Verfügbarkeit: Introduction to green chemistry

Introduction to green chemistry:

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1. Verfasser:	Matlack, Albert S. (VerfasserIn)
Format:	Buch
Sprache:	English
Veröffentlicht:	Boca Raton, Fla. Taylor & Francis 2010
Ausgabe:	2. ed.
Schlagworte:	Environmental chemistry > Industrial applications Environmental management Grüne Chemie Ökologische Chemie
Online-Zugang:	Inhaltsverzeichnis
Beschreibung:	Includes bibliographical references and index
Beschreibung:	XI, 587 S. Ill., graph. Darst.
ISBN:	9781420078114

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adam_text	Contents Preface to Second Edition ...................................................................................................................................................... vii Preface to First Edition ...........................................................................................................................................................ix Chapter 1. Introduction ...........................................................................................................................................................1 1.1 General Background .......................................................................................................................................................1 1.2 Toxicity of Chemicals in the Environment ....................................................................................................................2 1.3 Accidents with Chemicals ..............................................................................................................................................7 1.4 Waste and Its Minimization ......................................................................................................................................... 13 1.5 Conclusions ...................................................................................................................................................................17 1.6 Summary of Some Important Points .............................................................................................................................18 References .....................................................................................................................................................................19 Recommended Reading ...............................................................................................................................................24 Exercises .......................................................................................................................................................................25 Chapter 2. Doing without Phosgene, Hydrogen Cyanide, and Formaldehyde .....................................................................27 2.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................................................................27 2.2 Preparation of Isocyanates ...........................................................................................................................................28 2.3 Polycarbonates ..............................................................................................................................................................39 2.4 Summary and Conclusions for Phosgene ......................................................................................................................41 2.5 Replacements for HCN .................................................................................................................................................43 2.6 Eliminating Formaldehyde ...........................................................................................................................................45 References ....................................................................................................................................................................45 Recommended Reading ...............................................................................................................................................48 Exercises .......................................................................................................................................................................48 Chapter 3. The Chlorine Controversy ....................................................................................................................................51 3.1 The Problem ..................................................................................................................................................................51 3.2 Toxicity of Chlorine Compounds .................................................................................................................................54 3.3 Estrogen Mimics ..........................................................................................................................................................56 3.4 Bleaching Paper ............................................................................................................................................................58 3.5 Disinfecting Water .......................................................................................................................................................59 3.6 Chlorofluorocarbons and Ozone Depletion ..................................................................................................................60 3.7 Chlorinated Solvents ....................................................................................................................................................63 3.8 Syntheses Where Chlorine Is Not in the Final Product ...............................................................................................64 3.9 Summary and Conclusions ...........................................................................................................................................66 References ....................................................................................................................................................................67 Recommended Reading ................................................................................................................................................74 Exercises ........................................................................................................................................................................74 Chapter 4. Toxic Heavy-Metal Ions .......................................................................................................................................75 4.1 The Problem ..................................................................................................................................................................75 4.2 End-of-the-Pipe Treatments .........................................................................................................................................78 4.3 Biocides ........................................................................................................................................................................80 4.4 Catalysts for Reactions Other Than Oxidation ............................................................................................................82 4.5 Dyes and Pigments .......................................................................................................................................................83 4.6 Electrical Uses ..............................................................................................................................................................84 4.7 Leather ..........................................................................................................................................................................85 4.8 Metal Finishing ............................................................................................................................................................85 4.9 Oxidation ......................................................................................................................................................................86 4.10 Miscellaneous: Asbestos as a Toxic Material ............................................................................................................100 ¡v CONTENTS References ..................................................................................................................................................................100 Recommended Reading ..............................................................................................................................................108 Exercises ......................................................................................................................................................................108 Chapters. Solid Catalysts and Reagents for Ease of Workup ............................................................................................109 5.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................................................109 5.2 The Use of Inorganic Supports ...................................................................................................................................110 5.3 Ion-Exchange Resins ...................................................................................................................................................119 5.4 Combinatorial Chemistry ...........................................................................................................................................124 5.5 Other Uses of Supported Reagents ............................................................................................................................. 127 5.6 Cyclodextrins ...............................................................................................................................................................133 References ...................................................................................................................................................................135 Recommended Reading ..............................................................................................................................................143 Exercises ......................................................................................................................................................................143 Chapter 6. Solid Acids and Bases ........................................................................................................................................145 6.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................................................................145 6.2 Polymeric Sulfonic Acids ............................................................................................................................................147 6.3 Polymer-Supported Lewis Acids .................................................................................................................................148 6.4 Sulfated Zirconia .........................................................................................................................................................149 6.5 Supported Metal Oxides ..............................................................................................................................................149 6.6 Rare Earth Triflates ....................................................................................................................................................150 6.7 Solid Bases ..................................................................................................................................................................151 6.8 Zeolites and Related Materials ...................................................................................................................................154 6.9 Metal Organic Frameworks .........................................................................................................................................164 6.10 Clays ............................................................................................................................................................................166 6.11 Heteropoly acids ...........................................................................................................................................................170 References ...................................................................................................................................................................175 Recommended Reading ..............................................................................................................................................185 Exercises ......................................................................................................................................................................185 Chapter 7. Chemical Separations .........................................................................................................................................187 7.1 The General Picture ....................................................................................................................................................187 7.2 Inclusion Compounds ..................................................................................................................................................191 7.3 Separation of Ions ........................................................................................................................................................194 7.4 Membrane Separations ............................................................................................................................................... 197 References ..................................................................................................................................................................205 Recommended Reading ..............................................................................................................................................213 Exercises ......................................................................................................................................................................213 Chapter 8. Working without Organic Solvents ....................................................................................................................215 8.1 Advantages and Disadvantages of Solvents ................................................................................................................215 8.2 Working without Solvent .............................................................................................................................................217 8.3 Process Intensification .................................................................................................................................................221 8.4 Carbon Dioxide as a Solvent ......................................................................................................................................226 8.5 Water as a Reaction Medium .....................................................................................................................................230 8.6 Ionic Liquids ...............................................................................................................................................................236 8.7 Surfactants and Cleaning ...........................................................................................................................................238 8.8 Coatings .......................................................................................................................................................................241 References ..................................................................................................................................................................246 Recommended Reading .............................................................................................................................................258 Exercises .....................................................................................................................................................................259 Chapter 9. Biocatalysis and Biodiversity ............................................................................................................................261 9.1 Biocatalysis ..................................................................................................................................................................261 CONTENTS v 9.2 Biodiversity ................................................................................................................................................................286 References ..................................................................................................................................................................293 Recommended Reading ..............................................................................................................................................310 Exercises ......................................................................................................................................................................311 Chapter 10. Stereochemistry ................................................................................................................................................313 10.1 Importance of Optical Isomers ...................................................................................................................................313 10.2 ChiralPool ..................................................................................................................................................................314 10.3 Resolution of Racemic Mixtures .................................................................................................................................315 10.4 Asymmetrical Synthesis .............................................................................................................................................323 References ...................................................................................................................................................................338 Recommended Reading .............................................................................................................................................343 Exercises .....................................................................................................................................................................343 Chapter 11. Agrochemicals .................................................................................................................................................345 11.1 The Nature and Use of Agrochemicals ......................................................................................................................345 11.2 Problems with Agrochemicals ...................................................................................................................................347 11.3 Alternative Agriculture ...............................................................................................................................................352 11.4 Lawns ..........................................................................................................................................................................371 11.5 Genetic Engineering ....................................................................................................................................................373 11.6 Integrated Pest Management .......................................................................................................................................373 References ...................................................................................................................................................................375 Recommended Reading .............................................................................................................................................386 Exercises .....................................................................................................................................................................386 Chapter 12. Materials for a Sustainable Economy .............................................................................................................387 12.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................................................387 12.2 Commodity Chemicals from Renewable Raw Materials ...........................................................................................387 12.3 Use of Natural Polymers ............................................................................................................................................399 12.4 Polymers from Renewable Raw Materials .................................................................................................................404 12.5 Conclusions and Recommendations ...........................................................................................................................408 References ..................................................................................................................................................................409 Recommended Reading ..............................................................................................................................................417 Exercises ......................................................................................................................................................................417 Chapter 13. Chemistry of Long Wear ..................................................................................................................................419 13.1 Why Things Wear Out ................................................................................................................................................419 13.2 Stabilizers for Polymers ..............................................................................................................................................421 13.3 Lubrication, Wear, and Related Subjects ...................................................................................................................426 13.4 Inhibition of Corrosion ...............................................................................................................................................430 13.5 Mending ......................................................................................................................................................................433 13.6 Miscellaneous .............................................................................................................................................................434 13.7 The Future ..................................................................................................................................................................434 References ..................................................................................................................................................................434 Recommended Reading ..............................................................................................................................................439 Exercises ......................................................................................................................................................................439 Chapter 14. Chemistry of Recycling ....................................................................................................................................441 14.1 Waste ...........................................................................................................................................................................441 14.2 Recycling ....................................................................................................................................................................442 14.3 Methods and Incentives for Source Reduction ............................................................................................................458 14.4 Overall Picture ...........................................................................................................................................................465 References ..................................................................................................................................................................466 Recommended Reading ..............................................................................................................................................475 Exercises ......................................................................................................................................................................475 v¡ CONTENTS Chapter 15. Energy and the Environment ............................................................................................................................477 15.1 Energy-Related Problems ............................................................................................................................................477 15.2 Heating, Cooling, and Lighting Buildings .................................................................................................................485 15.3 Renewable Energy for Electricity and Transport .......................................................................................................490 15.4 Use of Less Common Forms of Energy for Chemical Reactions ..............................................................................498 References ..................................................................................................................................................................502 Recommended Reading ..............................................................................................................................................515 Exercises ......................................................................................................................................................................516 Chapter 16. Population and the Environment ......................................................................................................................517 16.1 The Problems ...............................................................................................................................................................517 16.2 Chemistry of Human Reproduction ............................................................................................................................519 16.3 The Chemistry of Family Planning .............................................................................................................................521 16.4 Summary of the Problem ............................................................................................................................................527 References ..................................................................................................................................................................528 Recommended Reading ..............................................................................................................................................531 Exercises ......................................................................................................................................................................532 Chapter 17. Environmental Economics ................................................................................................................................533 17.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................................................................533 17.2 Nature s Services .........................................................................................................................................................533 17.3 Environmental Accounting .........................................................................................................................................535 17.4 Corporations ................................................................................................................................................................538 17.5 Environmental Economics of Individuals ...................................................................................................................541 17.6 Government Actions Affecting Environmental Economics ......................................................................................542 References ..................................................................................................................................................................546 Recommended Reading ..............................................................................................................................................552 Exercises ......................................................................................................................................................................552 Chapter 18. Greening ...........................................................................................................................................................553 18.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................................................................553 18.2 Individuals ...................................................................................................................................................................553 18.3 Nongovernmental Organizations ................................................................................................................................555 18.4 Government .................................................................................................................................................................557 18.5 Corporations ................................................................................................................................................................558 References ...................................................................................................................................................................567 Recommended Reading ..............................................................................................................................................573 Exercises ......................................................................................................................................................................573 Index .....................................................................................................................................................................................575
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title	Introduction to green chemistry
title_auth	Introduction to green chemistry
title_exact_search	Introduction to green chemistry
title_full	Introduction to green chemistry Albert S. Matlack
title_fullStr	Introduction to green chemistry Albert S. Matlack
title_full_unstemmed	Introduction to green chemistry Albert S. Matlack
title_short	Introduction to green chemistry
title_sort	introduction to green chemistry
topic	Environmental chemistry Industrial applications Environmental management Grüne Chemie (DE-588)7563215-9 gnd Ökologische Chemie (DE-588)4135167-8 gnd
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