Mortuary customs in prehistoric Malta: excavations at the Brochtorff Circle at Xagh̄ra (1987 - 94)
Gespeichert in:
| Format: | Buch |
|---|---|
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Cambridge
McDonald Inst. for Archeological Research
2009
|
| Schriftenreihe: | McDonald Institute monographs
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | Includes bibliographical references (p. 385-395) and index |
| Beschreibung: | XXX, 521 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. 29 cm |
Internformat
MARC
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Mortuary customs in prehistoric Malta |b excavations at the Brochtorff Circle at Xagh̄ra (1987 - 94) |c ed. by Caroline Malone ... With contributions by Geraldine Barber ... Principal ill. by Steven Ashley ... |
| 264 | 1 | |a Cambridge |b McDonald Inst. for Archeological Research |c 2009 | |
| 300 | |a XXX, 521 S. |b Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. |c 29 cm | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 490 | 0 | |a McDonald Institute monographs | |
| 500 | |a Includes bibliographical references (p. 385-395) and index | ||
| 650 | 4 | |a Excavations (Archaeology) / Malta / Xagh̄ra Cliffs | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Tombs / Malta / Xagh̄ra Cliffs | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Burial / Malta / Xagh̄ra Cliffs / History | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Prehistoric peoples / Malta / Xagh̄ra Cliffs | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Maltese / Funeral customs and rites / History | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Funeral rites and ceremonies / Malta / History | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Funde | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Geschichte | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Burial |z Malta |z Xagh̄ra Cliffs |x History | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Excavations (Archaeology) |z Malta |z Xagh̄ra Cliffs | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Funeral rites and ceremonies |z Malta |x History | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Maltese |x Funeral customs and rites |x History | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Prehistoric peoples |z Malta |z Xagh̄ra Cliffs | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Tombs |z Malta |z Xagh̄ra Cliffs | |
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| 651 | 4 | |a Xagh̄ra Cliffs (Malta) / Antiquities | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1813276142698758144 |
|---|---|
| adam_text |
Contents
Contributors
xi
Figures
xiii
Tables
xx
Forewords The Hon.
Dolores Cristina,
Giovanna
Debono
&
Colin Renfrew
xxi
Preface and Acknowledgements
xxiii
Summaries
xxix
Chapter
1
Introduction: the Intellectual and Historical Context
1
Caroline Malone, Simon Stoddart, Anthony Bonanno,
Tancred Gouder, Reuben
Grima
&
David Trump
1.1.
The significance of the work on
Gozo
1
1.2.
The general archaeological history of the Maltese Islands and background to research
and the
Gozo
Project
1987-94 5
1.3.
The present project
6
1.4.
The history of research into domestic structures of the Temple Period:
the context of the Ghajnsielem Road structure
7
1.5.
The history of research into Temple Period mortuary structures:
the context of the Circle
7
1.6.
The construction of a cultural sequence and a chronology
15
Chapter
2
The Environment of the Maltese Islands
17
Patrick J. Schembri, Chris Hunt,
Martyn
Pedley,
Caroline Malone
&
Simon Stoddart
2.1.
The geography of the Maltese Islands
17
2.2.
The geology of
Gozo
17
2.3.
Climate and soils
18
2.4.
Ecosystems
19
2.5.
Archaeological approaches and environmental sampling
19
2.6.
Terrestrial molluscs and the changing environment of the Circle
20
2.7.
Landscape evolution in the Maltese Islands
20
2.8.
The landsnails of Malta
—
characteristics of the Maltese non-marine snail fauna and
their biogeography and ecology
21
2.9.
Mollusc taphonomy
—
processes on archaeological sites
22
2.10.
Sampling strategy and methodology
23
2.10.1.
Preparation of samples
23
2.10.2.
Stratigraphie
procedure
27
2.10.3.
Statistical analysis
27
2.11.
Overall ecological patterns in the Circle samples
27
2.12.
Ecological patterns by phase
29
2.13.
Discussion and conclusions
38
2.14.
Conclusion: archaeological implications
39
Chapter
3
The Domestic Environment
41
Caroline Malone, Reuben
Grima,
Joseph
Magro-Conti,
David Trump, Simon Stoddart
&
Holly Hardisty
3.1.
Methods to investigate the domestic environment
41
3.2.
The survey results
41
3.3.
Ghajnsielem Road
42
3.3.1.
Introduction
42
3.3.2.
Structure
1 43
3.3.3.
Structure
2 49
3.3.4.
The overall layout
49
3.3.5.
Dating
49
3.3.6.
Environmental study
51
3.4.
Synthesis and significance
51
3.5.
Material and construction
52
Contents
Chapter
4
The Ritual Environment: the Context of the Circle
57
Reuben
Grima,
Caroline Malone
&
Simon Stoddart
4.1.
The location
57
4.2.
Ggantija
57
4.3.
Ghar
ta' Gnejżu
59
4.4.
Santa
Verna
59
4.5.
'Another circle of Cyclopean wall'
60
4.6.
The integrated ritual context
60
4.7.
Conclusions
62
Chapter
5
Methods Applied in the Analysis of the Circle
63
Caroline Malone, Simon Mason
&
Simon Stoddart
5.1.
Introduction
63
5.2.
Pre-survey studies
63
5.3.
Geophysical survey at the Circle and interpretation of the
resistivity and magnetometer results
63
5.3.1.
Introduction
63
5.3.2.
The resistivity and proton magnetometer survey
67
5.3.3.
Interpretation of the resistivity and magnetometer results
67
5.3.4.
Ground-penetrating radar
68
5.4.
Survey and condition of the Circle
68
5.5.
Excavation methodology, recording and post-excavation analysis
70
5.5.1.
Introduction
70
5.5.2.
Pottery analysis
71
5.5.3.
Analysis of other samples and small finds
72
5.6.
Excavation progress and development
72
5.7.
Environmental sampling programme on the site
77
5.8.
Computing applications
77
5.9.
Photography
78
Chapter
6
The Archaeological Sequence of the Circle
79
Simon Stoddart, Peter Hardy, Caroline Malone, Simon Mason,
Martyn
Pedley
&
David Trump
6.1.
Introduction
79
6.2.
Pre-human development: the formation of the cave complex
79
6.3.
Introduction to the methodology
80
6.4.
Żebbug
phase activity
82
6.5.
Mgarr phase activity
83
6.6.
Ggantija phase activity
83
6.7.
Saflieni-style activity
85
6.8.
Tarxien phase activity
86
6.9.
Cave collapse
87
6.10.
Tarxien Cemetery phase activity
88
6.11. Borg in-Nadur
phase activity
89
6.12.
The Bayer event
90
6.13.
Agricultural features
91
6.14.
Summary
92
Chapter
7
Żebbug
Phase Levels: Spatial and
Stratigraphie
Analysis
95
Caroline Malone, Simon Stoddart, David Trump
&
Corinne
Duhig
7.1.
Introduction
95
7.2.
The intact
Żebbug
rock-cut tomb
95
7.2.1.
Introduction
95
7.2.2.
The tomb
96
7.2.3.
The shaft
97
7.2.4.
The west chamber
98
7.2.5.
The east chamber
99
7.2.6.
Associated grave goods
100
7.2.7.
The human remains
102
vi
Contents
7.3.
Other
Żebbug
deposits at the Circle
103
7.3.1.
Niche on southwestern edge of East Cave
103
7.3.2.
Deposits above the East Cave collapse
103
7.3.3.
Lower levels of the south edge of the site
103
7.
ЗА.
The south edge of the site
104
7.3.5.
West niche in the West Cave system
104
7.3.6.
Other rich deposits in the West Cave area
106
7.3.7.
Bayer clearance deposit
106
7.4.
Discussion
106
Chapter
8
The Tarxien Phase Levels: Spatial and
Stratigraphie
Analysis and Reconstruction
109
Simon Stoddart, Caroline Malone, Simon Mason, Bridget Trump
&
David Trump
8.1.
Ground-level surface features
109
8.1.1.
The Circle
109
8.1.2.
Threshold features
109
8.1.3.
Tarxien burial pits
116
8.2.
Below-surface features: northern zone
123
8.2.2.
Introduction
126
8.2.2.
Northern test pit
126
8.2.3.
North niche
126
8.2.4.
Deep zone in West Cave
133
8.2.5.
Northeast niche
137
8.2.6.
Intermediate 'entry' zone of niches between northeast niches and central 'Shrine'
137
8.3.
Below-surface features: central zone of West Cave
140
8.3.1.
Central 'Shrine'
140
8.3.2.
Display zone
(783)
within West Cave
159
8.3.3.
West niche
163
8.4.
Below-surface features: collapsed East Cave
163
8.4.1.
Introduction: collapsed East Cave zone (originally Area H)
163
8.4.1.
The Intermediate zone (a)
167
8.5.
Below-surface features: southern zone of West Cave
176
8.5.1.
Deposits in the southeastern area of the West Cave related to the tapering stone
at the entrance
(553) 176
8.5.2.
Test pit
177
8.5.3.
Southern end of West Cave sequence
178
8.5.4.
The inner niches demarcated by white chalky limestone deposits
179
8.6.
Below-surface features: the interlinkage from South Cave to areas to the north
181
8.6.1.
The interlinkage to East Cave
—
the Intermediate zone and external screen
181
8.6.2.
The interlinkage to the 'Shrine'
182
8.6.3.
Rock-fall and slump deposits
182
8.7.
Architecture within the Circle and the caves
184
8.7.2.
Approaches to the study of reconstruction
184
8.7.2.
Structural arrangements
186
Chapter
9
Spatial and
Stratigraphie
Analysis of Tarxien Cemetery Levels
207
Nathaniel Cutajar, Reuben
Grima, Anthony
Pace, Simon Stoddart
&
Holly Hardisty
9.1.
The northern area of the site
207
9.1.1.
Stratigraphie
succession
207
9.1.2.
Discussion
212
9.2.
The eastern edge of the site
213
9.2.1.
The
stratigraphie
succession
213
9.2.2.
Discussion
225
9.3.
The Threshold area
216
9.4.
The cave collapse above East Cave (originally Area H)
216
9.5.
The western edge of the caves
218
9.6.
Discussion
218
vn
Contents
Chapter
10 Material
Culture
219
Caroline Malone, Anthony Bonanno, David Trump, John Dixon,
Robert Leighton,
Martyn
Pedley, Simon Stoddart & Patrick J. Schembri
10.1.
Introduction
219
10.2.
The pottery
220
10.2.2.
Introduction
220
10.2.2.
Żebbug
phase
221
10.2.3.
Mgarr, Ggantija and Saflieni phases
226
10.2.4.
Mgarr phase
22S
10.2.5.
Ggantija phase
228
10.2.6.
Saflieni style
229
10.2.7.
Tarxien phase
231
10.2.8.
Exotic pottery
238
10.2.9.
Tarxien Cemetery phase
238
10.2.10.
Later phases
241
10.3.
The lithic assemblage
242
20.3.2.
Introduction
242
10.3.2.
Flint and chert
242
10.3.3.
Obsidian
250
10.3
A. Ground and polished stone
253
10.3.5.
Pebbles
260
10.4.
Worked limestone
260
10.4.1.
Carved and worked stone fragments from the Circle
260
10.4.2.
Stone triangular-shaped weights
261
10.4.3.
Bowls, palettes and lamps, lids and footed vessels
261
10.4.4.
Grinding and polishing stones
264
10.4.5.
Querns
264
10.4.6.
Troughs and large vessels
264
10.5.
Shells and beads
266
10.5.1.
Introduction
266
10.5.2.
Locations and context
267
10.5.3.
Function, use and materials
268
10.5.4.
Organic material
268
10.5.5.
The significance of the shell assemblage
268
10.5.6.
The ornament assemblage
269
10.5.7.
Beads and threaded shells
272
10.5.8.
Comparanda
275
10.5.9.
'V'-perforated buttons
276
10.6.
Worked bone
277
10.6.2.
Bone carvings and sculpture
277
10.6.2.
Decorative bone work (non-pendant)
280
10.6.3.
Bone work: utilitarian
280
10.7.
Figurative sculpture
282
20.7.2.
Statue menhir from the
Żebbug
rock-cut tomb (SF88, context
(276))
2S2
10.7.2.
The large Temple Period standing figure
283
10.7.3.
The seated paired figures: SF742
289
10.7.4.
The 'shaman's' cache: SF784
298
10.7.5.
The smaller figurative stone sculpture and terracotta models from the Circle
305
10.8.
Tarxien Cemetery objects
312
10.8.1.
The discoid modelled figures
314
Chapter
11
The Human and Animal Remains
315
Simon Stoddart, Géraldine
Barber,
Corinne
Dühig,
George Mann, Tamsin CConnell,
Luca Lai,
David Redhouse, Robert
H.
Tykot
&
Caroline Malone
11.1.
The human bone
315
11.1.1.
Introduction
315
11.1.2.
The nature of the deposit
316
11.1.3.
Żebbug:
the sealed chamber tomb
318
11.1.4.
Methods for the analysis of the
Żebbug
chambered tomb
318
viii
Contents
11.1.5.
Results
318
11.1.6.
Other
Żebbug
material
319
11.1.7.
Tarxien
319
11.1.8.
The packaging of burial parts
319
11.1.9.
The overall patterns of age and sex
320
11.1.10.
Potential corrections of
MNI
321
11.1.11.
Description of significant intact
inăividuals
321
11.1.12.
Stature
325
11.1.13.
Pathology and other observations
325
11.2.
The animal bone
330
11.2.1.
Introduction
330
11.2.2.
The general characteristics ofthefaunal deposit
330
11.2.3.
Individual species
330
11.2.4.
Chronological change
333
11.3.
Diet and environment in Maltese prehistory: results and potentials of a stable
isotopie
perspective on the Circle
335
12.3.2.
Introduction
335
11.3.2.
Principles of
isotopie
analysis
336
11.3.3.
Materials and methods
337
11.3.4.
Results and discussion
338
11.3.5.
Conclusions and perspectives
340
11
A. Conclusions
340
Chapter
12
Dating Maltese Prehistory
341
Caroline Malone, Simon Stoddart
&
Gordon Cook
12.1.
Żebbug
and Ggantija
345
12.2.
Tarxien (Saflieni)
345
12.3.
Tarxien Cemetery
346
12.4.
Comments
346
Chapter
13
Symposium: the Temple Debate
347
13.1.
Funerary activity
347
13.2.
The domestic record
349
13.3.
Art and architecture
350
13.4.
Issues of continuity and discontinuity
357
13.5.
Issues of connectivity and isolation
359
13.6.
Concluding remarks
360
Chapter
14
Conclusions
361
Caroline Malone
&
Simon Stoddart
14.1.
Introduction 361
14.2.
The cycle of life 362
14.3.
Family-orientated life cycles: the
Żebbug
phase
362
14.4.
Family and community life cycles: the Ggantija phase
363
14.5.
Community life cycles and florescence and closure: the Tarxien phase
364
14.5.1.
The funerary cycle
364
24.5.2.
Tarxien liturgical frameworL· in common between temples and funerary complexes
371
14.6.
Refocus
of the life cycle: the Tarxien Cemetery
379
14.7.
Ritual action and the use of the Circle
380
24.7.2.
The Tarxien funeral 380
14.7.2.
The central role of the cycle of life
383
14.8.
Future research and analysis 383
14.8.1.
Mortuary ritual 383
14.8.2.
Refinement 383
14.9.
The future 384
References |
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| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)263986045 (DE-599)BVBBV036077440 |
| discipline | Geschichte |
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| geographic | Xagh̄ra Cliffs (Malta) / Antiquities Xagh̄ra Cliffs (Malta) Antiquities Xaghra (DE-588)7700676-8 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Xagh̄ra Cliffs (Malta) / Antiquities Xagh̄ra Cliffs (Malta) Antiquities Xaghra |
| id | DE-604.BV036077440 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-10-18T18:08:04Z |
| institution | BVB |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-018968572 |
| oclc_num | 263986045 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 DE-355 DE-BY-UBR DE-188 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 DE-355 DE-BY-UBR DE-188 |
| physical | XXX, 521 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. 29 cm |
| psigel | gbd_JL_Z1009 |
| publishDate | 2009 |
| publishDateSearch | 2009 |
| publishDateSort | 2009 |
| publisher | McDonald Inst. for Archeological Research |
| record_format | marc |
| series2 | McDonald Institute monographs |
| spelling | Mortuary customs in prehistoric Malta excavations at the Brochtorff Circle at Xagh̄ra (1987 - 94) ed. by Caroline Malone ... With contributions by Geraldine Barber ... Principal ill. by Steven Ashley ... Cambridge McDonald Inst. for Archeological Research 2009 XXX, 521 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. 29 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier McDonald Institute monographs Includes bibliographical references (p. 385-395) and index Excavations (Archaeology) / Malta / Xagh̄ra Cliffs Tombs / Malta / Xagh̄ra Cliffs Burial / Malta / Xagh̄ra Cliffs / History Prehistoric peoples / Malta / Xagh̄ra Cliffs Maltese / Funeral customs and rites / History Funeral rites and ceremonies / Malta / History Funde Geschichte Burial Malta Xagh̄ra Cliffs History Excavations (Archaeology) Malta Xagh̄ra Cliffs Funeral rites and ceremonies Malta History Maltese Funeral customs and rites History Prehistoric peoples Malta Xagh̄ra Cliffs Tombs Malta Xagh̄ra Cliffs Steinzeit (DE-588)4057226-2 gnd rswk-swf Archäologie (DE-588)4002827-6 gnd rswk-swf Funde (DE-588)4071507-3 gnd rswk-swf Gräberfeld (DE-588)4071980-7 gnd rswk-swf Xagh̄ra Cliffs (Malta) / Antiquities Xagh̄ra Cliffs (Malta) Antiquities Xaghra (DE-588)7700676-8 gnd rswk-swf Xaghra (DE-588)7700676-8 g Archäologie (DE-588)4002827-6 s DE-604 Steinzeit (DE-588)4057226-2 s Gräberfeld (DE-588)4071980-7 s Funde (DE-588)4071507-3 s b DE-604 Malone, Caroline 1957- Sonstige (DE-588)1309655707 oth Barber, Geraldine Anne Sonstige (DE-588)141153059 oth Ashley, Steven Sonstige oth Digitalisierung UB Regensburg application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=018968572&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Mortuary customs in prehistoric Malta excavations at the Brochtorff Circle at Xagh̄ra (1987 - 94) Excavations (Archaeology) / Malta / Xagh̄ra Cliffs Tombs / Malta / Xagh̄ra Cliffs Burial / Malta / Xagh̄ra Cliffs / History Prehistoric peoples / Malta / Xagh̄ra Cliffs Maltese / Funeral customs and rites / History Funeral rites and ceremonies / Malta / History Funde Geschichte Burial Malta Xagh̄ra Cliffs History Excavations (Archaeology) Malta Xagh̄ra Cliffs Funeral rites and ceremonies Malta History Maltese Funeral customs and rites History Prehistoric peoples Malta Xagh̄ra Cliffs Tombs Malta Xagh̄ra Cliffs Steinzeit (DE-588)4057226-2 gnd Archäologie (DE-588)4002827-6 gnd Funde (DE-588)4071507-3 gnd Gräberfeld (DE-588)4071980-7 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4057226-2 (DE-588)4002827-6 (DE-588)4071507-3 (DE-588)4071980-7 (DE-588)7700676-8 |
| title | Mortuary customs in prehistoric Malta excavations at the Brochtorff Circle at Xagh̄ra (1987 - 94) |
| title_auth | Mortuary customs in prehistoric Malta excavations at the Brochtorff Circle at Xagh̄ra (1987 - 94) |
| title_exact_search | Mortuary customs in prehistoric Malta excavations at the Brochtorff Circle at Xagh̄ra (1987 - 94) |
| title_full | Mortuary customs in prehistoric Malta excavations at the Brochtorff Circle at Xagh̄ra (1987 - 94) ed. by Caroline Malone ... With contributions by Geraldine Barber ... Principal ill. by Steven Ashley ... |
| title_fullStr | Mortuary customs in prehistoric Malta excavations at the Brochtorff Circle at Xagh̄ra (1987 - 94) ed. by Caroline Malone ... With contributions by Geraldine Barber ... Principal ill. by Steven Ashley ... |
| title_full_unstemmed | Mortuary customs in prehistoric Malta excavations at the Brochtorff Circle at Xagh̄ra (1987 - 94) ed. by Caroline Malone ... With contributions by Geraldine Barber ... Principal ill. by Steven Ashley ... |
| title_short | Mortuary customs in prehistoric Malta |
| title_sort | mortuary customs in prehistoric malta excavations at the brochtorff circle at xaghra 1987 94 |
| title_sub | excavations at the Brochtorff Circle at Xagh̄ra (1987 - 94) |
| topic | Excavations (Archaeology) / Malta / Xagh̄ra Cliffs Tombs / Malta / Xagh̄ra Cliffs Burial / Malta / Xagh̄ra Cliffs / History Prehistoric peoples / Malta / Xagh̄ra Cliffs Maltese / Funeral customs and rites / History Funeral rites and ceremonies / Malta / History Funde Geschichte Burial Malta Xagh̄ra Cliffs History Excavations (Archaeology) Malta Xagh̄ra Cliffs Funeral rites and ceremonies Malta History Maltese Funeral customs and rites History Prehistoric peoples Malta Xagh̄ra Cliffs Tombs Malta Xagh̄ra Cliffs Steinzeit (DE-588)4057226-2 gnd Archäologie (DE-588)4002827-6 gnd Funde (DE-588)4071507-3 gnd Gräberfeld (DE-588)4071980-7 gnd |
| topic_facet | Excavations (Archaeology) / Malta / Xagh̄ra Cliffs Tombs / Malta / Xagh̄ra Cliffs Burial / Malta / Xagh̄ra Cliffs / History Prehistoric peoples / Malta / Xagh̄ra Cliffs Maltese / Funeral customs and rites / History Funeral rites and ceremonies / Malta / History Funde Geschichte Burial Malta Xagh̄ra Cliffs History Excavations (Archaeology) Malta Xagh̄ra Cliffs Funeral rites and ceremonies Malta History Maltese Funeral customs and rites History Prehistoric peoples Malta Xagh̄ra Cliffs Tombs Malta Xagh̄ra Cliffs Steinzeit Archäologie Gräberfeld Xagh̄ra Cliffs (Malta) / Antiquities Xagh̄ra Cliffs (Malta) Antiquities Xaghra |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=018968572&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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