1989 - Jesień Narodów:
Gespeichert in:
| Format: | Buch |
|---|---|
| Sprache: | Polish |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Warszawa
Collegium Civitas [etc.]
2009
|
| Ausgabe: | Wyd. 1. |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract |
| Beschreibung: | Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: 1989 - the autumn of nations |
| Beschreibung: | 384 s. il. - Ill. 24 cm. |
| ISBN: | 9788374362177 |
Internformat
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a 1989 - Jesień Narodów |c Adam Burakowski ; Aleksander Gubrynowicz ; Paweł Ukielski |
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| 264 | 1 | |a Warszawa |b Collegium Civitas [etc.] |c 2009 | |
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| 500 | |a Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: 1989 - the autumn of nations | ||
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804141126064537600 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Spis
tresei
Wykaz skrótów
7
Paweł Ukielski
Wstęp
11
Adam Burakowski, Paweł Ukielski
Wprowadzenie
19
Rozkład komunizmu
19
Pierestrojka
25
Specyfika Polski
33
Aleksander Gubrynowicz
Węgry
-
przemiany niedokończone
39
Uwarunkowania działań opozycji
42
Kryzys systemu
kádárowskiego
45
Początki opozycji
49
Księga
55
XIII
Zjazd, Monor,
Lakitelek
56
Sukcesja
61
Okrągły Stół
72
Epilog
80
Dwadzieścia lat później
82
Podsumowanie
99
Aleksander Gubrynowicz
NRD
-
przegrana rewolucja?
101
Uwarunkowania działań opozycji w byłej NRD
103
Kryzys gospodarczy
108
Napięcia w stosunkach radziecko-enerdowskich
111
Kryzys ideologii marksistowskiej i początki opozycji
-
kompromis
z Kościołem. Rola MBP NRD
115
Opozycja w NRD w latach
80. 122
Rok
1989 123
Upadek muru
143
SPIS TREŚCI
Cień Kohla
149
Epilog
154
Dwadzieścia lat później
164
Podsumowanie
177
Paweł Ukielski
Czechosłowacja
-
implozja systemu
183
Czechosłowacka „normalizacja
1968-1989 185
Rok
1989
i aksamitna rewolucja
198
Postkomuniści po aksamitnej rewolucji
222
Lustracja/dekomunizacja
226
Zmiany w sferze symbolicznej i pamięci zbiorowej
231
Komunizm w popkulturze
237
Aktorzy aksamitnej rewolucji po latach
240
Adam Burakowski
Rumunia
-
krwawy grudzień
245
Geniusz Karpat
247
Upadek
Ceauşescu
259
Postkomunizm
274
Krew warta swej ceny
284
Adam Burakowski
Bułgaria
-
w poszukiwaniu końca komunizmu
297
Wczasy w państwie terroru
299
Reorganizacja
307
Opozycja w Bułgarii
309
„Eskimosi demokracji : dysydenci i spiskowcy
312
Obalanie Żiwkowa
328
Początki demontażu totalitaryzmu
333
W poszukiwaniu końca komunizmu
339
Paweł Ukielski
Zakończenie
349
Kalendarium
353
Bibliografia
365
Summary.
1989 -
The Autumn of Nations
371
Spis ilustracji
375
Indeks osób
379
Summary
1989 -
The Autumn of Nations
In
1989,
the entire world watched with astonishment as the communist system
collapsed. From the initiation of the Round Table talks in Poland in February, until
the execution of Elena and Nicolae
Ceauşescu
-
Central and Eastern Europe went
through a tumultuous, though surprisingly, relatively bloodless, process of liberating
from the communist regime. Today,
20
years after those events, it seems that per¬
spective is distant enough to carry out more balanced comparative studies. On the
one hand, many people still remember the events that took place back then, but on
the other, there is a generation, now stepping into adulthood, whose lives fall in the
era of freedom.
The 20th anniversary of regaining freedom serves as a good pretext for analysing
both the events that led up it (the final years of communism and its fall) and an
overview of the post-communist era. The elimination of the remnants of the system
imposed by force on Central and Eastern European nations was not confined solely
to pursuing far-reaching changes in the system in
1989
and even in the years that
followed. Doing away with this communist legacy in all the countries in the region
took far more time, and in some aspects the process is still ongoing. These factors
had to be taken into account by the authors of this work.
The analysis encompassed five countries that saw the change of the ruling re¬
gime, namely Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, the German Democratic Republic (GDR),
Romania and Hungary. The decision appears to be well-founded, as the processes
that took place in Yugoslavia represent a separate and qualitatively disparate issue.
The same can be said for the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), where the
key developments unfolded in the years
1990-1991,
whereas in the somewhat isolated
Albania, the changes followed at a later time. The last case in question, which has
been excluded from our study, requires a more detailed explanation.
This is not a book about Poland. Rather, it addresses the country s history
indirectly, and affords a more profound understanding of the events in Poland as the
political transformations provide an adequate reference point for comparison, which
is sometimes lacking in discussions on the fall of communism. Nevertheless, we have
taken this deliberate decision to leave Poland out of our in-depth studies, as the Polish
reader has easy access to numerous publications centered on the collapse of the
system on the Vistula s banks.
372
SUMMARY
The title of this publication,
1989 -
The Autumn of the Nations, best illustrates
the subject matter that the following pages are devoted to. The main events described
and analysed by the authors took place in the autumn of
1989,
which lies at the
core of this publication, where the collective actors of these events were the nations
that gained independence after
45
years of subjection. Naturally, the entire analysis
is not limited to the second half of
1989 -
such narrowing down of the topic would
hinder the exploration of the mechanisms and reasons behind the changes; they
would also obstruct the study of both its effects and the remaining relics of commu¬
nism in the present times. Therefore, the deliberations concerning each country
subject to scrutiny have been divided into three parts: the waning years of commu¬
nism, the immediate process of the fall of the regime and the impact of the process
20
years on.
The underlying premise shared by the authors of this work is that the collapse
of the system was predominantly caused by economic reasons that stemmed from
the inefficient economic system. In the
1980s,
all the communist countries were faced
with crisis and had no prospects for recovery. What is more, the ruling elites were so
resistant to innovation that implementing substantial reforms was impossible without
at least partial prior replacements within the ranks.
The plan for a major overhaul of the system, later dubbed
perestroïka,
was
conceived in the Soviet Union and initiated with the appointment of Mikhail Gor¬
bachev as the General Secretary of the Soviet Union s Communist Party in
1985.
The
underlying premise behind
perestroïka
was the defence of communism by a certain
liberalisation of political and cultural life. The Soviet republics allowed an increa¬
singly unhampered exchange of views, and as early as in
1988
the first mass organi¬
zations, usually called National Fronts , were formed. Though initially confined to
supporting the ideology propagated by Gorbachev s staff, in time, they began to look
towards autonomy for the republics, and subsequently, independence, whereas in
the case of the Baltic states
-
the negation of the Hitler-Stalin pact.
The year
1989
saw heightened political activity in the USSR. Independence be¬
came a topical issue in the Soviet republics. The nationalist sentiments erupted most
violently in the Caucasus, which had a highly complex ethnic situation, while a bulk
of the conflicts did not concern the Kremlin at all. Inter-ethnic clashes broke out in
the Armenian enclave of Nagorno-Karabakh in Azerbaijan in February
1988.
In April
1989,
riots unfolded in Georgia. In
1989,
the Soviet Union was not only a political
advocate of far-reaching transformations, but also a role model for the communist
regimes of Central and Eastern Europe. In the beginning of the year, it might have
seemed from the Kremlin s perspective that
perestroïka
would reinforce communism
in the world
-
not its fall, which became certain by the end of the same year. Before
losing complete control and focusing almost entirely on internal struggle, the Soviet
authorities encouraged the reconstruction of the system in the satellite states and
strove to motivate local leaders as well as their state and party apparatuses in the
same vein. The process, initiated in
1985,
surpassed its borders and ultimately led to
the fall of the totalitarian system several years later.
SUMMARY
373
Poland was the first country to liberate itself from communism, and although it
does not constitute the subject of this work, several factors should be considered as
they illustrate how distinct the situation in the country was from those of other
communist states. The key aspect was the existence of a relatively strong opposition
movement and an even stronger position of the Catholic Church. Another important
fact was the total discredit of communism as a concept and the fact that Jaruzelski s
associates lacked vision for further governance. It is no wonder then that Soviet
policies
oí
perestroïka
caught on in the country. It was Poland that saw the first Round
Table talks
(6
February-15 April), the first partially free elections
(4
June), and the
appointment of the first non-communist prime minister
(24
August)
.
Hungary followed in the wake of Poland. The era of
Kádár s
goulash commu¬
nism was becoming a thing of the past, along with the aged leader. Although the
economic downturn was not as severe as in other countries in the region, the neces¬
sity of undertaking major reforms was evident. The Hungarian leadership adapted
Soviet policies
oí
perestroïka
practically from the beginning. In May
1988,
Kádár
was
replaced by the pro-reform
Károly Grósz,
thus accelerating the process of dismantling
communism. The opposition, initially frail and sparse, gradually began to draw
increasing support. On
13
June, the Round Table talks began. The exhumation and
second burial of
Imre Nagy,
on
16
June
1989,
proved a milestone, as the event
activated the society. In early October, the Hungarian Communist Party changed its
name and began evolving towards a social democracy. The symbolic end of commu¬
nism in the country may fall on
26
November, when the Hungarian people approved
a democracy package in a nationwide referendum, although in reality the totalitarian
system collapsed several months earlier.
Chronologically, the next country to topple communism was the German Demo¬
cratic Republic. Eastern Germany was an artificial political entity from the very
beginning. This may have been the reason why the authorities shunned reforms until
1989,
perceiving them not only as a threat to their own position but also to the
existence of the republic itself. The opposition in the GDR was weak, but became
active in the late
1980s,
as was the case with other countries of the Soviet bloc.
Commemorations of the 40th anniversary of the communist state were observed with
much panache in October
1989,
yet just several weeks later, on
9
November, the
Berlin Wall fell. The event marked a symbolic end of the system and the beginning
of the unification of Germany.
Nearly two weeks later, on
17
November, a demonstration was staged in Prague,
triggering a swift fall of communism in Czechoslovakia. The ruling authorities did
their utmost to hamper changes, yet when these proved inevitable, the system col¬
lapsed in an instant. Already on
29
December
1989,
a well-known opposition activist
Václav
Havel became president. The final stage of formal democratization in Czecho¬
slovakia took place on
8-9
June
1990
with fully free parliamentary elections.
Hardly had the echoes of the event faded out on the Vltava banks, when the
dictatorship of Nicolae
Ceauşescu
was abolished in Romania. The opposition was
practically non-existent in the country, yet the coup, following the outbreak of the
374
SUMMARY
revolution in
Timişoara,
and later in Bucharest, was staged by military men and party
dignitaries who were discontent with the situation in the country. The December
events in Romania, which is worth stressing, was the only really bloody experience
in the process of doing away with communism in Central and Eastern Europe. The
date
22
December, marking the flight of the despised
Ceauşescu
by helicopter from
the headquarters of the Central Committee of the Romanian Communist Party, went
down in history.
The last country to follow was Bulgaria, yet not because of a later initiation of
the process of dismantling the system, as it began in autumn
1989 -
on
10
November
Todor Zhivkov, was removed from office
-
but because it is difficult to pinpoint
a specific moment of the country s shift to post-communist democracy. The authors
have acknowledged the parliamentary elections, held in June
1990,
as the ground¬
breaking date.
Translated by
Alicja Baczyńska
|
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| geographic_facet | Ostblock |
| id | DE-604.BV036073401 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T22:10:55Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9788374362177 |
| language | Polish |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-018964629 |
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| owner_facet | DE-12 |
| physical | 384 s. il. - Ill. 24 cm. |
| psigel | DHB_JDG_ISBN_1 |
| publishDate | 2009 |
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| spelling | 1989 - Jesień Narodów Adam Burakowski ; Aleksander Gubrynowicz ; Paweł Ukielski Wyd. 1. Warszawa Collegium Civitas [etc.] 2009 384 s. il. - Ill. 24 cm. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: 1989 - the autumn of nations Geschichte 1989 gnd rswk-swf Politischer Wandel (DE-588)4175047-0 gnd rswk-swf Ostblock (DE-588)4075730-4 gnd rswk-swf Ostblock (DE-588)4075730-4 g Politischer Wandel (DE-588)4175047-0 s Geschichte 1989 z DE-604 Burakowski, Adam 1977- Sonstige (DE-588)141956518 oth Gubrynowicz, Aleksander 1974- Sonstige (DE-588)1115377469 oth Ukielski, Paweł 1976- Sonstige (DE-588)14195566X oth Digitalisierung BSBMuenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=018964629&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=018964629&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
| spellingShingle | 1989 - Jesień Narodów Politischer Wandel (DE-588)4175047-0 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4175047-0 (DE-588)4075730-4 |
| title | 1989 - Jesień Narodów |
| title_auth | 1989 - Jesień Narodów |
| title_exact_search | 1989 - Jesień Narodów |
| title_full | 1989 - Jesień Narodów Adam Burakowski ; Aleksander Gubrynowicz ; Paweł Ukielski |
| title_fullStr | 1989 - Jesień Narodów Adam Burakowski ; Aleksander Gubrynowicz ; Paweł Ukielski |
| title_full_unstemmed | 1989 - Jesień Narodów Adam Burakowski ; Aleksander Gubrynowicz ; Paweł Ukielski |
| title_short | 1989 - Jesień Narodów |
| title_sort | 1989 jesien narodow |
| topic | Politischer Wandel (DE-588)4175047-0 gnd |
| topic_facet | Politischer Wandel Ostblock |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=018964629&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=018964629&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT burakowskiadam 1989jesiennarodow AT gubrynowiczaleksander 1989jesiennarodow AT ukielskipaweł 1989jesiennarodow |