"Dziennik wojny trojanskiej" Diktysa z Krety: studium historycznoliterackie
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| Main Author: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Book |
| Language: | Polish |
| Published: |
Kraków
Wydawn. Uniwersytetu Jagiellonskiego
2009
|
| Edition: | Wyd. 1. |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract |
| Item Description: | Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: "The journal of the Trojan war" by Dictys of Crete |
| Physical Description: | 289, [1] s. 24 cm. |
| ISBN: | 9788323327813 |
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MARC
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| 100 | 1 | |a Bobrowski, Antoni |e Verfasser |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a "Dziennik wojny trojanskiej" Diktysa z Krety |b studium historycznoliterackie |c Antoni Bobrowski |
| 250 | |a Wyd. 1. | ||
| 264 | 1 | |a Kraków |b Wydawn. Uniwersytetu Jagiellonskiego |c 2009 | |
| 300 | |a 289, [1] s. |c 24 cm. | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 500 | |a Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: "The journal of the Trojan war" by Dictys of Crete | ||
| 600 | 0 | 7 | |a Dictys |c Cretensis |d ca. 2./3. Jh. |t Ephemeris belli Troiani |0 (DE-588)4211814-1 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
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| 689 | 0 | 0 | |a Dictys |c Cretensis |d ca. 2./3. Jh. |t Ephemeris belli Troiani |0 (DE-588)4211814-1 |D u |
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Record in the Search Index
| _version_ | 1804141158295666688 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Spis
tresei
Wprowadzenie
.......................................................................................................... 7
Rozdział I Diktys, Lucjusz Septymiusz i
Troiani belli verior
textus
....................... 11
Rozdział
II
„Dziennik wojny trojańskiej jako przykład fałszerstwa literackiego
w obrębie nurtu starożytnej polemiki z Homerem
................................. 47
A. Starożytna tradycja „poprawiania błędów Homera
........................ 47
B. Strategia uwierzytelnienia przekazu w pseudohistorycznej wersji
Diktysa
.............................................................................................. 64
Odnalezienie i wydanie dzieła
.......................................................... 65
Postać autora
..................................................................................... 67
Źródłowa podbudowa relacji: autopsja i przekazy wiarygodnych
świadków
.......................................................................................... 70
Forma i treść relacji
.......................................................................... 74
Główne tendencje w kształtowaniu relacji: racjonalizm
i deheroizacja
.................................................................................... 80
Rozdział III Struktura i techniki narracyjne „Dziennika Diktysa
............................. 91
A. Koncepcja narratora w „Dzienniku
................................................ 91
B. Struktura narracyjna opowieści o wojnie trojańskiej
....................... 99
C. Konstrukcja głównych
ram
kompozycyjnych
................................. 121
D. Przejścia kompozycyjne pomiędzy księgami
1-V
............................ 125
E. Zmienność planów fabularnych i różnicowanie sposobów opisu....
130
F. Technika modyfikacj i tradycyjnych rozwiązań fabularnych
............ 138
Rozdział
IV
Bohaterowie „Dziennika wojny trojańskiej
-
zbiorowości i jednostki...
155
A. Społeczność trojańska
...................................................................... 157
B. Społeczność grecka
.......................................................................... 168
С
Bohaterowie indywidualni
................................................................ 178
Achilles
............................................................................................. 178
Eneasz
............................................................................................... 189
Antenor
............................................................................................. 200
Palamedes.........................................................................................
207
Ulisses
............................................................................................... 216
Priam
................................................................................................. 223
Postacie kobiet
.................................................................................. 230
Helena
......................................................................................... 230
Poliksena
..................................................................................... 233
Hekuba
........................................................................................ 237
Rozdział
V
Założenia i cele literackie kroniki Diktysa
............................................. 239
A. Problem przynależności gatunkowej tekstu
..................................... 239
B. Przeznaczenie dzieła i jego adresat
.................................................. 253
Zakończenie
................................................................................................................... 261
Bibliografia
.................................................................................................................... 265
Indeks autorów
............................................................................................................... 279
Indeks postaci mitologicznych
....................................................................................... 281
Summary
........................................................................................................................ 285
Summary
The Journal of the Trojan War by Dictys of Crete
A Historical and Literary Study
The history of the Trojan war, together with Homer s name, marks the dawn of the
Greek literature; together the story and the name are cornerstones of ancient Graeco-
-Roman cultural tradition. It was in the shadow of this name and this narrative that the
ancient literary and artistic production developed for many centuries. The Iliad and the
Odyssey have become permanent models for narratives describing great military conflict
between the Trojans and the Greeks, as far as both the content and the form are concerned.
The works of Homer, together with the Epic Cycle, were perceived by the ancient audi¬
ence as canonical versions of the mythological narrative.
Ephemeris Belli
Troiani
is one of the ancient examples of a polemical approach to¬
wards this great tradition. A small work, written in simple prosaic style, the Ephemeris
encompasses the whole story of the Trojan war, starting with the description of its cause,
the abduction of the Greek leader Menelaos wife by Paris-Alexander, and finishing with
the story of the triumphant Greek army s return from Troad to Greece. The specific fea¬
tures of the Journal are determined by the fact that the work was planned by its author
as a pseudoepigraphic writing, supposed to be understood as an authentic document of
the past, an account created by an eyewitness present at the events. It was with this aim
that the character of Dictys the Chronicler was invented, while at the same time all the
traces of the original author s identity have been carefully removed. This was done, as it
turns out, so thoroughly that his identification today is all but impossible. All we know
is the name of a Lucius Septimius, the Roman translator of the Greek original. Only the
Latin version is extant today; it consists of six books, prefaced by the dedicatory epistle
(Epistula) and the prologue
(Prológus).
The contents of the epistle suggest that books
I-IV, describing the origins of the war and its history up until the destruction of Troy, are
a faithful rendition of the Greek version of the text, while book VI, describing the return
of the triumphant Greek commanders to their native land, is just a condensed summary
of the remaining books of the original. Both the epistle and the prologue contain informa¬
tion about the supposed author of the chronicle. According to this account, he was a man
named Dictys, a companion to the Cretan commander Idomeneus, known well from the
Iliad. Dictys supposedly arrived at Troy with Idomeneus and at his command wrote down
285
ajournai
concerning the events of war, of which he was an eyewitness. According the
Dictys last will the work was buried together with him in his grave and found accidentally
only after many centuries, in the times of Roman Nero. As an eyewitness account, the
relation of Dictys was meant to be closer to the historical truth than the poetic vision of
Homer, especially because the anonymous author composed it in a simple form, resem¬
bling a fact-based war journal (Gr. ephemeris,
Lat.
commentar
tus).
The initial set of problems that a scholar working on the Journal must deal with is con¬
nected with the character of the work, consciously planned as a literary forgery; there is
also a problem of the existence of two language versions, with the original one being lost.
Since nothing is known about the original author, the Greek version can be only roughly
dated to the
2nd
с
AD, which is suggested by the notion of Nero s reign (terminus post
quern) as well as by the literary context of the Second Sophistic. We know of at least
a few works composed at that time, dealing with the topic of the Trojan war and polemical
towards the Homeric tradition. One of them is
Τροικός
(Or. XI) by
Dio
Chrysostomus,
a rhetorical composition presenting a paradoxical argument: according to
Dio,
the vast
majority of the Homeric narrative is an outright fabrication, since the Greeks had in fact
never conquered Troy. Another is Lucian s
Ονειρος ή άλεκτρυών:
in this dialogue the
title character, the rooster that is an animal incarnation of Euphorbus known from the
Iliad, informs the reader that during the time of the Trojan war Homer lived in an animal
form, incarnated as a camel. Yet another work concerning the Trojan topics is Philostra-
tus
Ηρωικός,
in which the mythological hero Protesilaus comments on and adds to the
history of the Trojan conflict, while in the Underworld. The dating of the Latin version
of the Journal is also problematic. Since there are no convincing arguments that permit
identification of the translator Lucius Septimius with any known historical characters of
the same name, it seems reasonable to suggest, without any more specific date, that the
Journal might have been translated at some time in the 4th
с
AD. This was a time of fast
development of the Latin literature, after the stagnation in the previous century.
Another problematic issue is the existence of two rather similar introductory texts
(the Epistula and the
Prológus),
added to the chronicle. These two texts often contain the
same information, with some small differences concerning the details. The problem has
been solved by suggesting that the prologue was the original preface to the Greek ver¬
sion, removed by Septimius and replaced with the dedicatory epistle: then both versions
have been combined in some of the manuscripts, the prologue having been translated by
another person. Such an explanation can be supported by the fact that most of preserved
medieval manuscripts of the Journal have either the prologue or the letter as a preface,
not both of them.
The later history of the Journal has been different for the Eastern and for the Western
tradition. The traces of the Greek version can be found in Byzantine literature. The earli¬
est example is Chronography by Joannes Malalas (6th
с
AD), in which the author refer¬
ences Dictys as his source a few times. The influence of the Journal is also visible in the
works of Joannes Antiochenus, Georgios Cedrenus and Kostandinos
Manasses,
as well as
Joannes Tzetzes; it is, however, difficult to ascertain whether these writers had access to
the original Greek Dictys. The Greek text has been irrevocably lost and up until the end of
the 19th
с
it was often suggested by scholars that in fact the Latin composition by Lucius
Septimius was the only one that ever existed and that the story about the Greek original
286
was a part of the scheme of the complicated literary fraud. These speculations were put
to an end, however, when at the beginning of the 20th
с
a fragment of the Greek text was
found on papyrus; in the
1960s
another similar fragment was recovered.
The European reception of Dictys was different than in the Greek-speaking East. On
one hand, the direct manuscript tradition preserved the text, which therefore survived in
its full form. On the other, the indirect influence of the Latin version of the Journal started
only at the end of the Early Middle Ages, with the rapid growth of national and vernacu¬
lar writings in the 13th
с
That phase was marked with the increasing interest in ancient
heroic motifs, the Trojan war among them; they were, however, treated as a specific form
of history. Since Greek was no longer known in medieval Europe, which made Homer
inaccessible for at least a few centuries, the main sources for Trojan history were Latin
texts: the epic poems of Virgil, Ovid and Statius, and especially the chronicle of Dictys,
as well as The Fall of Troy by Dares the Phrygian, which was rather similar both in form
and content to the work of Dictys. Dictys and Dares were regarded at that time as serious
and unquestionable authoritative authors and their works were inspirations for a number
of poetical and prosaic renditions of the Trojan war history. These were composed both
in universally used Latin and in the vernacular languages;
Historia
destructions Troiae
by
Guido delle Colonne
and Roman
de Troie
by
Benoît de Sainte-Maure
are among the
most popular.
The Journal of the Trojan War can be placed firmly within the ancient tradition of
Homerkritik,
literary polemics with the vision of Trojan history as shaped by Homer and
the poets of the Epic Cycle
-
a vision that was still prevalent and firmly rooted in the
consciousness of the audience. The chronicle is one of a series of texts presenting Trojan
stories in prosaic, quasi-historical form. Such works were being created since Hellenistic
times; they were a mixture of a form of mythological monography, created by Hellanicus
of Lesbos, and a critical stance towards the historical reliability of the epic poetry, which
stemmed from the 5th
с. ВС
works of Herodotus and Thucydides, a critique usually based
on methodological and rational premises. The authors of such works aimed at presenting
a true and realistic vision of the Trojan war, free from poetic embellishments, fantasies
and fabrications. A very characteristic strategy applied to make the narrative seem more
reliable and believable was to support one s work with the authority of an alleged eye¬
witness, who would, unlike Homer, have a first-hand knowledge of the events in ques¬
tion. Some traces of such a strategy can be observed in the
3rd
с. ВС
work of Dionysius
Scythobrachion; half a century later it had found its fullest realisation in the work of
Hegesianax, believed to be the founder of literary pseudoepigraphy. Dictys Journal as
well as The Fall of Troy by Dares are specific and unique examples of the extant works
of such
Schwindelliteratur
kind.
The Journal s main idea is to present Trojan history in a form resembling historical
narrative (historiography); therefore, the events, often presented in a version rather diver¬
gent from the Homeric and cyclic tradition, are described with a critical distance towards
the traditional epic ways of creating the image of reality. The reliability and authority
of the text is created by using the supposed authorship of Dictys, an alleged witness to
the events, as well as by inventing the fabricated story of its discovery as an authentic
document from the past and its history from the moment of discovery up to the point
when the precious text finds its way into the Roman library and then
-
into the hands of
287
an editor , who prepares its critical edition . Apart from the fabricated history of the
text, one of the most important ways used to validate Dictys story is its strong tendency
towards rationalisation. Dictys chronicle lacks the epic machinery of gods. The characters
actions and behaviour are explained on a psychological basis and the heroes of the story
have been deheroized and reduced to the standards more suitable for ordinary people.
A multifaceted analysis of the chronicle s formal structure as well as of the methods
and means of developing the narrative makes it possible to realize how complex the au¬
thor s artistic strategies are. Their aim was to make the text as integral as possible. The
narrative is fluent and the forms of descriptions varied. The unity of the whole text has
also been guaranteed by the competent use of the multiplied narrator; such a concept was
skilfully applied to add reliability to the text, by adding to the fictitious person of Dictys
the Chronicler an equally fictional character of the Editor, the author of the prologue.
The Trojan story itself has a linear narrative, lacks inversions or chronological jumps and
presents the events in a cause and effect manner, based on rationally motivated actions
of characters. There are certain omissions and inconsistencies in the narrative, but none
serious enough to significantly change the main impression of clarity and lucidity of the
story told by Dictys. One of the author s main aims was to combine the flow of events
with precise markings of time. The whole story has been framed by a quasi-prologue at
the beginning of Book I (the meeting of Catreus family in Crete, just before the war), and
a quasi-epilogue at the end of Book V (describing the situation in Troy after the Greeks
had left). The text has been divided into books, each of which is a carefully concluded,
unique entity, connected as it is with the previous one and the one that follows. One of the
prevailing tendencies in shaping the narrative is the alternation of places; among them of
utmost importance are the Greek camp and the city of Troy, as they allow the reader the
view into the main events happening between both sides of the conflict. Also important
is the third location, a field between the city and the camp, where the altercations and the
fighting take place. The narrative is made more dynamic by differentiating various kinds
of narration, from concrete and detailed descriptions to more dramatic and tense passages
of action. Also important are longer speeches, both in direct and indirect speech.
An important feature of the Journal is the fact that the traditional epic and cyclic mo¬
tives are often modified. The author invents new solutions for the well-known episodes
and/or changes their traditional order. These modifications make the narrative polemical
towards the Homeric tradition not only because they are presented as more reliable, partly
thanks to the elimination of poetic and fantastic elements, but also because the ethos of the
characters has been presented in a completely different way. The changes introduced by
Dictys often resemble a game; he proposes solutions that are new and unexpected for the
reader well versed in Homer. His main aim, however, is to radically break the traditional
Homeric structure, bound by the main motif of the wrath of Achilles. This is achieved by
an unusually early end to the leaders crucial conflict about the captive woman (the end
of Book II) and then (from Book III) by introducing a post-Homeric romantic motif of
Achilles love for the Trojan princess
Polyxena.
The world presented in the chronicle is divided dychotomically between the two soci¬
eties: the Greeks and the Trojans. The Greeks have moral reasons to support their cause;
it is they who were slighted by the outrageous and immoral actions of Paris-Alexander.
Thus they are seeking their revenge on the barbaric Trojans and act as the defenders of
288
the values of the civilised world. Trojans are the barbarians in this conflict: not only are
they all stained by the actions of Alexander, but also ready to act in a dishonourable way,
using tricks, deceptions and treason as their weapons and breaking the accepted code of
behaviour. The tendency of the narrative can thus be described as pro-Greek and anti-
Trojan. This division, however, is becoming less and less clear as the action progresses
and the two societies, Trojan and Greek, are becoming increasingly split and divided. In
Troy, the opposition between rulers and the society is visible from the very beginning:
the king Priam and his sons are forcibly dragging the city to war and ruthlessly impos¬
ing their will, which results in the destruction of the city, while the majority of citizens
would be perfectly content with peace. In the Greek camp the ever-increasing rift among
the small group of military leaders surrounding the main commander ends up, after the
fall of Troy, in the sudden outbreak of hatred and anger of the army, directed against
Agamemnon and his followers.
Among the individual characters of the Journal one can find the important person¬
ages of
Palamedes
and
Polyxena,
absent from the Homeric narrative, yet known from the
Epic Cycle. Other main characters have been reworked by Dictys and given new features,
different from those ascribed to them by the epic tradition. The most important modifica¬
tions are those occurring in the character of Achilles, who changes from an ambitious
and dedicated to the common cause warrior into a romantic lover, suffering because of
unrequited love for
Polyxena.
Also interesting are the characters of Aeneas and
Antenor,
who start secret negotiations with the Greeks and decide treacherously to surrender Troy
into the hands of the enemy.
The main problems with defining the genre of the Journal are connected with the syn¬
cretic nature of the composition. It certainly belongs to the sphere of fictional prose, for
which the ancient theoreticians had no genological qualification. Also, the Journal com¬
bines, in an atypical way, traditional epic themes with certain features of historiography;
yet it is constructed as a pseudoepigraph and fits well into the ancient polemical tradition
of
Homerkritik. All
these features combined do not allow placing Dictys chronicle in the
main frame of erotic and adventurous ancient novel, leaving it outside the genre, in the
area of so called fringe novels. This genological ambiguity allows us also to notice once
more the full scope of the author s artistic ambitions and plans. Dictys true story of the
Trojan war is indeed a pleasant and entertaining novel, and could well have been used as
a substitute for Homer, especially as far as the Latin translation is concerned, which was
aimed at the readers in the western part of the Roman Empire who did not know Greek.
For an educated reader, however, versatile enough in Homer and the cyclic tradition,
the reading of Dictys might become an intellectual game of finding the differences and
modifications introduced by the author. This last aspect seems to be the main aim of the
writer, who also introduced into his work a number of ethical and moral reflections. Even
though the main tendency seems rather pro-Greek, it is difficult to support the traditional
differentiation between good Greeks and evil Trojans, since the contrast between them
diminishes more and more as the action progresses and the events lead inevitably to the
final vision: the tragedy of the defeated and destruction and chaos among the winners.
289
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Bobrowski, Antoni |
| author_facet | Bobrowski, Antoni |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Bobrowski, Antoni |
| author_variant | a b ab |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV036093785 |
| ctrlnum | (gbd)0955893 (OCoLC)644085388 (DE-599)BVBBV036093785 |
| edition | Wyd. 1. |
| format | Book |
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| id | DE-604.BV036093785 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T22:11:25Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9788323327813 |
| language | Polish |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-018984337 |
| oclc_num | 644085388 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 |
| physical | 289, [1] s. 24 cm. |
| psigel | gbd_4_1007 |
| publishDate | 2009 |
| publishDateSearch | 2009 |
| publishDateSort | 2009 |
| publisher | Wydawn. Uniwersytetu Jagiellonskiego |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Bobrowski, Antoni Verfasser aut "Dziennik wojny trojanskiej" Diktysa z Krety studium historycznoliterackie Antoni Bobrowski Wyd. 1. Kraków Wydawn. Uniwersytetu Jagiellonskiego 2009 289, [1] s. 24 cm. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: "The journal of the Trojan war" by Dictys of Crete Dictys Cretensis ca. 2./3. Jh. Ephemeris belli Troiani (DE-588)4211814-1 gnd rswk-swf Dictys Cretensis TLG 1310 (DE-2581)TH000000920 gbd Dictys Cretensis ca. 2./3. Jh. Ephemeris belli Troiani (DE-588)4211814-1 u DE-604 Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=018984337&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=018984337&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
| spellingShingle | Bobrowski, Antoni "Dziennik wojny trojanskiej" Diktysa z Krety studium historycznoliterackie Dictys Cretensis ca. 2./3. Jh. Ephemeris belli Troiani (DE-588)4211814-1 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4211814-1 |
| title | "Dziennik wojny trojanskiej" Diktysa z Krety studium historycznoliterackie |
| title_auth | "Dziennik wojny trojanskiej" Diktysa z Krety studium historycznoliterackie |
| title_exact_search | "Dziennik wojny trojanskiej" Diktysa z Krety studium historycznoliterackie |
| title_full | "Dziennik wojny trojanskiej" Diktysa z Krety studium historycznoliterackie Antoni Bobrowski |
| title_fullStr | "Dziennik wojny trojanskiej" Diktysa z Krety studium historycznoliterackie Antoni Bobrowski |
| title_full_unstemmed | "Dziennik wojny trojanskiej" Diktysa z Krety studium historycznoliterackie Antoni Bobrowski |
| title_short | "Dziennik wojny trojanskiej" Diktysa z Krety |
| title_sort | dziennik wojny trojanskiej diktysa z krety studium historycznoliterackie |
| title_sub | studium historycznoliterackie |
| topic | Dictys Cretensis ca. 2./3. Jh. Ephemeris belli Troiani (DE-588)4211814-1 gnd |
| topic_facet | Dictys Cretensis ca. 2./3. Jh. Ephemeris belli Troiani |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=018984337&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=018984337&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT bobrowskiantoni dziennikwojnytrojanskiejdiktysazkretystudiumhistorycznoliterackie |