România şi Iugoslavia în primul deceniu interbelic: relaţii politico-diplomatice (1919 - 1929)
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Romanian |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Iaşi
Ed. Univ. "Alexandru Ioan Cuza"
2009
|
| Schriftenreihe: | Historica
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract |
| Beschreibung: | Zsfassung in engl. u. serb. Sprache |
| Beschreibung: | 230 S. |
| ISBN: | 9789737034885 |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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|---|---|
| adam_text | SUMAR
INTRODUCERE
................................................................................................7
CAPITOLUL
I
EUROPA
DE SUD-EST
ŞI SFÂRŞITUL „MARELUI RĂZBOI
.................15
LI. Disoluţia Imperiului Austro-Ungar. O perspectivă
....................................15
1.2.
Sistemul de pace de la Paris-
Versailles.
Consideraţii
................................22
1.3.
Formarea Regatului Sârbilor, Croaţilor şi Slovenilor
................................29
CAPITOLUL
II
PROBLEMA BANATULUI ÎN RAPORTURILE
ROMÀNO-IUGOSLAVE
................................................................................63
ILI.
Banatul la
1918.
Un „tablou etnico-demografîc
.....................................67
11.2. Principiul naţionalităţilor în Banat
............................................................70
11.3. Trasarea frontierei
romàno-iugoslave
.......................................................95
11.4.
Take Ionescu
şi „chestiunea Banatului
.................................................126
CAPITOLULUI
ROMÂNIA, IUGOSLAVIA ŞI MICA ÎNŢELEGERE
.................................135
Ш.1.
Originile alianţei. Câteva argumente
.....................................................136
III.2. Conferinţe ale Micii înţelegeri
..............................................................144
CAPITOLUL
IV
RELAŢIILE
ROMÀNO-IUGOSLAVE
ÎN CONTEXT REGIONAL
............151
IV.
1.
Paşi spre reconciliere
.............................................................................152
rV.2. România, Iugoslavia şi situaţia din Ungaria
(1920-1922).....................156
IV.3. Aspecte ale colaborării
romàno-iugoslave
............................................159
IVA
Românii din Banatul sârbesc şi Timoc
..................................................162
6__________________________________________________________________________
SUMAR
CONCLUZII
..................................................................................................169
IZVOARE ŞI BIBLIOGRAFIE
.....................................................................171
ANEXE
..........................................................................................................187
РЕЗИМЕ (на српском
језику)
......................................................................209
SUMMARY
...................................................................................................217
INDICE
DE NUME
.......................................................................................225
SUMMARY
A historical excursion into Romania s bilateral relations with Yugoslavia is
-
necessary to be mentioned
-
a difficult but thrilling undertaking. It becomes
even more obvious due to the deep concern for the mechanisms used to study
these relations which focuses on the unstable period likely to guide the
researcher who wishes to decript the fields of politics and diplomacy to
inhibitory directions.
Of course, the focus of our concern is the period immediately following
World War I, when in Europe in general and in the Balkans especially, the belief
that the old pre-war world suffered
-
and would suffer
-
fundamental changes
has pervaded.
These significant changes have been based on a revolutionary concept,
namely the primacy of the principle of nationalities . The question of applying
it ad litteram has led to a reshaping of the continent in order to find new
solutions for the state political structure, even if it was for a short period of time,
traditionally called the inter-war period .
Topics such as the relations between Romania and Yugoslavia at the end of
The Great War are themselves, volens-nolens, subject to the structural changes
in Europe after the Versailles event.
Moreover, new issues become meaningful due to the historical analysis which
focuses upon some problematic regions of the old continent , where hereditary
issues overlapped pride and nationalist passions inevitably, not only in the
region but also in other states, on their way to national assertion.
Romania and Yugoslavia are no exception. Benefiting from the peace treaties
of Paris-Versailles
-
although their partaking in the war resulted in casualties
and damage
-
the two countries have proved to maintain different positions,
grounded on opposing national aspirations , after
1918.
This observation
entitles us to avoid the traditional approach of the bilateral relations between
Bucharest and Belgrade after
1918,
which have been enthusiastically considered
an example of Balkan cooperation.
Actually, the romanian-yugoslavian relations have oscillated in time, even if
history recorded them as axioms during certain periods of time. The tensions
created between the two capital cities have been a token of the period, in fact,
and documents come to our support.
218
SUMMARY
Starting from these observations, we have decided to inquire into the nature
of the bilateral relations between Romania and Yugoslavia in the first inter-war
decade.
Without doubt, the year
1919
may represent the starting point for this
analysis. During this year, in Paris, the Peace Conference hoped to give the
Europe of nationalities a new shape
-
by the signed treaties
-
the shape
delineated by the end of World War I. Taking this into consideration, it is only
normal for the relations between Romanians and Serbs/Yugoslavians to stop
developing on the same old pre-war bases.
In relation to the second temporal reference
-
the year
1929 -
a few aspects
are worth mentioning. From the strict point of view of the Romanian diplomacy,
1929
appears to be without significance and cannot represent a milestone of
romanian
foreign policy. Furthermore,
1929
is not a turning
poinť
in the
bilateral romanian-yugoslavian relations as long as the major issues of the two
countries have been solved to a great extent and some delicate issues, such as the
educational and religious system of the
romanian
minority in Yugoslavia, have
been dealt with throughout the forth decade as well.
There are still two important reasons for which we have decided to stop the
inquiry into the romanian-yugoslavian relations and linger upon the year
1929.
The first reason bears quantitative significance . The year
1929
comes in the
middle of the inter-war period if we take into consideration the fact that the
european
structure created in Paris will fall because of the faulty System of
Versailles, but not only, ten years later. From this point of view, the analysis of
the political-diplomatic relationships ongoing for that decade is essential.
The second reason is related to the internal developments in the Kingdom of
Serbs, Croats and Slovenes. After ten years of useless search and taking the way
of constitutional and structural elements, the yugoslav state structure made use
of the commonest political tool at hand to survive, a tool succesfully tested in
other
european
states in the
1920s,
namely dictatorship. Thus, Yugoslavia played
its last card to maintain its
de
jure unity at any cost; any other solutions were
rejected
apriori
in Belgrade and Zagreb as well.
Following a decade of internal political tensions created by the centralism-
federalism dispute and marked by extreme political violence
-
for example the
murder of
Stjepan Radić,
the leader of the Croatian Peasants Party, in the
Parliament
-
Yugoslavia adopted the dictatorship, which was seen as the only
way to maintain the multinational state at any cost .
The yugoslav failure meant the adoption of authoritarianism, populism and
paternalism in the neighbouring state because of the lack of any democratic
aspect, namely the parliamentary system, based on the pluralism of outlooks
expressed by political parties.
ROMÂNIA ŞI IUGOSLAVIA ÎN PRIMUL DECENIU INTERBELIC
___________________________219
Seen from this
perspective,
ťhe
events mentioned above would lead Romania
and Yugoslavia on different paths. Even if, in what regards the bilateral
relations, the cooperation agreed upon in the framework of the Little Entente
was continued and maintained as established in
1921,
the personal regime of
King Alexander postponed sine die the settling of the situation of the
romanian
minority in Yugoslavia, great importance being given to diminishing the
tensions between the two main constituents of the multinational state: the Serbs
and the Croats.
A lot of information was recorded in the literature of the time, but not as
much as the information about the relations with Hungary or the Soviet Union
recorded by the romanian historians.
The reason was the politics of these states towards Romania, characterized by
a revanchist and revisionist spirit. The politics of Yugoslavia towards Romania
had different characteristics, reason why, during that period and the communist
regime, the concealment of some realities had a preventive purpose.
The yugoslavian/serbian historians attitude towards the same issue was
similar in general.
An excellent monograph written by Miodrag Milin, a historian in
Timişoara
-
Relaţiile politice româno-sîrbe în epoca modernă
-
secolul al XJX-lea
(Romanian-Serbian Political Relations in the Modern Times
-
19th Century),
published by
Editura Academiei,
in Romania, in
1992 -
appeared in modern
times, but for the period between
1919
and
1939
there was no work of such type.
Still, a monograph about the yugoslavian-romanian relations in the inter-war
period was written in Serbian in Yugoslavia by
a serb
historian of romanian
nationality, Gligor
Popi.
The monograph was entitled Jugoslovensko-rumunski
odnosi
1919-1940
(Yugoslavian-Romanian Relations
1919-1940),
published in
1984
in
Pančevo.
The monograph focused on the nature of these relations
exhaustively: political, diplomatic, cultural and religious-ecclesiastic as he had
found them depicted in the archives in Romania and Yugoslavia more than two
decades ago.
Gligor
Popi
also published
Românii din Banatul iugoslav între cele două
războaie
1918-1941
(Romanians from Yugoslav
Banat
between the Two Wars
1918-1941)
in Romania, written in romanian, in
1996.
The monograph described
the situation of the romanian ethnic factor in
Banat,
the region which was given
to Yugoslavia at the Peace Conference, and focused on the main aspects of
organizing the romanian community in the region during the inter-war period.
Another yugoslavian historian, Milan Vanku, proved to be an excellent
exegete
of the relations between the two states, Romania and Yugoslavia, during
the inter-war period in the last decades of the last century. His contributions
were translated into romanian immediately and depicted the romanian-
220_____________________________________________________________________
SUMMARY
Yugoslavian relations in the framework of the Little Entente. One of this famous
work was Mica
înţelegere şi politica externă a Iugoslaviei. Momente şi
semnificaţii
(The Little Entente and the Foreign Policy of Yugoslavia. Moments
and Meanings), published by
Editura Politică
in
1979.
Immediately after the end of World War I and especially between
1919
and
1923 -
the year when the Belgrade Protocol was signed and the issue of the
border in
Banat
was setteled for ever
-
the political tensions between the two
capital cities left their mark upon the historical writings which contained strong
controversial aspects.
From this point of view, we witnessed a genuine historical-propagandist
offensive whose purpose was to influence the
european
diplomacies rather than
convince the academic media of the truth of the participants in the dispute.
To support our statement, the contributions of some famous historians,
philologists, geographers and politicians whose writings were used as weapons
for the yugoslavian-romanian
propagandistic
wať
concerning the issue of
Banat
had been significant:
Jovan Cvijić,
La Péninsule Balkanique. Géographie
humaine, Paris,
1918
and La Serbie, Paris,
1918;
E. Denis, La Grande Serbie,
Paris,
1915;
Gaston Gravier, Les frontières historiques de la Serbie, Paris,
1913;
Radonya Yovanovitch, Les Croates et
Γ
Autriche-Hongrie, Paris,
1918;
Pierre de
Lanux, La Yougoslavie, Paris,
1916;
Sever
Bocu,
La question du
Banat,
Paris,
1919;
Aurel
Diaconovici,
Despre şi pentru Banatul întreg
(About and for the
entire
Banat), Sibiu,
1920;
Traían
Lalescu,
Le problème étnographique du
Banat,
Paris,
1919;
George G.
Mironescu, Problema Banatului
(The Issue
of the
Banat),
Bucharest,
1919;
Iuliu Maniu, Chestia Banatului
(The Issue of the
Banat),
Bucharest,
1924
etc.
Writings of far-reaching influence such as the works of historians like
Nicolae Iorga and Gh.I. Bratianu or famous politicians like Take Ionescu, I.G.
Duca or
Viorel V. Tilea lacked; they only made some contextual references
about the issues in
Banat
and the relations between Romania and Yugoslavia.
This tendency was kept during the whole inter-war period.
After World War II, the new historiography did not contain references to
these issues, given that they were either out of date or inopportune .
On the occasion oh the 50th anniversary of the union of Transylvania with
Romania, in
1968
and in the new
historiographie
framework after
1964,
the
article of
I.D.
Suciu, Banatul şi unirea
din
1918
(The
Banat
and the Union of
1918),
published in
„Studii. Revistă
de Istorie , no.
6/1968
was worth
mentioning as well. A series of thematic studies on
Banat
was published
afterwards, including the writings of George Cipaianu and Gheorghe
lancu,
Nouvelles
contributions
concernant
ľinstallation
de
Γ
administration roumaine
dans le
Banat
(1919),
in
„Anuarul Institutului
de
Istorie şi Arheologie Cluj-
ROMÂNIA ŞI IUGOSLAVIA ÎN PRIMUL DECENIU INTERBELIC
__________________________221
Napoca, no. XVII/1985-1986,
William
Marin,
loan
Munteanu and Gheorghe
Radulovici, Unirea Banatului cu România (The Union
of the
Banat
with
Romania),
Timişoara,
1988
and Radu Paiusan, Mişcarea naţională din Banat şi
Marea Unire (The National
Movement in
Banat
and the Great Unity),
Timişoara,
1993.
Another
relevant
contribution to the Romanian-Yugoslavian relations in the
south-eastern framework of the period
1919-1924
was that of
Constantin Iordan,
România şi relaţiile internaţionale din sud-estul european
1919-1924
(Romania
and the
International
Relations in
South-East Europe
1919-1924),
published in
1999,
which shared an interesting approach on the relations between Bucharest
and Belgrade at the end of World War I.
Of course, the writings cited above are not the only ones and our intent was
not to be partial. We tried to show objectiveness, which was obvious throughout
the last century and prompted us to reflection starting from a pure rhetoric
question: How great is the interest of contemporary historiography in the issues
of Timok Valley, the Ukrainian
Maramureş
or the Cadrilater (Southern
Dobrudja), from both a historical and a contemporary perspective?
In relation to the consequences of the Versailles Peace System for Romania
and Yugoslavia, they seemed to have been raised to an axiom a long time ago.
Both Romania and the neighbouring country took full advantage from the major
changes that turned up in
european
politics at the end of
1918.
Therefore, the
tensions between the two missions displayed throughout the negotiations in Paris
and, afterwards, in the bilateral relations, were brought about by the different
and often contradictory perceptions on the territorial dispute resolution proposed
by The Big Four .
Their source was the major difference in the background on which the two
states had been established. For the Yugoslavians, the multinational and
pluriethnic concept was to be reflected in the establishment of the new state,
whereas for the Romanians, only the international acknowledgement of the
character of the unitary state grounded on the common historical heritage of all
united provinces would have been enough.
The
romanian
and yugoslavian
marxist
historiographies
-
by concealing the
undeniable truth
-
tried to endorse the simple idea that Yugoslavia fulfilled its
national unity following the same path as Romania, benefiting from the same
favourable circumstances of the year
1918.
Therefore, the historical process of
the establishment of Yugoslavia was considered a linear process, an
accumulation of factors which naturally led to the foundation of the first state
of the south Slavs. Vasile
Maciďs
study published in
1968
was a case in point
In its turn, the communist historiography during
Josip Broz
Tito s regime
followed the same path of presumed cohesion of all the Yugoslavians, who
222_______________________________________________________________
SUMMARY
seemed to have been guided by the same desire to fulfill the national ideal until
the end of the war. Moreover, Tito s battle cry, i.e. Fraternity and Unity among
all yugoslav peoples, came in addition to it after
1945.
Around the last decade of the last century, when the fall of the yugoslav
communist federation had begun extensively, yugoslavian historians and
historians coming from the ex-yugoslav space became famous among the
western historians, the former beginning to exorcise the old titoist theses about
the foundation of Yugoslavia.
Such historians were Stevan K. Pavlowitch, at the University of
Southampton, Michael P. Petrovitch, Charles
&
Barbara Jelavich and Joseph
Rothschild as well. These historians brought to our attention the parts of their
syntheses where formality replaced historical objectivity because of ideological
reasons.
In what regards our concern, we wished to recreate the historical path of the
state foundation of the south Slavs starting from the reason that separated the
political actors involved in the process. Thus, we pointed out what we had
described as the path from historical compromise to political necessity ,
followed by the Croat and Slovenian leaders and ideologists of yugoslavism ,
which was, in fact, a real walk to Canossa ending with the foundation of the
yugoslav state in December, 1st,
1918.
The state being insufficiently consolidated, the path was blocked after ten
years of unsuccessful political experiments so that dictatorship was considered
-
by the Serbian politics
-
the only way to preserve the multinational state
guaranteed in Belgrade.
Romania and Yugoslavia were engaged in a severe
teritorial
dispute at the
end of World War I. The reason of the dispute was the province of
Banat,
claimed by both Bucharest and Belgrade, according to their different
interpretations of the principle of nationalities. The starting point of the dispute
was the acknowledgement that the whole
Banat
became part of Romania
-
naturally bordered by the Danube, the
Tisza
River, the Mures River and the
Carpathian Mountains
-
as a result of the treaty signed by the Romanian
government and the Entente in August, 4th/17th,
1916.
The provisions of the treaty were questioned by the Serbs who made use of
the principle according to which peace had to be negotiated only at the end of
the war and the winners should take part in the negotiations. Under these
circumstances, we thought it necessary to insist upon the diametrically opposed
points of view of Romania and Yugoslavia on the crucial reasons for which the
province of
Banat
had been claimed by both, partly or wholly.
The situation led to an obvious clash between the principle of nationalities
and other criteria
-
of great importance as well
-
such as the economic,
ROMÂNIA ŞI IUGOSLAVIA ÎN PRIMUL DECENIU INTERBELIC
__________________________223.
communicative, strategic
necessities and the need for ensuring the national
security of the two Opponents if not to an equal degree, at least to a reasonable
one.
Mapping and the establishing the terrestrial border between Romania and
Yugoslavia was a painful issue for the two countries. Furthermore, the
unexpected retreat of
Ionel
Bratianu from the Peace Conference caused by the
change of attitude towards the incorporation of the whole
Banat
into Romania
did not modify the political philosophy of the great conquerors. On the
contrary, it was a source for further tension between the two capital cities in the
short run.
The mapping of the border was a toilsome, long and debatable process which
required an important degree of flexibility on the part of both commissions in
charge of the difficult mission. The process brought to our attention that no
perfect borders could exist
-
ideally straight as the media had claimed
—
and
painful compromises were necessary. Even if they could not to be avoided, their
consequences were minimized.
In the end, the border of
Banat
proved to be viable and did not give rise to
other tensions, while, at the same time, it remained the only frontier in Romania
which was not modified subsequently.
In what concerns the cooperation between Romania and Yugoslavia in the
framework of the Little Entente, a few preliminary conclusions should be drawn.
Besides the bilateral cooperation which resembled the diplomatic pedagogy
sometimes, the Romanian governments were accused of unsatisfactory reaction
against the recurring violation of the rights of the
romanian
minority in
Yugoslavia by the Opposition formed in
1922-1928.
That attitude was attributed to the desire to preserve the alleged ideal image
of the Little Entente, especially on the part of the
romanian
diplomacy.
In their turn, the yugoslav authorities, aware of the fact, did not hasten to
adopt efficient measures to limit the abuses, which mass-media brought to the
attention of foreign and national public opinion repeatedly.
|
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| author | Lazăr, Dan 1967- |
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| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)641666367 (DE-599)BVBBV036048627 |
| era | Geschichte 1919-1929 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1919-1929 |
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| geographic | Jugoslawien (DE-588)4028966-7 gnd Rumänien (DE-588)4050939-4 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Jugoslawien Rumänien |
| id | DE-604.BV036048627 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T22:10:15Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9789737034885 |
| language | Romanian |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-018940359 |
| oclc_num | 641666367 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 |
| physical | 230 S. |
| publishDate | 2009 |
| publishDateSearch | 2009 |
| publishDateSort | 2009 |
| publisher | Ed. Univ. "Alexandru Ioan Cuza" |
| record_format | marc |
| series2 | Historica |
| spelling | Lazăr, Dan 1967- Verfasser (DE-588)140602615 aut România şi Iugoslavia în primul deceniu interbelic relaţii politico-diplomatice (1919 - 1929) Dan Lazăr Iaşi Ed. Univ. "Alexandru Ioan Cuza" 2009 230 S. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Historica Zsfassung in engl. u. serb. Sprache Geschichte 1919-1929 gnd rswk-swf Jugoslawien (DE-588)4028966-7 gnd rswk-swf Rumänien (DE-588)4050939-4 gnd rswk-swf Rumänien (DE-588)4050939-4 g Jugoslawien (DE-588)4028966-7 g Geschichte 1919-1929 z DE-604 Digitalisierung BSBMuenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=018940359&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=018940359&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
| spellingShingle | Lazăr, Dan 1967- România şi Iugoslavia în primul deceniu interbelic relaţii politico-diplomatice (1919 - 1929) |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4028966-7 (DE-588)4050939-4 |
| title | România şi Iugoslavia în primul deceniu interbelic relaţii politico-diplomatice (1919 - 1929) |
| title_auth | România şi Iugoslavia în primul deceniu interbelic relaţii politico-diplomatice (1919 - 1929) |
| title_exact_search | România şi Iugoslavia în primul deceniu interbelic relaţii politico-diplomatice (1919 - 1929) |
| title_full | România şi Iugoslavia în primul deceniu interbelic relaţii politico-diplomatice (1919 - 1929) Dan Lazăr |
| title_fullStr | România şi Iugoslavia în primul deceniu interbelic relaţii politico-diplomatice (1919 - 1929) Dan Lazăr |
| title_full_unstemmed | România şi Iugoslavia în primul deceniu interbelic relaţii politico-diplomatice (1919 - 1929) Dan Lazăr |
| title_short | România şi Iugoslavia în primul deceniu interbelic |
| title_sort | romania si iugoslavia in primul deceniu interbelic relatii politico diplomatice 1919 1929 |
| title_sub | relaţii politico-diplomatice (1919 - 1929) |
| topic_facet | Jugoslawien Rumänien |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=018940359&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=018940359&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT lazardan romaniasiiugoslaviainprimuldeceniuinterbelicrelatiipoliticodiplomatice19191929 |