Verfügbarkeit: Fiberglass and glass technology

Fiberglass and glass technology: energy-friendly compositions and applications

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Bibliographische Detailangaben
Weitere Verfasser:	Wallenberger, Frederick T. (HerausgeberIn)
Format:	Buch
Sprache:	English
Veröffentlicht:	New York, NY Springer 2010
Schlagworte:	Umwelt Glass fiber industry > Environmental aspects Glass fibers Glass manufacture > Environmental aspects
Online-Zugang:	Inhaltsverzeichnis
Beschreibung:	XV, 474 S. Ill., graph. Darst.
ISBN:	9781441907356 9781441907363

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adam_text	Contents Part I Continuous Glass Fibers 1 Commercial and Experimental Glass Fibers ........... Frederick T. Wallenberger 1.1 Overview: Glass Melt and Fiber Formation .......... 1.1.1 Principles of Glass Melt Formation ......... 1.1.2 Principles of Glass Fiber Formation ......... 1.1.3 Structure of Melts and Fibers ............ 1.1.4 Summary and Conclusions ............. 1.2 Silica Fibers, Sliver, and Fabrics (95-100% S1O2) ...... 1.2.1 Ultrapure Silica Fibers (99.99-99.999% SÍO2) . . . 1.2.2 Pure Silica Sliver and Fabrics (95.5-99.5% SiO2) . 1.2.3 Summary and Conclusions ............. 1.3 Silicate Glass Fibers (50-70% SÌO2, 1-25% AI2O3) ..... 1.3.1 Forming Glass Fibers from Strong Viscous Melts . . .3.2 General-Purpose Silicate Glass Fibers ........ .3.3 Special-Purpose Silicate Glass Fibers ........ .3.4 Non-round, Bicomponent and Hollow Silicate Fibers .3.5 Summary and Conclusions ............. 1.4 Aluminate Glass Fibers (<81% A12O3, <50% SiO2) .... 1.4.1 Glass Fibers from Fragile Melts (25-50% AI2O3, 10-4% SÌO2) ................. 1.4.2 Glass Fibers from Inviscid Melts (55-81% AI2O3, 4-0% SÌO2) ............ 1.5 Appendix: Single-Crystal Alumina Fibers .........., 1.5.1 Single-Crystal Fibers from Inviscid Melts ...... 1.5.2 The Future of Alumina and Aluminate Fibers ..... References ............................... 2 Design of Energy-Friendly Glass Fibers ............... Frederick T. Wallenberger 2.1 Principles of Designing New Compositions .......... 2.1.1 Compositional, Energy, and Environmental Issues . . 3 3 3 9 11 15 15 15 19 22 23 23 28 34 54 60 60 60 66 77 77 82 84 91 91 91 Contents 2.1.2 Trend Line Design of New Fiberglass Compositions 2.2 Energy-Friendly Aluminosilicate Glass Fibers ........ 2.2.1 New Energy-Friendly Е -Glass Variants with <2%B2O3 ..................... 2.2.2 New Energy-Friendly Е -Glass Variants with 2-10% B2O3 .................... 2.2.3 New Energy- and Environmentally Friendly ECR-Glass Variants ................. 2.3 Energy-Friendly Soda-Lime-Silica Glass Fibers ....... 2.3.1 New Energy-Friendly A- and С -Glass Compositions 2.4 Summary, Conclusions, and Path Forward .......... References .............................. Composite Design and Engineering . J.H.A. van der Woude and E.L. Lawton 3.1 Introduction ........... 3.1.1 Continuous Fibers for Reinforcement ...... 3.1.2 Е -Glass Fibers .................. 3.1.3 Fiberglass Manufacturing ............ 3.1.4 Fiberglass Size .................. 3.1.5 Composite Mechanical Properties ........ 3.1.6 Products ..................... 3.2 Thermoset Composite Material .............. 3.2.1 Liquid Resin Processing Techniques ...... 3.2.2 Thermosetting Matrix Resins .......... 3.2.3 Fillers ...................... 3.2.4 Release Agents .................. 3.3 Reinforced Thermoplastic Materials ........... 3.3.1 Introduction ................... 3.3.2 Semifinished Materials Based on Thermoplastics 3.4 Composites for Wind Turbines .............. Introduction ................... Raw Materials .................. Blade-Manufacturing Techniques ........ Blade Design Methodologies .......... 3.4.1 3.4.2 3.4.3 3.4.4 References Glass Fibers for Printed Circuit Boards ........... Anthony V. Longobardo 4.1 Introduction ....................... 4.1.1 Printed Circuit Board Requirements and Their Implications for Fiberglass .......... 4.1.2 Fiberglass Role in PCB Construction ..... 4.1.3 Electrical Aspects ............... 4.1.4 Structural Aspects ............... 94 99 99 111 114 116 117 119 121 125 125 125 127 128 129 130 138 141 142 148 154 155 156 156 158 168 168 169 169 170 172 175 175 176 177 179 181 Contents xi 4.2 Glass Compositional Families ................. 184 4.2.1 Improvements Initially Based on Е -Glass ....... 184 4.2.2 D-Glass and Its Compositional Improvements .... 188 4.3 Future Needs of the PCB Market ................ 191 4.3.1 The Electronics Manufacturer s Roadmap ....... 191 4.3.2 What This Means for the Board and Yarn Makers . . 192 References ............................... 195 5 High-Strength Glass Fibers and Markets .............. 197 Robert L. Hausrath and Anthony V. Longobardo 5.1 Attributes of High-Strength Glass ............... 197 5.1.1 Strength ........................ 198 5.1.2 Elastic Modulus .................... 203 5.1.3 Thermal Stability ................... 205 5.2 Glass Compositional Families ................. 206 5.2.1 S-Glass ......................... 207 5.2.2 R-Glass ......................... 208 5.2.3 Other High-Strength Glasses ............. 209 5.3 High-Strength Glass Fibers in Perspective ........... 210 5.3.1 The Competitive Material Landscape ......... 210 5.3.2 Inherent Advantages of Continuous Glass Fibers . . . 215 5.4 Markets and Applications .................... 215 5.4.1 Defense - Hard Composite Armor .......... 216 5.4.2 Aerospace - Rotors and Interiors ........... 218 5.4.3 Automotive - Belts, Hoses, and Mufflers ....... 220 5.4.4 Industrial Reinforcements - Pressure Vessels ..... 221 5.5 Concluding Remarks ...................... 222 References ............................... 223 Part II Soda-Lime-Silica Glasses 6 Compositions of Industrial Glasses ................. 229 Antonín Smrček 6.1 Guidelines for Industrial Glass Composition Selection ..... 229 .1 Economics ....................... 230 .2 Demands on the Glass Melt .............. 230 .3 Meltability ....................... 232 .4 Workability ...................... 233 .5 Choice of Raw Materials ............... 235 .6 Cullet Effect - Glass Melt Production Heat ...... 236 1.7 Glass Refining ..................... 237 6.2 Industrial Glass Compositions ................. 240 6.2.1 Historical Development ................ 240 6.2.2 Flat Glass ....................... 242 6.2.3 Container Glass .................... 245 6.2.4 Lead-Free Utility Glass ................ 250 ¡ Contents 6.2.5 Technical Glass .................... 253 6.2.6 Lead Crystal ...................... 259 6.2.7 Colored Glasses .................... 261 6.3 Example Glass Compositions .................. 261 6.3.1 Perspectives ...................... 261 6.3.2 Practical Examples of Container Glass Batch Charge . 262 References ............................... 266 7 Design of New Energy-Friendly Compositions ........... 267 Paul A. Bingham 7.1 Introduction ........................... 267 7.2 Design Requirements ...................... 268 7.2.1 Commercial Glass Compositions ........... 269 7.3 Environmental Issues ...................... 269 7.3.1 Specific Energy Consumption ............. 269 7.3.2 Atmospheric Emission Limits ............. 271 7.3.3 Pollution Prevention and Control ........... 271 7.4 Fundamental Glass Properties .................. 278 7.4.1 Viscosity-Temperature Relationship ......... 279 7.4.2 Devitrification and Crystal Growth .......... 281 7.4.3 Conductivity and Heat Transfer ............ 286 7.4.4 Interfaces, Surfaces, and Gases ............ 291 7.4.5 Chemical Durability .................. 297 7.4.6 Density and Thermo-mechanical Properties ...... 299 7.5 Design ofNewSLS Glasses .................. 300 7.5.1 Batch Processing, Preheating, and Melting ...... 300 7.5.2 Cullet .......................... 302 7.5.3 Silica, SiO2 ...................... 304 7.5.4 Soda,Na2O ...................... 305 7.5.5 Calcia, CaO ...................... 307 7.5.6 Magnesia, MgO .................... 309 7.5.7 Alumina, AI2O3 .................... 310 7.5.8 Potassia, K2O ..................... 313 7.5.9 Lithia, Li2O...................... 315 7.5.10 Boric Oxide, B2O3 ................... 316 7.5.11 Sulfate, SO3...................... 318 7.5.12 Water, H2O ....................... 321 7.5.13 Chlorides and Fluorides ................ 322 7.5.14 Baria, BaO ....................... 323 7.5.15 Zinc Oxide, ZnO .................... 323 7.5.16 Stronfia, SrO ...................... 324 7.5.17 Multivalent Constituents ................ 324 7.5.18 Other Compounds ................... 327 7.5.19 Recycled Filter Dust .................. 329 7.5.20 Nitrates ......................... 329 Contents xiii 7.6 Glass Reformulation Methodologies .............. 330 7.6.1 Worked Examples and Implementation ........ 330 7.6.2 Reformulation Benefits and Pitfalls .......... 341 7.6.3 Research Requirements and Closing Remarks .... 343 References ............................... 345 Part III Glass Melting Technology 8 Basics of Melting and Glass Formation ............... 355 Hans- Jürgen Hoffmann 8.1 Motivation ............................ 355 8.2 Former Melting Criteria ..................... 356 8.3 Analysis of the Enthalpy Functions of One-Component Systems ............................. 359 8.3.1 Theoretical Preliminaries ............... 359 8.3.2 Pre-melting Range and the Contribution to the Molar Specific Heat Capacity by Electrons ...... 361 8.4 Melting and the Glass Transformation ............. 365 8.5 Effects Occurring in the Glass Transformation Range ..... 368 8.6 What Makes Solids and Melts Expand? ............ 369 8.7 Modulus of Compression of the Chemical Elements ...... 375 8.8 Necessary Criteria for Glass Formation ............. 375 8.9 Possible Extension to Multi-Component Systems ....... 381 8.10 Discussion ............................ 381 References ............................... 382 9 Thermodynamics of Glass Melting .................. 385 Reinhard Conradt 9.1 Approach to the Thermodynamics of Glasses and Glass Melts ......................... 385 9.1.1 Description Frame for the Thermodynamic Properties of Industrial Glass-Forming Systems . . . 386 9.1.2 Heat Content of Glass Melts .............. 388 9.1.3 Chemical Potentials and Vapor Pressures of Individual Oxides ................... 391 9.1.4 Entropy and Viscosity ................. 394 9.2 The Role of Individual Raw Materials ............. 395 9.2.1 Sand .......................... 395 9.2.2 Boron Carriers ..................... 397 9.2.3 Dolomite and Limestone ................ 400 9.3 The Batch-to-Melt Conversion ................. 404 9.3.1 Stages of Batch Melting ................ 404 9.3.2 Heat Demand of the Batch-to-Melt Conversion .... 405 9.3.3 Modeling of the Batch-to-Melt Conversion Reaction Path ..................... 407 References ............................... 409 x¡v Contents 10 Glass Melt Stability .......................... 413 Helmut A. Schaeffer and Hayo Müller-Simon 10.1 Introduction ........................... 413 10.2 Target Properties of Glass Melt and Glass Product ....... 414 10.2.1 Batch-Related Fluctuations .............. 415 10.2.2 Combustion-Related Fluctuations ........... 416 10.2.3 Process-Related Fluctuations ............. 416 10.3 In Situ Sensors ......................... 417 10.3.1 Sensors for Monitoring Glass Melt Properties ..... 418 10.3.2 Sensors for Monitoring Species in the Combustion Space ................... 422 10.4 Examples of Glass Melt Stability Control ........... 423 10.4.1 Redox Control of Glass Melting with High Portions of Recycled Glass .............. 423 10.4.2 Redox Control of Amber Glass Melting ........ 425 10.5 Conclusions and Outlook .................... 427 References ............................... 427 11 Plasma Melting Technology and Applications ........... 431 J. Ronald Gonterman and M.A. Weinstein 11.1 Concepts of Modular and Skull Melting ............ 431 11.2 The Technology of High-Intensity DC-Arc Plasmas ...... 433 11.2.1 Conductive ....................... 434 11.2.2 Radiant ......................... 435 11.2.3 Joule Heating ..................... 436 11.3 Brief History of Plasma Melting of Glass ............ 437 11.3.1 Johns-Manville ..................... 437 11.3.2 British Glass Institute ................. 438 11.3.3 Plasmelt Glass Technologies, LLC .......... 438 11.3.4 Japanese Consortium Project ............. 439 11.4 DOE Research Project - 2003-2006.............. 440 11.4.1 Acknowledgments ................... 440 11.4.2 Experimental Setup of the Plasmelt Melting System . 440 11.4.3 Technical Challenges of Plasma Glass Melting .... 442 11.4.4 Glasses Melted: Results and Broad Implications . . . 444 11.4.5 Synthetic Minerals Processing Implications ...... 447 11.4.6 Energy Efficiency vs. Throughput ........... 448 11.5 Future Applications for Plasma Melting ............ 450 11.6 Summary and Conclusions ................... 451 References ............................... 451 Index ..................................... 453
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spelling	Fiberglass and glass technology energy-friendly compositions and applications Frederick T. Wallenberger ... ed. New York, NY Springer 2010 XV, 474 S. Ill., graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Umwelt Glass fiber industry Environmental aspects Glass fibers Glass manufacture Environmental aspects Wallenberger, Frederick T. edt Digitalisierung UB Bayreuth application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=018939721&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis
spellingShingle	Fiberglass and glass technology energy-friendly compositions and applications Umwelt Glass fiber industry Environmental aspects Glass fibers Glass manufacture Environmental aspects
title	Fiberglass and glass technology energy-friendly compositions and applications
title_auth	Fiberglass and glass technology energy-friendly compositions and applications
title_exact_search	Fiberglass and glass technology energy-friendly compositions and applications
title_full	Fiberglass and glass technology energy-friendly compositions and applications Frederick T. Wallenberger ... ed.
title_fullStr	Fiberglass and glass technology energy-friendly compositions and applications Frederick T. Wallenberger ... ed.
title_full_unstemmed	Fiberglass and glass technology energy-friendly compositions and applications Frederick T. Wallenberger ... ed.
title_short	Fiberglass and glass technology
title_sort	fiberglass and glass technology energy friendly compositions and applications
title_sub	energy-friendly compositions and applications
topic	Umwelt Glass fiber industry Environmental aspects Glass fibers Glass manufacture Environmental aspects
topic_facet	Umwelt Glass fiber industry Environmental aspects Glass fibers Glass manufacture Environmental aspects
url	http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=018939721&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA
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