Astrophysics for physicists:
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Cambridge [u.a.]
Cambridge Univ. Press
2010
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| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | XVIII, 471 Seiten Ill., graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 9780521815536 |
Internformat
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| 100 | 1 | |a Choudhuri, Arnab Rai |d 1956- |e Verfasser |0 (DE-588)141179384 |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Astrophysics for physicists |c Arnab Rai Choudhuri |
| 264 | 1 | |a Cambridge [u.a.] |b Cambridge Univ. Press |c 2010 | |
| 300 | |a XVIII, 471 Seiten |b Ill., graph. Darst. | ||
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804141091787636736 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Titel: Astrophysics for physicists
Autor: Choudhuri, Arnab Rai
Jahr: 2010
Contents
Preface page xiii
A note on symbols xviii
I Introduction 1
1.1 Mass, length and time scales in astrophysics 1
1.2 The emergence of modern astrophysics 4
1.3 Celestial coordinates 6
1.4 Magnitude scale 8
1.5 Application of physics to astrophysics. Relevance of
general relativity 9
1.6 Sources of astronomical information 12
1.7 Astronomy in different bands of electromagnetic radiation 14
1.7.1 Optical astronomy 15
1.7.2 Radio astronomy 18
1.7.3 X-ray astronomy 19
1.7.4 Other new astronomies 20
1.8 Astronomical nomenclature 21
Exercises 22
2 Interaction of radiation with matter 23
2.1 Introduction 23
2.2 Theory of radiative transfer 23
2.2.1 Radiation field 23
2.2.2 Radiative transfer equation 26
vi Contents
2.2.3 Optical depth. Solution of radiative transfer equation 28
2.2.4 Kirchhoff s law 30
2.3 Thermodynamic equilibrium revisited 31
2.3.1 Basic characteristics of thermodynamic equilibrium 32
2.3.2 Concept of local thermodynamic equilibrium 33
2.4 Radiative transfer through stellar atmospheres 35
2.4.1 Plane parallel atmosphere 35
2.4.2 The grey atmosphere problem 39
2.4.3 Formation of spectral lines 43
2.5 Radiative energy transport in the stellar interior 46
2.6 Calculation of opacity 48
2.6.1 Thomson scattering 50
2.6.2 Negative hydrogen ion 52
2.7 Analysis of spectral lines 53
2.8 Photon diffusion inside the Sun 55
Exercises 57
Stellar astrophysics I: Basic theoretical ideas and observational data 61
3.1 Introduction 61
3.2 Basic equations of stellar structure 62
3.2.1 Hydrostatic equilibrium in stars 62
3.2.2 Virial theorem for stars 64
3.2.3 Energy transport inside stars 66
3.2.4 Convection inside stars 67
3.3 Constructing stellar models 70
3.4 Some relations amongst stellar quantities 74
3.5 A summary of stellar observational data 77
3.5.1 Determination of stellar parameters 77
3.5.2 Important features of observational data 80
3.6 Main sequence, red giants and white dwarfs 82
3.6.1 The ends of the main sequence. Eddington luminosity limit 85
3.6.2 HR diagrams of star clusters 86
Exercises 89
Contents
4 Stellar astrophysics II: Nucleosynthesis and other advanced topics 91
4.1 The possibility of nuclear reactions in stars 91
4.2 Calculation of nuclear reaction rates 93
4.3 Important nuclear reactions in stellar interiors 97
4.4 Detailed stellar models and experimental confirmation 101
4.4.1 Helioseismology 104
4.4.2 Solar neutrino experiments 105
4.5 Stellar evolution 108
4.5.1 Evolution in binary systems 110
4.6 Mass loss from stars. Stellar winds 112
4.7 Supernovae 115
4.8 Stellar rotation and magnetic fields 119
4.9 Extrasolar planets 123
Exercises 124
5 End states of stellar collapse 127
5.1 Introduction 127
5.2 Degeneracy pressure of a Fermi gas 128
5.3 Structure of white dwarfs. Chandrasekhar mass limit 132
5.4 The neutron drip and neutron stars 137
5.5 Pulsars 139
5.5.1 The binary pulsar and testing general relativity 143
5.5.2 Statistics of millisecond and binary pulsars 144
5.6 Binary X-ray sources. Accretion disks 145
Exercises 149
6 Our Galaxy and its interstellar matter 153
6.1 The shape and size of our Galaxy 153
6.1.1 Some basics of star count analysis 153
6.1.2 Shapley s model 155
6.1.3 Interstellar extinction and reddening 157
6.1.4 Galactic coordinates 160
6.2 Galactic rotation 160
6.3 Nearly circular orbits of stars 166
Contents
6.3.1 The epicycle theory 166
6.3.2 The solar motion 169
6.3.3 The Schwarzschild velocity ellipsoid 171
6.4 Stellar populations 173
6.5 In search of the interstellar gas 174
6.6 Phases of the ISM and the diagnostic tools 177
6.6.1 Hi clouds 180
6.6.2 Warm intercloud medium 183
6.6.3 Molecular clouds 183
6.6.4 Hll regions 185
6.6.5 Hot coronal gas 187
6.7 The galactic magnetic field and cosmic rays 187
6.8 Thermal and dynamical considerations 191
Exercises 194
7 Elements of stellar dynamics 197
7.1 Introduction 197
7.2 Virial theorem in stellar dynamics 199
7.3 Collisional relaxation 201
7.4 Incompatibility of thermodynamic equilibrium and self-gravity 204
7.5 Boltzmann equation for collisionless systems 207
7.6 Jeans equations and their applications 210
7.6.1 Oort limit 212
7.6.2 Asymmetric drift 213
7.7 Stars in the solar neighbourhood belonging to two subsystems 216
Exercises 217
8 Elements of plasma astrophysics 219
8.1 Introduction 219
8.2 Basic equations of fluid mechanics 220
8.3 Jeans instability 223
8.4 Basic equations of MHD 228
8.5 Alfven s theorem of flux freezing 230
8.6 Sunspots and magnetic buoyancy 234
8.7 A qualitative introduction to dynamo theory 237
Contents
8.8 Parker instability 239
8.9 Magnetic reconnection 241
8.10 Particle acceleration in astrophysics 243
8.11 Relativistic beaming and synchrotron radiation 248
8.12 Bremsstrahlung 253
8.13 Electromagnetic oscillations in cold plasmas 254
8.13.1 Plasma oscillations 256
8.13.2 Electromagnetic waves 256
Exercises 257
9 Extragalactic astronomy 261
9.1 Introduction 261
9.2 Normal galaxies 261
9.2.1 Morphological classification 262
9.2.2 Physical characteristics and kinematics 265
9.2.3 Open questions 270
9.3 Expansion of the Universe 271
9.4 Active galaxies 276
9.4.1 The zoo of galactic activity 276
9.4.2 Superluminal motion in quasars 280
9.4.3 Black hole as central engine 282
9.4.4 Unification scheme 285
9.5 Clusters of galaxies 286
9.6 Large-scale distribution of galaxies 293
9.7 Gamma ray bursts 295
Exercises 296
10 The spacetime dynamics of the Universe 297
10.1 Introduction 297
10.2 What is general relativity? 298
10.3 The metric of the Universe 304
10.4 Friedmann equation for the scale factor 308
10.5 Contents of the Universe. The cosmic blackbody radiation 313
10.6 The evolution of the matter-dominated Universe 317
Contents
10.6.1 The closed solution (jfc = +1) 318
10.6.2 The open solution (k = -1) 319
10.6.3 Approximate solution for early epochs 320
10.6.4 The age of the Universe 321
10.7 The evolution of the radiation-dominated Universe 322
Exercises 324
11 The thermal history of the Universe 325
11.1 Setting the time table 325
11.2 Thermodynamic equilibrium 327
11.3 Primordial nucleosynthesis 331
11.4 The cosmic neutrino background 334
11.5 The nature of dark matter 336
11.6 Some considerations of the very early Universe 339
11.6.1 The horizon problem and inflation 339
11.6.2 Baryogenesis 340
11.7 The formation of atoms and the last scattering surface 341
11.7.1 Primary anisotropics in CMBR 342
11.7.2 The Sunyaev-Zeldovich effect 343
11.8 Evidence for evolution during redshifts z ~ 1 ? 6 344
11.8.1 Quasars and galaxies at high redshift 345
11.8.2 The intergalactic medium 346
11.9 Structure formation 349
Exercises 353
12 Elements of tensors and general relativity 357
12.1 Introduction 357
12.2 The world of tensors 358
12.2.1 What is a tensor? 358
12.2.2 The metric tensor 360
12.2.3 Differentiation of tensors 363
12.2.4 Curvature 367
12.2.5 Geodesies 371
12.3 Metric for weak gravitational field 373
12.4 Formulation of general relativity 378
Contents
12.4.1 The energy-momentum tensor 379
12.4.2 Einstein s equation 381
Exercises 384
13 Some applications of general relativity 387
13.1 Time and length measurements 387
13.2 Gravitational redshift 389
13.3 The Schwarzschild metric 390
13.3.1 Particle motion in Schwarzschild geometry.
The perihelion precession 392
13.3.2 Motion of massless particles. The bending of light 399
13.3.3 Singularity and horizon 405
13.4 Linearized theory of gravity 407
13.5 Gravitational waves 411
Exercises 416
14 Relativistic cosmology 419
14.1 The basic equations 419
14.2 The cosmological constant and its significance 421
14.3 Propagation of light in the expanding Universe 425
14.4 Important cosmological tests 428
14.4.1 Results for the case A = 0 429
14.4.2 Results for the case A ^ 0 433
14.5 Cosmological parameters from observational data 435
Exercises 440
Appendix A. Values of various quantities 443
Appendix B. Astrophysics and the Nobel Prize 445
Suggestions for further reading 447
References 453
Index 463
|
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