Stan wojenny w Warszawie i województwie stołecznym 1981 - 1983:
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Polish |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Warszawa
Instytut Pamięci Narodowej. Komisja Ścigania Zbrodni przeciwko Narodowi Polskiemu
2009
|
| Schriftenreihe: | Monografie / Instytut Pamięci Narodowej <Warszawa> / Komisja Ścigania Zbrodni przeciwko Narodowi Polskiemu
54 |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract |
| Beschreibung: | Zusammenfassung in englischer Sprache |
| Beschreibung: | 612, [40] Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme, Karten |
| ISBN: | 9788376290898 |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804141150498455552 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | SPIS TREŚCI
Wstęp
............................................................ 9
Źródła
.......................................................... 10
Opracowania
..................................................... 14
Konstrukcja pracy
................................................. 18
Zastrzeżenia
..................................................... 19
1.
Aparat władzy
................................................... 25
Wojsko
.......................................................... 32
Wprowadzanie stanu wojennego
................................... 32
Struktura nadzorczo-kontrolna
.................................... 37
Inspekcje w zakładach pracy, gospodarce uspołecznionej
............... 41
Kontrole w administracji i instytucjach publicznych
................... 51
Służba Bezpieczeństwa i Milicja Obywatelska
.......................... 57
Agentura pionów operacyjnych
SB
KS
MO
.......................... 61
Wybrane zadania realizowane przez
SB
i
MO
w stanie wojennym
........ 65
Środowiska dziennikarskie, propaganda
............................... 82
Wymiar sprawiedliwości
........................................... 91
Szkolnictwo
..................................................... 98
Administracja państwowa
.......................................... 102
Urzędy administracji państwowej
.................................. 106
Rady narodowe
................................................ 113
Administracja zakładowa
........................................ 116
Polska Zjednoczona Partia Robotnicza
................................ 120
„Przewodnia siła w pierwszych dniach stanu wojennego
.............. 120
„Oczyszczanie , weryfikacja szeregów partyjnych
.................... 127
Komisje socjalne
............................................... 138
Nowe, oficjalne związki zawodowe
................................ 141
Obywatelskie Komitety Ocalenia (Odrodzenia) Narodowego
............ 145
Patriotyczny Ruch Odrodzenia Narodowego
......................... 152
PZPR w działaniu organizacyjnym
................................. 156
Współpraca z ugrupowaniami sojuszniczymi
........................ 164
Zjednoczone Stronnictwo Ludowe, Stronnictwo Demokratyczne
........... 166
Próba bilansu
.................................................... 168
2.
Opór społeczny, opozycja, represje
.................................. 176
Spory programowe
................................................
^
Struktury
........................................................
87
Tajne komisje zakładowe
........................................ 188
Porozumienia międzyzakładowe
.................................. 189
Terenowy Komitet Oporu „Solidarność
............................ 209
Komitety Oporu Społecznego
..................................... 211
Regionalna Komisja Wykonawcza
................................ 214
Ogólnopolski Komitet Oporu Rolników
............................ 234
Niezależne Zrzeszenie Studentów
................................. 235
Inne inicjatywy
................................................ 239
Konspira, czyli nowa odsłona konspiracji
.............................. 246
Formy aktywności niezależnej
....................................... 251
Napisy ścienne, ulotki
........................................... 251
Czasopisma
................................................... 253
Wydawnictwa i literatura drugiego obiegu
........................... 264
Radio „Solidarność
............................................ 274
Niezależna kultura i oświata
...................................... 284
Strajki, protesty, demonstracje
....................................... 291
Strajki i protesty po
13
grudnia
1981
r.
............................. 291
Strajki i protesty od początku
1982
r.
............................... 299
Demonstracje uliczne
........................................... 303
Inne przejawy sprzeciwu społecznego
................................. 312
Represje
........................................................ 318
Internowania
.................................................. 318
Represje w miejscu pracy
........................................ 323
Procesy polityczne, orzecznictwo wybranych sądów
................... 331
Pobicia, „nieznani sprawcy
...................................... 339
Inne działania represyjne
........................................ 343
Próba bilansu
.................................................... 344
3.
Kościół katolicki i Kościoły innych wyznań
........................... 355
Działalność charytatywna Kościoła
................................... 363
Prymasowski Komitet Pomocy Osobom Pozbawionym Wolności
i Ich Rodzinom
................................................ 363
Prymasowski Komitet Pomocy Bliźniemu
........................... 369
Inne inicjatywy charytatywne
..................................... 371
Zadania duszpasterskie, praktyki religijne
.............................. 373
(Niezwyczajni księża?
............................................. 385
Represje wobec środowiska Kościoła katolickiego
....................... 390
Niezależna kultura i nauka pod patronatem Kościoła
..................... 396
Kościół katolicki a Solidarność
...................................... 400
Wizyta papieża Jana Pawła
II
........................................ 403
Inne Kościoły chrześcijańskie
...................................... 414
Reakcja na stan wojenny. Stosunki z władzami
....................... 414
Pomoc charytatywna
............................................ 416
Próba bilansu
.................................................... 418
4.
Życie codzienne
.................................................. 427
Organizm miejski
................................................. 430
Służby komunalne, energetyka, paliwa, komunikacja, łączność
.......... 430
Zaopatrzenie, handel
............................................ 442
Sfera pracy
...................................................... 457
Zakłady przemysłowe
........................................... 457
Usługi, rzemiosło
.............................................. 462
Rolnictwo
.................................................... 463
Służba zdrowia
................................................ 465
Szkolnictwo
.................................................. 469
Kultura, wypoczynek i życie towarzyskie
.............................. 470
Kultura
...................................................... 470
Wypoczynek
.................................................. 477
Hotele, gastronomia
............................................ 480
Życie towarzyskie
.............................................. 482
Próba bilansu
.................................................... 486
Zakończenie
....................................................... 492
Aparat władzy
.................................................... 492
Opór społeczny, opozycja, represje
................................... 497
Kościół katolicki i Kościoły innych wyznań
............................ 513
Życie codzienne
.................................................. 518
Wojskowy charakter stanu wojennego. Szersza perspektywa
............... 522
Aneks
............................................................ 531
Summary
.......................................................... 566
Wykaz map i wykresów
............................................. 571
Wykaz skrótów
.................................................... 572
Bibliografia
....................................................... 579
indeks osób
....................................................... 594
SUMMARY
There are numerous works analysing martial law in Poland (13th December
1981 -
21s1 July
1983)
from the central perspective, but only a few comprehensive regional
accounts of the period. Martial Law in Warsaw and Warsaw Voivodeship.
1981-1983
is the first monograph of martial law in Warsaw and the then-capital city voivodeship1.
In fact, Warsaw, unlike any other city in Poland, played three different roles: the capital
city of Poland, the capital city of a voivodeship and the role of a large city. Considering
these, the author views various aspects of the everyday life during martial law , if such
a term may be used. The objective of the work was to show the relations between society
and the authorities in the context of the events and to try to answer the question about the
specific nature of martial law in the area.
The author used rich sources from many archives. He found the most important
materials in the State Archive of the Capital City of Warsaw
(Archiwum Państwowe
Miasta Stołecznego Warszawy),
the archive of the Institute of National Remembrance
and of the
KARTA
Centre
(Ośrodek KARTA).
Documents were complemented
by several dozens of accounts gathered by the author. He interviewed both representa¬
tives of the then-authorities, including
Stanisław Kociołek,
the First Secretary of the
Warsaw Committee of
PZPR2,
and oppositionists, such as more (e.g.
Zbigniew Bujak)
and less (e.g.
Jolanta
Polakowska) known trade union activists. The author also talked
to the clergy. Additionally, he used existing literature on the subject and numerous
underground publications.
The book contains four chapters describing the most important, in the opinion of the
author, spheres of Polish martial law s history. In Chapter
1
Tadeusz Ruzikowski
discusses
the operation of the authorities, from activities of the army to those of the state administra¬
tion. He also gives a quite detailed account of repression that was inflicted upon groups
of particular importance to the authorities, such as journalists. In the next part of the
work, the author describes the wide spectrum of forms of public protest and repression,
including reports on selected court trials. The third part of the book is devoted mainly
to the Catholic Church and repression against its representatives. Finally, in the last
part of the book the author discusses various aspects of the way the agglomeration
functioned in the period, from public services to social life.
The army was particularly numerous in the Warsaw agglomeration (about one quarter
of all military forces used in the country were concentrated in the region). On one hand,
the army was enforcing the strict discipline of the martial law, but on the other soldiers
Voivodeship (Polish:
województwo)
-
an administrative region of Poland
-
translator s note.
PZPR Polska Zjednoczona Partia Robotnicza-
Polish
United
Workers
Party
translator s note.
566
were sometimes providing support to people repressed and harassed by the police
or workplace administrations. The army was much more sympathetic to citizens
problems. As a consequence of the militarisation ordered during martial law, soldiers
were present not only in factories and other workplaces, but also in state administration
units. Often they were taking over sensitive functions, for example General
Mieczysław
Dębicki
took the office of the president of Warsaw. The army was effective in solving
security problems in the industry and civil administrations. The overall organisation
of the economy and administration remained unchanged.
Martial law restrictions were guarded by, apart from the army, the Security
Service
(Służba Bezpieczeństwa,
SB), Citizen s Militia
(Milicja Obywatelska,
MO)
and other units. The aim of SB and MO was to persecute members of Solidarity
( Solidarność ),
in particular its leaders; and to eliminate illegal trade union organisa¬
tions and their printing facilities. The persecutions were accompanied by an increased
number of secret collaborators of the Security Service. Units involved in the fight with
the opposition in Warsaw included the local Secret Service (from the Capital City
Headquarters of MO) and central-level units (of the Ministry of the Interior). There
are many indications that in spite of this large-scale involvement, the SB s knowledge
about opposition organisations in Warsaw was limited until mid-
1982.
Therefore, no
major success in combating the opposition was achieved. The first significant results
occurred in the second half of
1982.
At the same time, attempts were made to remove
unreliable people from groups subordinate to the authorities, such as journalists.
Even though a few hundred people were dismissed, it was but a small percentage of
the journalistic community in Warsaw. Even less significant, nearly negligible were
the results of the attempt to purge the judicature, education system and universities.
Under the supervision of the Security Service, foundations were being laid for a new
trade union movement. It was intended to replace Solidarity after its dissolution in
October
1982.
Leaders of the Solidarity Region
Mazowsze ,
covering inter alia Warsaw and the
voivodeship, had not prepared the organisation for the drastic measures undertaken by the
authorities.
Zbigniew Bujak,
leader of the Mazovian Solidarity , and his deputy
Wiktor
Kuierski
managed to avoid detainment. The leaders represented the legalist approach;
therefore they opposed the idea of establishing a new body managing the organisation
in the region. This was one of the reasons why no opposition organisation was set up in
Warsaw to coordinate the protests in December.
In response to the introduction of the martial law, weak and rare strikes were organ¬
ised in Warsaw and in the voivodeship. The largest of them occurred in large factories.
They were, however, isolated. The quick finish of the strikes was partly inspired by the
attitude of regional leaders of Solidarity (remaining in hiding), who supported passive
resistance. Therefore the army (who limited itself to a demonstration of power), the
Militia, the Security Service and the authorities managed to pacify all protests in Warsaw
and in the voivodeship by 15th December,
1981.
Arrests and the exclusion of Solidarity from the official public life resulted in a spon¬
taneous mobilisation of many of its members. However, only a small percentage of the
Citizen s Militia
-
the official name of the police in the People s Republic of Poland
-
translator
v
note.
567
nearly one million members of Solidarity in Region
Mazowsze
got involved in
actual underground activity. The bottom-up initiatives were characterised by decen¬
tralised, passive resistance. Usually opposition activities during martial law were
being launched by single workplace commissions, in particular in large industrial
facilities and research institutions. Then agreements were being established between
individual workplaces. Spectacular success was achieved by the Inter-Workplace
Workers Committee of Solidarity
(Międzyzakładowy Robotniczy Komitet „Solidar¬
ności , MRKS).
Nevertheless, in general one should underline that in Warsaw the
Solidarity^related
organisations and the trade union itself were observing the rule of
passive, non-violent resistance. It should be added that organising opposition activi¬
ties outside of Warsaw required much more effort and courage. In smaller towns and
villages, trade union groups were smaller and independent activities
de
facto were
punished more severely.
A majority of organisations established and operating during the martial law period,
including the Regional Executive Commission
(Regionalna Komisja Wykonawcza,
RKW), gathered members and supporters of Solidarity . Some of the organisations
were invoking the tradition of the trade union. Some of the activists had experience
in cooperating with, or were supporters of, the Workers Defence Committee
(Komitet
Obrony Robotników).
The unique features of Region
Mazowsze
and Warsaw were
independent cultural, academic and educational initiatives. These events, the majority
of which was independent of RKW, were being organised under RKW auspices. The most
common form of activity was the independent information circulation which limited the
effectiveness of state censorship. Warsaw, in comparison with the rest of the country,
was the free speech haven . Independent initiatives included: the publication of over
250
magazine titles; at least
110
existing and new independent publishing houses (the
largest number in Poland); and the first Radio Solidarity in the country. The most
important, not only local news press titles included CDN
-
Głos Wolnego Robotnika ,
Tygodnik Mazowsze , Tygodnik Wojenny and Wola .
Later on, specialised jour¬
nalistic, literary, satirical and environmental periodicals were being launched. Officially
banned books and brochures were being published in secret. Independent literature cov¬
ered a broad thematic spectrum, from the modern history of Poland (officially distorted),
through belles-lettres to poetry.
The failure of the December strikes and repression, including dismissal from work,
produced new forms of replacement protest that were initially popular and used peri¬
odically. One such form was invented in
Świdnik.
People protested by taking a walk
during the main evening edition of
Dziennik Telewizyjny
( Television Journal ), the
flagship news programme of the state propaganda slandering Solidarity . Contrary
to the walking operation , street demonstrations were being organised regularly in
Warsaw under martial law. Such popular protest was organised in the spring of
1982
for the first time.
Independent activity was met with harassment and repression. Particularly drastic
actions were being taken against radical and spectacular manifestations of resistance.
This was the reason for the most severe verdicts in the trial of Radio Solidarity and
MRKS. Relatively severe, although generally sporadic, were the sentences passed on
organisers and participants of the strikes in December
1981.
These people were tried
568
mainly in the first weeks of martial law. The only death sentences in the country at that
time were issued in Warsaw. At least three such sentences were issued in absentia, but,
ultimately, not executed. With the exception of a few cases, sentences passed by the
judicature in Warsaw during martial law (a few hundred cases in total) were among the
more lenient ones in Poland. Courts for petty offences (or magistrates courts) during
martial law operated on a much larger scale. Courts of this type at that time constituted
a part of the state administration. Thousands of people were sentenced by these courts
to very severe punishments. The most frequent cases tried before magistrates courts
involved breaching of curfew and participation in demonstrations. At the same time
however, protesters in Warsaw were not shot at with live rounds, as was the case in other
parts of the country.
Christian churches during martial law were relatively free to pursue religious activi¬
ties. The Catholic Church occupied the dominant position among Christian churches in
Poland. During the martial law period, the Church extended various forms of its activity:
religious, cultural-academic and charitable. The attitude of the Primate
Józef
Glemp, the
then-head of the Roman-Catholic Church in Poland and Warsaw, was controversial to
many people. On one hand, he was toning down the public enraged by martial law in
order to prevent bloodshed. On the other, he acted as a patron of enterprises supporting
the repressed, such as the country s largest Primate s Aid Committee for the Detained
and Their Families
(Prymasowski Komitet Pomocy Osobom Pozbawionym Wolności
i Ich Rodzinom).
A counterweight to the Primate s controversial stance was his closest
co-workers and at least a dozen ordinary priests openly criticising the authorities. This
group included the most famous priest at that time,
Jerzy Popiełuszko.
They were being
directly harassed and repressed by the authorities. The Church (and Solidarity ) was
strengthened by the visit of the Polish Pope John Paul II in
1983
(originally the visit
had been planned for
1982).
Other Christian churches in general remained loyal to the
authorities. These churches were also providing aid to those in need.
The everyday lives of the people in Warsaw and the voivodeship were changed during
martial law. Telephones were cut off, the movement of people was limited, correspond¬
ence was being censored and a curfew was introduced. These restrictions were gradually
removed. At the time however, the crucial problem for the people of the region was
the supply of even basic products. The problems in the city were slightly different than
those in the countryside. The situation was exacerbated by the enormous price increases
introduced on 1SI February,
1982;
the ever changing system of rationing food and other
products; and the omnipresent wastage. Numerous state and public bodies tried to fight
the latter problem. They were, however, eliminating the symptoms of the crisis rather
than its source.
The analysis of source materials shows that the main pillars of martial law in Warsaw
and the voivodeship were: the military and police apparatus, as well as the broadly
understood judicature and administration. Of course, the
PZPR
was also involved in
the events. However, it was the full-time employees of the Party (like the employees
of the Warsaw Committee of the
PZPR)
and its long-time members who were the most
active. The majority of ordinary members in the Warsaw area remained passive. The
overall number of members fell by more than ten percent. This happened in spite of the
Party s attempts to return to its ideological roots and members involvement in a number
569
oí
projects promoted by the authorities, such as the Patriotic Movement for National
Revival
(Patriotyczny Ruch Odrodzenia Narodowego, PRON).
Undoubtedly, in terms of the martial law period, the Warsaw area shared certain
similarities with other parts of the country, but it also had some unique features. The
monograph provides the reader with an opportunity to familiarise himself with both.
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Ruzikowski, Tadeusz 1975- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)1051680506 |
| author_facet | Ruzikowski, Tadeusz 1975- |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Ruzikowski, Tadeusz 1975- |
| author_variant | t r tr |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV036088701 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)644075080 (DE-599)BVBBV036088701 |
| era | Geschichte 1981-1983 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1981-1983 |
| format | Book |
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| geographic | Warschau (DE-588)4079048-4 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Warschau |
| id | DE-604.BV036088701 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T22:11:18Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9788376290898 |
| language | Polish |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-018979355 |
| oclc_num | 644075080 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 DE-M352 DE-Re13 DE-BY-UBR |
| owner_facet | DE-12 DE-M352 DE-Re13 DE-BY-UBR |
| physical | 612, [40] Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme, Karten |
| publishDate | 2009 |
| publishDateSearch | 2009 |
| publishDateSort | 2009 |
| publisher | Instytut Pamięci Narodowej. Komisja Ścigania Zbrodni przeciwko Narodowi Polskiemu |
| record_format | marc |
| series2 | Monografie / Instytut Pamięci Narodowej <Warszawa> / Komisja Ścigania Zbrodni przeciwko Narodowi Polskiemu |
| spelling | Ruzikowski, Tadeusz 1975- Verfasser (DE-588)1051680506 aut Stan wojenny w Warszawie i województwie stołecznym 1981 - 1983 Tadeusz Ruzikowski Warszawa Instytut Pamięci Narodowej. Komisja Ścigania Zbrodni przeciwko Narodowi Polskiemu 2009 612, [40] Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme, Karten txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Monografie / Instytut Pamięci Narodowej <Warszawa> / Komisja Ścigania Zbrodni przeciwko Narodowi Polskiemu 54 Zusammenfassung in englischer Sprache Geschichte 1981-1983 gnd rswk-swf Kriegsrecht Staatsrecht (DE-588)4525832-6 gnd rswk-swf Warschau (DE-588)4079048-4 gnd rswk-swf Warschau (DE-588)4079048-4 g Kriegsrecht Staatsrecht (DE-588)4525832-6 s Geschichte 1981-1983 z DE-604 Instytut Pamięci Narodowej <Warszawa> / Komisja Ścigania Zbrodni przeciwko Narodowi Polskiemu Monografie 54 (DE-604)BV017143574 54 Digitalisierung BSBMuenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=018979355&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=018979355&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
| spellingShingle | Ruzikowski, Tadeusz 1975- Stan wojenny w Warszawie i województwie stołecznym 1981 - 1983 Kriegsrecht Staatsrecht (DE-588)4525832-6 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4525832-6 (DE-588)4079048-4 |
| title | Stan wojenny w Warszawie i województwie stołecznym 1981 - 1983 |
| title_auth | Stan wojenny w Warszawie i województwie stołecznym 1981 - 1983 |
| title_exact_search | Stan wojenny w Warszawie i województwie stołecznym 1981 - 1983 |
| title_full | Stan wojenny w Warszawie i województwie stołecznym 1981 - 1983 Tadeusz Ruzikowski |
| title_fullStr | Stan wojenny w Warszawie i województwie stołecznym 1981 - 1983 Tadeusz Ruzikowski |
| title_full_unstemmed | Stan wojenny w Warszawie i województwie stołecznym 1981 - 1983 Tadeusz Ruzikowski |
| title_short | Stan wojenny w Warszawie i województwie stołecznym 1981 - 1983 |
| title_sort | stan wojenny w warszawie i wojewodztwie stolecznym 1981 1983 |
| topic | Kriegsrecht Staatsrecht (DE-588)4525832-6 gnd |
| topic_facet | Kriegsrecht Staatsrecht Warschau |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=018979355&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=018979355&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV017143574 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT ruzikowskitadeusz stanwojennywwarszawieiwojewodztwiestołecznym19811983 |