is to brief researchers on the types of materials that
are available in our archive with regard to the aforementioned topic. The Security
Forces Archive provides researchers with a whole range of resources related to
contacts between the security services of both Czechoslovakia and the USSR. There are
different kinds of resources available, ranging from original agreements (and various
types of background information on them) to minutes from meetings, collaboration
plans, reports on state visits, etc. These can be found in practically all the collections
belonging to various divisions of the Interior Ministry, its secretariat, collections of
individual deputy ministers and ministry administration units. This contribution,
however, neither claims nor intends to provide a comprehensive list of all resources.
LADISLAV BUKOVSZKV
>
Czech Republic, Archive of security forces
Ochrana sovietskych vojsk a sovietskych vojenských objektov/
Cooperation of STB
(State
security agency) and KGB on prote¬
ction of Soviet troops and army premises
The events of spring
1968
in Czechoslovakia were followed by the invasion of five
Warsaw Pact armies on
20
August in the same year. The temporary stay of Soviet troops
on the territory of Czechoslovakia was legalised by a treaty concluded between the
governments of the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic and the USSR on
16
October
1968
in Prague. Common tasks handled by the Czechoslovak secret police (StB) and KGB
with regard to the "protection of Soviet Troops and army facilities" were managed by
so-called "collaboration plans" which remained in effect until
1989.
On a national level,
these issues were handled by the II
S SNB
(National Security Corps) department in
cooperation with a special KGB division in
Milovice.
In Slovakia, the performance of
organisational measures was managed by individual StB district administration units
279
with a special KGB division in
Zvolen
and with the KGB's regional representation.
Individual divisions of the StB together with KGB bodies up to the regional level
ensured the security of Soviet troops and protected them from increased scrutiny by
Western secret services using foreign tourists and diplomats as well as local citizens.
JORDAN BAEV f> Bulgaria, Bulgarian Inter-University Cold War Research Group
MGB/KGB cooperation with Bulgarian intelligence and security
services
1944-1989
This contribution focuses on disclosing and summarising the results of a decade of
research into Bulgarian state security records. We can find the basic issues concerning
post-War cooperation between Soviet and Bulgarian security and intelligence services
in around
300
files from the first
22
departmental registers of the Interior Ministry
archive in Sofia, which contain around
27,000
pages Approximately
16,000
pages of
these documents comprise intelligence information, estimates and analyses, which the
KGB regularly sent to Sofia during the period
1954-1989.
More than
11,000
more pages
comprise plans, treaties, protocols and reports on meetings and correspondence between
the Soviet KGB and the Bulgarian state security intelligence and counterintelligence
services
(KDS).
We can also find some documents concerning this issue in the
secret records of the Bulgarian Communist Party (BCP) politburo (preserved in
Bulgarian central state archives) and in the diplomatic archive of the Ministry of
Foreign Affairs.
CLAUDII) SECASIU
>
Romania, Collegium of the National Council for the Study of the
Securitate
Archives
Soviet intelligence activities in Romania in the years
1944-1947
This paper attempts to shed light on an episode in Romania's post-War history that has
remained obscure because of the scarcity of primary sources, particularly the relevant
Soviet ones. According to Romanian narrative sources, the Soviet Intelligence Group
from Romania was disbanded during the summer of
1948.
On
30
August
1948,
the
Securitate
was established, based on the Soviet model. This was led by trusted Soviet
agents and operated under Soviet supervision.
LJUBA DORNIKŠUBEU
►
Slovenia, Archives of the Republic of Slovenia
The influence of the NKVD on the establishment of an
intelligence and counterintelligence organisation in Slovenia
and Yugoslavia
The influence of the NKVD on the establishment of intelligence and counterintelligence
in Slovenia and Yugoslavia was both indirect, via members of the Communist Party,
280
who were in the GPU
-
schools in the Soviet Union, and direct, during WWI from
members of Soviet War missions, members of the GPU and
GRU.
Although the names changed over the years
-
from
VOS,
OZNA, UDBA to SDB
-
the tasks of intelligence and counterintelligence remained the same. OZNA and UDBA
were like the KGB in the Soviet Union. They were non-democratic and turned against
Yugoslav nations, while defending Yugoslavia as a whole.
The year
1948
was a turning point, because Yugoslavia was no longer under the
influence of the KGB, but in a struggle against it.
VLADIMIR BYSTROV
>
Czech Republic
Aktivita zvláštních oddílů Lidového
komisariátu
vnitra
SSSR/The
activity of special units of the USSR's People's Commissariat
for Internal Affairs
The activities of the Soviet Union's People's Commissariat for Internal Affairs (NKVD)
and its SMERSH divisions (SMERSH was the codename derived from the Russian words
"death to spies") during World War II after Russian forces entered foreign countries
was an open police action aimed at searching for and taking into custody individuals
representing significant or even merely potential obstacles to the future Sovietisation
of these states. Operations by NKVD and SMERSH divisions in Czechoslovakia were
conducted completely outside of the law, regardless of whether they occurred during
Czechoslovakia's pre-World War II period, in the period of occupation by Nazi
Germany or during the early years of Czechoslovakia's renewal immediately following
World War II. It also goes without saying that these activities were a complete violation
of the generally acknowledged norms of international law. It is the author's view that
there was no defence against this brutal Soviet aggression, which disregarded all legal
standards customary in civilised Europe since time immemorial.
JANSONS RITVARS
>
Latvia, State Archives of Latvia
Činnost kontrarozvědky tajné služby Lotyšské sovětské socia¬
listické republiky v letech
1945-1
991ДІ1Є
counterespionage
activities of security institutions in the Latvian Soviet Socialist
Republic in the years
1945-1991
The security institutions and Communist Party of the USSR directed the activities of
the security institutions in the Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic (LSSR). As was the
case in other Soviet republics, counterespionage activities in occupied Latvia were not
exclusively focused on foreign intelligence services.
The Soviet regime regarded each Western citizen as a potential spy and conducted
massive control and surveillance measures against foreigners in Latvia. Moreover,
281
Latvian
émigrés,
who lived in the West and visited the LSSR, were seen as potential
agents of foreign secret services.
Counterespionage activities focused on residents of the LSSR who dared to contact
foreigners. Massive counterespionage activities by the LSSR KGB covered many segments
of Latvian society and did not depend on whether the person monitored was an actual
threat to state security. That is why the LSSR KGB partly succeeded in restricting
contact between residents of the LSSR and foreigners. In fulfilling the instructions of the
Communist Party, the LSSR KGB implemented an "Iron Curtain" policy.
ANNA GEIFMAN
>
USA, Boston University
When terrorists come to power: from underground combat to
Cheka-NKVD rule
Russia was the country where, for the first time in history, terrorists acquired control
of the state. Unlike the Jacobins, who had not been perpetrators of political violence
prior to their assumption of power, the Bolsheviks benefited from their terrorist
experience before taking over in November
1917.
Before the revolution, the Bolsheviks
had taken part in terrorist activities, including some of major political significance.
Having assumed control of the Russian administration, Lenin proceeded to implement
government-sponsored machinery-of-state terror so that the conspiratorial nature
of the Bolshevik party was reflected in the new dictatorial regime. The fundamental
features of the newly-established Soviet administration comprised its reliance on
terrorist experience and the terrorist mindset, as well its constant dependence on state-
sponsored political violence, which was evident in the regimes very origins.
VÍTĚZSLAV
SOMMER
в>
Czech Republic, Institute for the Study of Totalitarian Regimes
Druhý život F. E. Dzeržinského.
Zakladatelská osobnost sovět¬
ského bezpečnostního aparátu jako postava stalinské mytolo-
діеЯКіе
second life of Felix Dzerzhinsky. The founding father of
the Soviet security apparatus as a figure of Stalinist mythology
This contribution is dedicated to different views of Felix Edmundovich Dzerzhinsky in
Czechoslovakia in
belle-lettres
and historiography in the period
1948-1989.
It concerns
an analysis of how the public image of secret police activities was constructed by using
references to the founder of the Soviet secret police. The author is going to examine this
issue from the point of view of the strategies used to create a self-contained historical
tradition in communist Czechoslovakia.
282
JAMES
G.
CONNELL, Jr., Ph.D., and
SVETLANA SHEVCHENKO
>
USA, US
Dept.
Of
Defense Prisoner of War/Missing Personnel Office
The role of archival holdings of the security forces of Russia
and the Soviet Union in trying to account for United States
prisoners of war and missing personnel in the Cold War
This paper looks at the search for information on missing US personnel from World War
II, the Korean War, the Vietnam War, and the Cold War in the countries of the former
USSR and the Soviet Bloc. The issue of missing American POWs and the possibility
of their transfer to the former USSR remain key components of the work of the Joint
Commission Support Directorate in support of the US-Russian Joint Commission on
Prisoners of War/Missing in Action. Various investigation techniques are discussed,
including interviews with witnesses, the examination of documentary evidence, and
the importance of access to relevant archives and document declassification. Examples
from each conflict's cases are cited along with statistics concerning the missing.
PROKOP TOMEK
>
Czech Republic, Army Historical Archive
Spolupráce
KGB a StB
proti Rádiu Svobodná Evropa/KGB
and
StB
cooperation against Radio Free Europe
Radio Free Europe (RFE) and Radio Liberty (RL) were among the most visible and vocal
enemies of the Soviet Union and its satellites. Their broadcasts in Soviet satellites were
launched from the beginning of the
1950s.
Regular broadcasts in Czechoslovakia began
on
1
May
1951
from Munich. Broadcasts for citizens of Romania, Hungary, Poland and
Bulgaria followed in
1952.
On
1
March
1953,
RFE was joined by an affiliated station
Radio Liberation, later changed to Radio Liberty, which was intended for citizens of the
Soviet Union. Both stations joined into one entity in
1976
(RFE/RL, Inc.)
One of the things that made RFE and RL extraordinary was their formal
independence, which allowed them to freely and openly comment on and provide
information about the situation in communist countries. Naturally, the entrenched
political values of Western democracies were evident from the very beginning. The
security apparatus of all Soviet Bloc countries united to tackle this vocal enemy.
Cooperation in the fight against RFE took place in several areas.
EUGENIE
TRÜTZSCHLER-FÜGNER
>
Germany,
Thüringer
Landtag
Akce
„Nikola":
postup a cíle získávání emigrantů
pro
potřeby
Státní bezpečnosti/Operation
Nikola: the process and objectives
of obtaining
émigrés
for State Security purposes
In Germany, the NATO Twin-Track Policy was discussed, martial law was declared
in Poland, and Brezhnev died in November
1982.
After a brief historical explication
233
of the political situation in Czechoslovakia and the Federal Republic of Germany at
the time, a specific example of a planned operation will be discussed to illustrate the
circumstances and the way in which the State Security agency was trying to make
contact with emigrants (e.g. vetting people in the neighbourhood of a monitored person
etc.) and to use their knowledge of other emigrants, but primarily to get information
on the particular situation in German and
Sudetenland
institutions as well as on work
in political parties and the parliament. I am going to focus on how this knowledge was
used for the purposes of the Communist Party.
This specific case will illustrate the hierarchical and geographical scope of the
planning for this operation (the number of State Security agency units, the members
of staff involved and the geographical extent of the whole operation). It will also
demonstrate how the State Security agency prepared and performed vetting and
screening procedures. The geographical locations that served as espionage sites will
be presented and circumstantial details wffl also be given. The paper will outline why
the State Security agency was satisfied with the results of vetting procedures and the
information gleaned. Details will also be provided regarding the cases where the
security authorities looked for further information on people and situations.
Moreover, the extent to which the GDR's
Stasi was
consulted with regard to
information on the monitored person/emigrant will be discussed as will the reaction of
the State Security agency to the fact that the operation was not realised.
PAVEL
ŽÁČEK
►
Czech Republic, Institute for the Study of Totalitarian Regimes
Sovětská pomoc při organizaci Služby zvláštního
určení/Soviet
assistance during the organisation of the special purposes service
From
1963,
a special section of the Soviet intelligence agency helped to build a deep-
cover organisational unit of the intelligence administration of the Interior Ministry,
which was known as the special purposes service (the twenty-second and later the
seventh division of the first administration unit of the Interior Ministry). This unit's
objective was to organise and prepare logistics and personnel for special operations
in Western Europe. With the assistance of specialists from the Czechoslovak
People's Army and other forces, the State Security agency managed to build a small
conspiratorial organisation, which was ready to carry out diverse attacks on energy
systems, telecommunications networks, chemical plants, drinking water sources,
nuclear bomb shelters and special units in the Federal Republic of Germany, France
and the Benelux countries. Members of the Soviet intelligence agency transferred their
expertise to comrades in Czechoslovakia, including the means by which people abroad
(so-called traitors) could be physically liquidated. The first stage in the development of
the special purposes service was finished during the Prague Spring of
1968.
284
WŁADYSŁAW
BULHAK
>
Poland, Institute of National Remembrance
ANDRZEJ
PACZKOWSKI
>
Poland, Institute of Political Studies of the Polish Academy
of Sciences
Soviet friends: relations between the Soviet and Polish security
services in the years
1944-1990,
as exemplified by intelligence
issues
In the initial period (by mid-1945), the Soviets supported the organisation and trained
the personnel of the Polish (communist) security services, who participated in operations
conducted by the Soviet repressive machine on Polish territory. Soviet advisers played an
important, but still not completely explored, role in these dealings. Materials that have
survived in vestigial form show that their activity began to focus increasingly on central
planning and supervision around
1947.
In
1956,
during a period when there was a thaw
in relations, these dealings became more like a partnership without ever completely
becoming one. The team of advisers (operating within Public Security Committee
structures) was reorganised into a KGB mission in Warsaw. On
1-3
July
1963,
a top level
meeting took place in Warsaw with a Soviet delegation led by KGB Chairman Vladimir
Y. Semichastny. From May
1961,
an official outpost of the Polish Interior Ministry (the
"Vistula" Operating Group of the Secret Service) operated in Moscow.
PAUL MADDRELL
>
UK, Aberystwyth University
The
Stasi,
the KGB and the German Democratic Republic's
security and intelligence policy in the years
1953-1957
Many historians maintain that communism distorted communist security services' view
of reality so severely that it made them irrational and makes their records unreliable
sources as to the character and extent of resistance to communism. This study tries to
qualify this view. It argues that Erich Mielke and at least parts of the
Stasi in
the
mid-
1950s
were better at understanding intelligence on Western spying, subversion and the
encouragement of resistance than has been realised and that this ability helped the
Stasi
to do severe damage to Western espionage networks and Western-backed resistance
organisations in these years. The
Stasi's
failing was that communism required it to add
a false conspiracy to existing ones. This tendency increased significantly in the wake of
the crisis that erupted in the Soviet Bloc following the beginning of de-Stalinisation in
1956.
In the
mid-1950s,
the
Stasi
became both an increasingly effective security service
and one charged with an impossible task.
285
MARTIN
SLÁVIK
>
Czech Republic, Institute for the Study of Totalitarian Regimes
Spolupráce
rozvědky
StB a KGB
v oblasti aktivních opatření/
Cooperation between the StB and the KGB in the area of active
measures
Active measures used to be one of the prominent methods employed by the Soviet
and Czechoslovak intelligence services. The key focus was on spreading disinformation
and influencing public opinion. In the early
1980s,
their goal was to weaken the
position of the USA in Western Europe, to create a rift within NATO, and to prevent
the implementation of NATO's resolution to deploy a new type of missile in Western
Europe, also known as the NATO Twin-Track decision. They primarily misused the
peace movement for this purpose.
Cooperation was based on using an agent network, exchanging information,
and common consultations. The priorities of active measures were always dictated
by Moscow and the files of active measures clearly illustrate the inferior position of
Czechoslovak intelligence towards KGB officers and their demands.
JAN MICHL
>
Czech Republic, Institute for the Study of Totalitarian Regimes
Osmnáct
let
v čele kontrarozvědky.
Josef Stavinoha,
náčelník
VKR
1953-1
971/Head of counter-intelligence for
18
years: Josef
Stavinoha, chief of the VKR from
1953
to
1971
This contribution deals with the unusual case of Major General Josef Stavinoha, who
was chief of the Military Counterintelligence Agency (VKR) from
1953
to December
1971.
He took office when Stalinism in Czechoslovakia was at its peak and he survived
the whole process of the Prague Spring. In addition to this, what is truly noteworthy is
the fact that he survived the follow-up purges during
1969-1970.
His long sojourn in office would not have been possible without close and obliging
cooperation with the Soviets. The example of Josef Stavinoha may be compared to
other VKR chiefs, who stayed in office for a considerably shorter time.
KOSTADIN GROZEV
>
Bulgaria, Sofia University
Bulgarian State Security and its monitoring of US and British
diplomats in Sofia in the Cold War years
(1945-1989)
With the relevant periodisation, this paper presents a broad analysis of the activities
of the Bulgarian secret services and especially those of Bulgarian counterintelligence
(the Second Main Department of State Security), which were targeted at monitoring
Western diplomats and the work of their embassies in Sofia in the period
1945-1989.
The work primarily focuses on efforts to infiltrate the US diplomatic representation in
Sofia with some additional insights on materials and cases involving diplomats from
other, West European countries (the UK, West Germany, France, etc.). The paper sums
up the results of several years of work under various projects on declassifying and
publishing original sources on those activities.
VLADIMIR
VARÍNSKY
>
Slovakia, Faculty of Humanities,
Matej
Bel University,
Banská
Bystrica
The anti-communist activities of the exiled White Legion and its
implementation by the State Security agency in Slovakia
The presented paper is a study of the White Legion broadcaster as well as a summary
of the reasons for the creation of White Legion organisations in Slovakia. The research
proves that there were several circumstances that stimulated their establishment. The
protagonists of White Legion broadcasting from abroad played a primary role in this.
They misused the anonymity of the representatives of the White Legion abroad. Other
immigrant groups and possibly some foreign news headquarters also worked under
the veil of White Legion broadcasts and thus tried to fulfil their own objectives. In a
similar way, yet with a different purpose, the Czechoslovak secret police (State Security)
provoked people into anti-state activities in order to present some results of their work.
Consequently, they also possibly initiated the creation of some of the White Legion
organisations. The last reason for their creation was their spontaneous occurrence as a
result of a growing rift between the people and the practices of the totalitarian regime.
MICHAL ŠMIGEL
>
Slovakia, Department of History, Faculty of Humanities,
Matej
Bel
University, Banska Bystrica
V boji s banderovci na Slovensku
(1945-1947):
aktivity česko¬
slovenských
bezpečnostních složek
proti
UPA
-spolupráce
s
Polskem a SSSR/Battling
with
"Banderas"
in Slovakia
(1945-
1947):
the activities of Czechoslovak security services against
the
UPA
-
cooperation with Poland and the USSR
So-called "Incursions of
Banderas"
(members of a Ukrainian Insurgent Army
(UPA)
named after the Ukrainian nationalist
Stepán
Bandera)
into the territory of Czecho¬
slovakia (specifically Slovakia) and their activity in the country in the form of raids
between
1945
and
1947
(in three phases) was intentionally misused by communist
propaganda through being exaggerated and interpreted as an alleged threat to the
country. The first reports of incursions by
UPA
units into Slovakia in the autumn of
1945
had already worried Lavrentiy Beria in Moscow. Consequently, one military
unit was sent from the USSR to Slovakia. At the same, time, when
Banderas
incursi¬
ons in Slovakia took place, a special group of officials from the NKVD (the People's
Commissariat of Internal Affairs) was transported to the territory and the State
Security agency in east Slovakia was restructured. It cannot be ruled out that there
287
was a pseudo-Banderas group set up by the NKVD operating in north-east Slovakia.
In the following period, an agreement was concluded on cross-border cooperation
between Czechoslovak security forces and the border armies of the NKVD during
the elimination of the
Banderas
groups. A similar agreement was signed in
1946
with
Polish security forces, which helped coordinate these activities among the three states
(Czechoslovakia, Poland and the USSR).
RICHARD CUMMINGS
>*
USA, Radio Free
Evrope
KGB-controlled intelligence operations against Radio Free
Europe/Radio Liberty
Case Study One: Agent
KRÜGER:
The KGB originally recruited Radio Liberty
employee
KRÜGER in 1972
but turned this operation over to the East German
Intelligence Service HVA, which then controlled him until at least
1986. KRÜGER
reportedly never knew he was working for the HVA (and therefore the KGB), but
was led to believe his information was for British Intelligence, with whom he had
been associated during World War Two in the Balkans. In
1986,
the HVA stopped
the operation after the defection of a KGB officer, who knew about the
KRÜGER
connection. He was reportedly paid an average of
1,000
DM per month and a total of
100,000
DM for his information. Case Study Two: SNB Agents
TARAS,
NIKOLAI,
ČERNÝ
and others: The Ukrainian minority in Czechoslovakia was of continuing
concern to both the Soviet KGB's Fifth Directorate and Second Administration as
well as to the Tvelfth Division of the Czechoslovak National Security Corps
(Sbor
národní bezpečnosti
-
SNB). This was probably due to the fact that Ukrainian
exiles normally would not have suspected anyone from the Ukrainian minority
in Slovakia to be engaged in espionage against Radio Liberty and other Ukrainian
exile institutions. The SNB sent agents to contact and report on Ukrainian Service
employees at Radio Liberty, the Free Ukrainian University in Munich, and various
church, political and academic leaders in the West. Joint operations were discussed
at an intelligence meeting that took place in Moscow. The SNB sent reports of the
operations to the KGB and also asked the KGB to confirm certain information they
had received.
On
11
September
1978,
Bulgarian
émigré
writer and broadcast journalist
Georgi
Markov died in London at
49
years of age. His murder by a lciller armed with a so-called
"poisoned umbrella" remains one of the Cold War's greatest unsolved mysteries.
Officers of the inteUigence services of Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Hungary,
East Germany, Poland, and the USSR met on
12-13
February
1976
in Prague and
exchanged experiences on active measures, both completed and those in preparation,
against "the centres of ideological diversion": Free Europe (RFE) and Radio Liberty
288
(RL).
They concluded that the minimum objective was the necessity to expel
these "US centres of diversion" from Europe; the optimal goal would be their total
liquidation. They drafted a Work Plan and submitted it to their respective services.
JAN PEŠEK
>
Slovakia, Institute of History of Slovak Academy of Science
Ofenzíva Státní bezpečnosti proti francouzskému
generálnímu konzulátu v Bratislavě v letech
1949-1951
a její důsledky/The State
Security agency's offensive against the
French General Consulate in Bratislava in
1949-1951
and its
consequences
In the environment of a bipolarised world, the State Security agency (StB) classified
Western institutions and consulates in Czechoslovakia as centres of "espionage and
disruptive activities." They focused mainly on the USA and Great Britain, but their
activities were also aimed at all Western institutions including French bodies. The
activities also comprised the intensive monitoring of the French General Consulate in
Bratislava, including the Consul General E.M.
Manách,
which started in July
1949.
Using
agents and Consulate employees, the StB managed to get into the "enemy premises" of
the Consulate, which was a great success under Czechoslovak conditions. Initially, the
infiltration of the Consulate was coordinated by members of the StB in Bratislava, and
this was subsequently taken over by the Prague centre. Operation "Monaco" was carried
out by the StB from January till the end of spring
1951.
According to available findings,
this involved espionage, assistance with the illegal emigration of Czechoslovak citizens
and cooperation with the "ONBRA anti-state organization." The StB discredited the
Consulate and prepared a monster-trial of local people accused of collaborating with
"French spies". The trial of
Dlouhý, Velecký
et al,
which was held in June
1951,
was
staged as a theatre play for the general public and it resulted in two death penalties and
various long-term prison sentences.
MICHAL MIKLOVIČ
^Slovakia, Nation's Memory Institute
Index
nenadálého napadení. Československá verze
KGB
operace
VRJAN/lndex of Sudden Attack. The Czechoslovak ver¬
sion of the KGB's VRYAN operation
In
1982,
the KGB started an operation aimed at detecting preparations to launch
an Unexpected Rocket-Nuclear Attack (Russian:
Vnězapnoje raketno-jaděrnoje
napaděnije
-
VRYAN) on the USSR and other communist states. The secret services of
other communist countries participated in this manoeuvre. The Czechoslovak version
of the VRYAN operation had several codenames. During the period
1985-1989,
it was
loiown as INN
-
Index of Sudden Attack. The basis of the operation was to determine,
289
detect and evaluate signs, which were divided into five groups: political, military,
economic, civil defence and special services.
Several security corps worked on this operation in Czechoslovakia. Foreign
intelligence (I. Administration) was the department that sponsored the operation and
was primarily responsible for its implementation. Operation INN was given the status
of "Priority Goal No.
1."
A report was compiled out of collected information once
a month, and a copy of this was sent to the KGB.
55
ordinary and
19
extraordinary
reports were compiled in the period from
16
June
1983
to
19
December
1989.
The INN operation was halted in
1990
after the collapse of the communist regime
and the disbandment of State Security. A file on operational correspondence concerning
this initiative was archived on
13
September
1990.
Despite the fact that massive human
and financial resources were expended in this operation, State Security found no
relevant information on the preparation of an unexpected nuclear attack.
JAN KALOUS
>
Czech Republic, Kolin College of Political and Social Science
Spolupráce
KGB a StB
při pronikání
do
ruské emigrantské
organizace
NTS/Cooperation between the KGB and StB in the
infiltration of the NTS Russian emigration organisation
This contribution focuses on cooperation between the KGB and the Czechoslovak State
Security agency (StB) in the infiltration of the NTS Russian
émigré
organisation. Apart
from its general framework, several specific cases on which the StB and KGB clearly
collaborated (especially from the
1970s
and
1980s)
are also presented.
Studies and analyses of available agency documentation naturally raise the issue of
how this mutual cooperation should be evaluated: How efficient and successful was the
infiltration of the NTS? |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
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| era_facet | Geschichte 1945-1989 |
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| genre_facet | Konferenzschrift 2008 Prag |
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| geographic_facet | Mitteleuropa Sowjetunion |
| id | DE-604.BV036099859 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2025-03-15T17:00:42Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9788087211243 |
| language | English Czech |
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| oclc_num | 644100871 |
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| owner_facet | DE-12 DE-739 |
| physical | 289 S. Ill. |
| publishDate | 2009 |
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| publisher | Ústav pro Studium Totalitních Režimů |
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| spelling | Aktivity NKVD/KGB a její spolupráce s tajnými službami střední a východní Evrópy 1945 - 1989 sborník k mezinárodní konferenci ... 2 Sborník k mezinárodní konferenci pořádané v Praze ve dnech 19. - 21. listopadu 2008 [ed.: Kateřina Volná] ; [autoři příspěvků: Virgiliu Tarau ...] Praha Ústav pro Studium Totalitních Režimů 2009 289 S. Ill. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Zsfassung der Beiträge in engl. Sprache Geschichte 1945-1989 gnd rswk-swf Geheimdienst (DE-588)4019737-2 gnd rswk-swf Mitteleuropa (DE-588)4039677-0 gnd rswk-swf Sowjetunion (DE-588)4077548-3 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)1071861417 Konferenzschrift 2008 Prag gnd-content Sowjetunion (DE-588)4077548-3 g Geheimdienst (DE-588)4019737-2 s Mitteleuropa (DE-588)4039677-0 g Geschichte 1945-1989 z DE-604 Volná, Kateřina Sonstige oth Ţârău, Virgiliu 1970- Sonstige (DE-588)1126283673 oth (DE-604)BV036099835 2 Digitalisierung BSBMuenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=018990249&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=018990249&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
| spellingShingle | Aktivity NKVD/KGB a její spolupráce s tajnými službami střední a východní Evrópy 1945 - 1989 sborník k mezinárodní konferenci ... Geheimdienst (DE-588)4019737-2 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4019737-2 (DE-588)4039677-0 (DE-588)4077548-3 (DE-588)1071861417 |
| title | Aktivity NKVD/KGB a její spolupráce s tajnými službami střední a východní Evrópy 1945 - 1989 sborník k mezinárodní konferenci ... |
| title_auth | Aktivity NKVD/KGB a její spolupráce s tajnými službami střední a východní Evrópy 1945 - 1989 sborník k mezinárodní konferenci ... |
| title_exact_search | Aktivity NKVD/KGB a její spolupráce s tajnými službami střední a východní Evrópy 1945 - 1989 sborník k mezinárodní konferenci ... |
| title_full | Aktivity NKVD/KGB a její spolupráce s tajnými službami střední a východní Evrópy 1945 - 1989 sborník k mezinárodní konferenci ... 2 Sborník k mezinárodní konferenci pořádané v Praze ve dnech 19. - 21. listopadu 2008 [ed.: Kateřina Volná] ; [autoři příspěvků: Virgiliu Tarau ...] |
| title_fullStr | Aktivity NKVD/KGB a její spolupráce s tajnými službami střední a východní Evrópy 1945 - 1989 sborník k mezinárodní konferenci ... 2 Sborník k mezinárodní konferenci pořádané v Praze ve dnech 19. - 21. listopadu 2008 [ed.: Kateřina Volná] ; [autoři příspěvků: Virgiliu Tarau ...] |
| title_full_unstemmed | Aktivity NKVD/KGB a její spolupráce s tajnými službami střední a východní Evrópy 1945 - 1989 sborník k mezinárodní konferenci ... 2 Sborník k mezinárodní konferenci pořádané v Praze ve dnech 19. - 21. listopadu 2008 [ed.: Kateřina Volná] ; [autoři příspěvků: Virgiliu Tarau ...] |
| title_short | Aktivity NKVD/KGB a její spolupráce s tajnými službami střední a východní Evrópy 1945 - 1989 |
| title_sort | aktivity nkvd kgb a jeji spoluprace s tajnymi sluzbami stredni a vychodni evropy 1945 1989 sbornik k mezinarodni konferenci sbornik k mezinarodni konferenci poradane v praze ve dnech 19 21 listopadu 2008 |
| title_sub | sborník k mezinárodní konferenci ... |
| topic | Geheimdienst (DE-588)4019737-2 gnd |
| topic_facet | Geheimdienst Mitteleuropa Sowjetunion Konferenzschrift 2008 Prag |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=018990249&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=018990249&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV036099835 |
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