Cykle rozwoju ludności Karpat Polskich w XIX i XX wieku:
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Polish |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Kraków
Instytut Geografii i Gospodarki Przestrzennej Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego
2008
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract |
| Beschreibung: | Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: Population growth cycles in the Polish Carpathian Mountains during the 19th and 20th centuries. - Spis tabel i rycin w jęz. pol. i ang |
| Beschreibung: | 141 s., [26] k. tabl. złoż. graph. Darst., Kt. 24 cm |
| ISBN: | 9788388424373 |
Internformat
MARC
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804141161965682688 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Spis treści
Wprowadzenie
.......................................................................................................................................7
Rozdział
1
Zagadnienia metodyczne
................................................................................................................13
1.1.
Cel, zakres czasowy i przestrzenny, układ pracy
..................................................13
1.2.
Materiały źródłowe, ich charakterystyka i ocena
.................................................17
1.3.
Metody opracowania materiałów kartograficznych i statystycznych
............21
1.4.
Literatura przedmiotu badań
.....................................................................................28
1.5.
Pojęcie cykli rozwoju ludności
...................................................................................30
Rozdział
2
Zarys rozwoju ludności Karpat Polskich
.................................................................................35
2.1.
Rozwój ludnościowy Karpat Polskich w
XIX
i
XX
wieku
.................................35
2.2.
Przesłanki rozwoju ludności Karpat Polskich w odniesieniu
do innych regionów górskich (na przykładzie Owernii)
..................................41
Rozdział
3
Cykle rozwoju ludności
...................................................................................................................45
3.1.
Cykl demograficzny (transformacja demograficzna)
.........................................45
3.2.
Cykl kolonizacji terenów górskich
........................................................................... 58
3.3.
Cykle redystrybucji ludności
......................................................................................66
3.3.1.
Redystrybucja w układzie pionowym
(według pięter wysokościowych nad poziomem morza)
.................................. 66
3.3.2.
Redystrybucja w układzie poziomym (wewnątrzregionalnym)
........................74
Rozdział
4
Przyczyny przemian demograficznych Karpat Polskich
w
XIX
i
XX
wieku
...............................................................................................................................93
Rozdział
5
Podsumowanie
................................................................................................................................... 103
Literatura
.............................................................................................................................................109
Summary
Population growth cycles in the Polish Carpathian Mountains
during the 19th and 20th centuries
............................................................................................. 123
Spis tabel................................................................................................................................................
129
List of tables
.........................................................................................................................................129
Spis rycin
...............................................................................................................................................131
List of figures
...................................................................................................................................... 137
Summary
Population growth cycles
in the Polish Carpathian Mountains
during the 19th and 20th centuries
The purpose of this book is to describe general tendencies and population
growth in the Polish Carpathian Mountains during the last two centuries. With
this background in mind, the specific goal is to identify the population process of
places within the Polish Carpathians during the demographic transition period
as well as to identify population growth cycles in the mountain region. Basing
research on the quantitative and spatial aspects of demographic changes, it was
assumed that population growth cycles are defined as changes in population over
time whose magnitude indicates meaningful sequential changes in population
as reflected by:
1)
strong dynamics of population processes,
2)
the recurrence of
these processes in defined series, and
3)
specific population patterns in respect to
altitude levels and
intra-
regional differences.
The method in this work attempts to present a research procedure that
allows analysis of long-term demographic changes using a wide variety of
source materials. It is important to note that, in Poland, researchers working on
the demographic past of the nation must prepare their own source materials. Such
materials ought to be credible and comparable in time and space
-
these being
necessary preconditions in research work.
The spatial scope of this research encompasses the Polish Carpathian
Mountains, located in the southeastern part of the country. This is one of Poland s
defined physical geographic regions (Kondracki,
1998).
The boundaries of this
region are: the country s southern border with Slovakia and the Czech Republic,
its eastern border with Ukraine, and the northern boundary defined based on
Maria Soja
-
Cykle rozwoju ludności Karpat Polskich w
XIX
i
XX
wieku
morphological characteristics and aligned with administrative units which are
located within the Carpathian region (counties and cities
- 223
units altogether).
In the case of administrative units such as cities and villages
(1891
units),
only those units with
75%
of their area (including the village center) within
the Carpathian region were counted. The region in question has an area of
19,500
square kilometers and is partially located in the following voivodships:
śląskie,
małopolskie, podkarpackie.
The temporal scope of this work encompasses the 19th and 20th centuries. Its
limits are marked by the dates of the following population censuses: the Austrian
Census of
1869
and the Polish Census of
1988.
During this period of time,
the Polish Carpathians were located within two separate political entities
(1869-
-1918
within the province of
Galicia
-
Austro-Hungarian Empire; and from
1918
within Poland) and were subject to the influence of three different political and
economic systems (pre-World War I, interwar period, post-World War II until
1989).
The research is based on
12
population censuses: five Austrian
(1869,1880,
1980, 1900, 1910)
and seven Polish
(1921, 1931, 1950, 1960, 1970, 1978, 1988).
The last census mentioned
(1988)
also marks the endpoint of the Communist
era. This study is retrospective in nature. The demographic past of the Polish
Carpathians is presented thanks to the extension of chronological population
data from
1988
back to
1869.
While the Carpathians are the main focus of this
work, there are also references to
Auvergne, a
mountainous region located
within the French Massif Central. This region is similar to the Carpathians
in terms of its natural environment, but is different in terms of social, economic,
and demographic issues. The temporal scope of the source materials for
Auvergne
(1872-1990)
corresponds to that for the Carpathians, thus making historical
comparisons possible.
Auvergne
is not a model region for this type of research
work. It was chosen because of the availability of statistical population data for
the time period of interest, which has helped in the evaluation of certain research
methods.
The Carpathians are a rural region, with only
7.2%
of the population residing
in urbanized areas in
1869
and
35.2%
in
1998.
It is home to
11%
of the nations
rural population
(1998).
Its population growth has been characterized by
a growing rural population, which has been in decline elsewhere in the country
(Fig.
2.2.).
This is in contrast with the situation in other mountainous regions
of Europe. Most of them have been depopulating for many years
-
in the case
of
Auvergne
for over a century.
124
Population
growth cycles in the Polish Carpathian Mountains during the 19h and 20th centuries
Demographic growth in the Polish Carpathians during the 19th and 20th
centuries took place based on a model that can be described as systematic
growth . This model did not always hold because of natural disasters (19th century)
or wars (20th century), but always returned to a state of relative equilibrium and
then of relative growth. It is characterized by systematic processes and tendencies
which are in line with national trends, although occurring at a slower rate in this
particular region.
Four development cycles have been identified for the Polish Carpathians in
the 19th and 20th centuries:
1)
a demographic cycle
-
demographic transition (based
on
Rosset, 1987), 2)
a colonization cycle (based on the dates of establishment
of particular settlements in selected areas), and
3)
a population redistribution cycle
based on population patterns in reference to altitude above sea level
(microscale
changes using temporal analysis),
4)
a spatial population redistribution cycle
(microscale
changes using secular analysis). Certain cycle models have been
proposed.
The characterization of general tendencies in population growth in the Polish
Carpathian Mountains during the 19th and 20th centuries has allowed for the
identification of the course and location of the Carpathian population during the
demographic transformation process described as a demographic cycle (Fig.
3.1.
and 3.2.). In the most general terms, the modernization of Carpathian society,
that is the transition from a traditional society to a modern one, lasted almost
90
years, which was
10
years more than in the case of the rest of Poland.
The demographic transition of the entire population of the Polish Carpathians began
in earnest around the end of the 19th century
( 1895),
which was also true for the rest
of Poland
(Porażka,
1987; Korcelli,
Gawryszewski, Potrykowska,
1992;
Zamorski,
1995).
This phenomenon started later in Poland than in Western Europe, where
the second phase of the demographic transition had begun as early as
1870.
The reason for this was differences in fundamental parameters of natural mobility
as well as in the length of the first preparatory phase (longer in Eastern vs. Western
Europe). Furthermore, an important role in
Galicia
was played by other factors
such as hunger and epidemics
(Fig. 3.3.).
The demographic cycle of Carpathian
society came to an end during the late 19th century (Fig.
3.4.
and 3.5.).
The diversity of the natural environment in mountainous regions makes them
the last to be colonized (settled), a process which takes longer than elsewhere.
The colonization cycle of mountainous regions is defined as the establishment
of settlements (in empty or sparsely populated areas) which fill out an entire
region at all available altitudes. This cycle lasted over
300
years in the Polish
125
Maria Soja
-
Cykle rozwoju ludności Karpat Polskich w
XIX
i
XX
wieku
Carpathian
region
and came to a close at the end of the 16th century
(Przyboś
К.,
1995).
Research has shown the point in time when this cycle came to a close in
the least accessible and most forested of mountain areas (Fig.
3.14.
and
3.16.).
The ethnic and cultural diversity of the Carpathian population is the result of the
colonization (settlement) of this region by Vlachs, Rusyns and Germans, as well
as migrations to this region from Western Europe (Jews, Gypsies, Germans). One
historical era in the social development of the Carpathians characterized by its
great diversity can be observed as ending in Fig.
3.18.
and
3.24.
The reason for this
is the results of World War II and particular state policies directed at the Rusyns
in the
1940s.
In other words, the cycle of diversity comes to an end at this time.
The Carpathian region is now inhabited by negligible numbers of Lemkos and
Gypsies, whereas Jews and Boykos have disappeared from the cultural landscape
altogether.
Population levels and densities normally tend to decline the higher
the altitude above sea level in mountain regions (Fig.
3.25.
and
3.26.).
It is assumed
here that the concept of a population growth cycle is defined as sequential changes
in its dynamics, encompassing periodic inclines (called population) and declines
(called depopulation). In the Carpathian region, population processes decidedly
outweigh depopulation processes if one considers the spatial and temporal
scope of these processes (Fig.
3.27.).
Changes in the population of rural areas
during the
1869-1988
period, analyzed in terms of altitude above sea level, have
indicated the existence of a vertical population redistribution cycle (Fig.
3.32).
The redistribution of population took place starting with higher altitudes and
progressing towards lower ones. On a region-wide scale, depopulation appeared in
the 1880s and lasted until the early 20th century above
600
meters above sea level.
A second depopulation process (on a smaller scale) appeared in the
1970s
and
soon disappeared
-
the difference being that it took place below
600
meters above
sea level. The same phenomenon, analyzed on a local scale (e.g. the Lemko sub-
region
-
Fig.
3.29.),
looked somewhat different. Depopulation processes appeared
in the 1870s, earlier than in the Carpathian region as a whole, encompassing
higher altitudes and the entire Lemko sub-region in the early 1900s. This resembles
the situation in
Auvergne
more than it does that in the Polish Carpathians.
A two-century analysis of demographic processes has allowed for
a deeper look at the population changes of the Carpathian region
-
especially on
the microscale. A temporal-spatial model of population redistribution has been
formulated for the Polish Carpathian Mountains for the
19*
and
20*
centuries
(Fig.
3.54.).
Research concerning the demographic and economic development
126
Population growth cycles in the Polish Carpathian Mountains during the 19th and 20th centuries
of the region during the post-World War II period usually shows a Tarnow-
-Krynica demarcation line which divides it into a western and an eastern part.
From a 19th and 20th century perspective, this region is divided into a northern
and a southern part. Spatial differences in population changes between
the northern part and the southern part came into being during the colonization
period and have lasted well into the 20th century. This system was distorted
by both world wars, natural disasters, and changes in political boundaries. Looking
at the next several decades, it can be argued that the north-south spatial system
will continue to exist. Research has shown that natural population growth in
the Polish Carpathians is slowing down, which indicates demographic stabilization
in the region. At the same time, there is no indication of a depopulation trend
in the region.
127
|
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| author_facet | Soja, Maria |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Soja, Maria |
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| contents | "Literatura" s. 109-121 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)297852912 (DE-599)BVBBV036096042 |
| era | Geschichte 1800-2000 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1800-2000 |
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| geographic | Karpaten (DE-588)4029760-3 gnd Polen (DE-588)4046496-9 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Karpaten Polen |
| id | DE-604.BV036096042 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T22:11:29Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9788388424373 |
| language | Polish |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-018986536 |
| oclc_num | 297852912 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 |
| physical | 141 s., [26] k. tabl. złoż. graph. Darst., Kt. 24 cm |
| publishDate | 2008 |
| publishDateSearch | 2008 |
| publishDateSort | 2008 |
| publisher | Instytut Geografii i Gospodarki Przestrzennej Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Soja, Maria Verfasser aut Cykle rozwoju ludności Karpat Polskich w XIX i XX wieku Maria Soja Kraków Instytut Geografii i Gospodarki Przestrzennej Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego 2008 141 s., [26] k. tabl. złoż. graph. Darst., Kt. 24 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: Population growth cycles in the Polish Carpathian Mountains during the 19th and 20th centuries. - Spis tabel i rycin w jęz. pol. i ang "Literatura" s. 109-121 Geschichte 1800-2000 gnd rswk-swf Bevölkerung (DE-588)4006287-9 gnd rswk-swf Karpaten (DE-588)4029760-3 gnd rswk-swf Polen (DE-588)4046496-9 gnd rswk-swf Polen (DE-588)4046496-9 g Karpaten (DE-588)4029760-3 g Bevölkerung (DE-588)4006287-9 s Geschichte 1800-2000 z DE-604 Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=018986536&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=018986536&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
| spellingShingle | Soja, Maria Cykle rozwoju ludności Karpat Polskich w XIX i XX wieku "Literatura" s. 109-121 Bevölkerung (DE-588)4006287-9 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4006287-9 (DE-588)4029760-3 (DE-588)4046496-9 |
| title | Cykle rozwoju ludności Karpat Polskich w XIX i XX wieku |
| title_auth | Cykle rozwoju ludności Karpat Polskich w XIX i XX wieku |
| title_exact_search | Cykle rozwoju ludności Karpat Polskich w XIX i XX wieku |
| title_full | Cykle rozwoju ludności Karpat Polskich w XIX i XX wieku Maria Soja |
| title_fullStr | Cykle rozwoju ludności Karpat Polskich w XIX i XX wieku Maria Soja |
| title_full_unstemmed | Cykle rozwoju ludności Karpat Polskich w XIX i XX wieku Maria Soja |
| title_short | Cykle rozwoju ludności Karpat Polskich w XIX i XX wieku |
| title_sort | cykle rozwoju ludnosci karpat polskich w xix i xx wieku |
| topic | Bevölkerung (DE-588)4006287-9 gnd |
| topic_facet | Bevölkerung Karpaten Polen |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=018986536&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=018986536&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT sojamaria cyklerozwojuludnoscikarpatpolskichwxixixxwieku |