Katalikų bažnyčia ir reformacija Žemaitijoje XVI a.: esminiai raidos bruožai
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1. Verfasser: | |
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Format: | Buch |
Sprache: | Lithuanian |
Veröffentlicht: |
Klaipėda
Klaipėdos Universiteto Leidykla
2004
|
Schlagworte: | |
Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract |
Beschreibung: | Zsfassung in engl. Sprache |
Beschreibung: | 247 S. Ill., Kt. 22 cm |
ISBN: | 9955585854 |
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650 | 4 | |a Geschichte | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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adam_text | TURINYS
-
Pratarmè
................................................................................7
|vadas
....................................................................................9
Šaltiniai
ir istoriografíja
......................................................17
Šaltiniai
..............................................................................17
Istoriografija
.......................................................................25
Kataliką
Bažnyčios padétis Žemaitijoje prasidedant
Reformacijai
........................................................................33
Bažnyčiii
tinklas
............................................................33
Organizacija
..................................................................65
XV
a.
pabaigoje
- XVI
a. pradžioje Žemaitijoje vyke
esminiai pokyčiai, turéje ¿íakos
ir
KatalikaBažnyčios
bei Reformacijos
raidai
.......................................................78
Bajorija
..........................................................................78
Svietimas, mokslas ír kontaktai
su
Vakarais
...............103
Evangelii^
bendruomeniii tinklas ir
organizacija.............
120
Esmínés
konfesinès
raidos
tendencijos
Žemaitijoje
..........154
Christianizacijos
piètra
Žemaitijos
vakarinéje
dalyje XV-XVI a
.......................................154
Evangelikai liuteronai
ar evangelikai
reformatai?
......166
Dél Reformacijos
proceso periodizavimo
...................178
Dél Reformacijos
proceso
specifikos Žemaitijoje
......191
Vietoje
išvadu
............·...........................................................199
Summary
................................................................................206
Priedai
......................................................................:.............216
Šaltiniai
ir literatura.....
...........................................................225
Illustraci^
sarasas
..................................................................230
Asmenvardžiii
rodyklè
...........................................................235
Vietovardžiii rodyklé
..............................................................243
XVI
a:
«miniai
raidos
bruoźai
SUMMARY
Hitherto little attention has been paid by scholars to the
development of the Reformation in
Žemaitija
for several rea¬
sons. We should note not only the fact that the fire that
struck the Vilnius
Calvinist
community in
1611
destroyed or
dispersed many of the sources which might have helped un¬
cover the details of this process. The situation with research
into basic Catholic social history in
Žemaitija
is not much
better. Two specialist studies appeared in
1992-1993
from
the pen of G. Blaszczyk500. However, despite the decade or
more which has passed since then, the arguments that histo-
rian set forth for the development of the network of separate
Catholic parishes has not been subject to serious examina¬
tion. Recently I.
LukŠaítě
has published several works de¬
voted to the Reformation as a process in the Grand Duchy
of Lithuania in the sixteenth century and these help us to ex¬
amine essential sixteenth-century confessional processes in
Žemaitija
too501.
500
G. Blaszczyk,
Diecezja Żmudzka
od
XV
wieku
do
początku
XV7/
wieku. Uposoźenie, Poznań,
1992;
Idem, Diecezja Żmudzka od
XV
wieku do początku
XVII
wieku. Ustrój, Poznań,
1993.
501 1.
Luksaitè,
Reformacija
Uetuvos
Didziojoje -.Kimigaikstysteje
ir
Malojoje
Lieiuvoje.
XVI
a.
treäas dešimtmeíis
- XVII
a, pirmas
dešimimetis,
Vilnius,
1999;
Eadem,
„Reformacíjos Lictuvoje raída ir
evangeliku
Ьаіпусіц
istorija
XVI-XVHÌ
a. , Lietuvos
evangeliku
bawyćios,
Vilnius,
2003;
Eadem, „Die rcformatorischen
Kirchen
Scholars treat
Žemaitija
in two basic ways, either as the
Duchy of
Žemaitija
or as the Diocese of
Žemaitija.
In terri¬
torial terms the latter is somewhat larger. Taking account of
iŕti r-
·
ι·
1-1Т-.
Vacys Vaivada
the ract that the Reformation was directed against the Roman
Catholic Church, we will pay examine the diocese of
Že-
ю>ыщ
maitija in this study.
Bažnyčia
.... . , ,
pi
,..,,,
it
Refi
HTracij a
When summarising research on
Žemaitija
we should note
Žemaiiijoje
that there has been no attempt to investigate the formation of
r
ö
XVI ar
either the Catholic Church or the Reformation in depth,
al-
Mniniajrate
though a desire to do exactly that presents itself naturally.
ь™^
We must acknowledge that even the very detailed investiga¬
tion Blaszczyk carried out into the development of the parish
ам
network in
Žemaitija
requires further examination, as the
case of the
Tauragè
church makes clear. Bearing in mind the
quite complex manner in which churches came to be
founded, whereby a church might function in a given area
even before a parish was founded formally (here we should
pay particular attention to churches mentioned during the
Hide Reform period (1530S-1550S)), such problems can arise
with other churches too. After raising the question of Catho¬
lic parish formation in the fifteenth-sixteenth centuries once
more, a whole range of problems arose with this issue. First
of all we must review basic social developments, especially
Litauens bis 1795 ,
Die
reformatorischen Kirchen Litauens. Ein
historischer Abriß, Erlangen, 1998.
the social stratum, which could have played an important
role in Zemaitija in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. Also
several issues arise which compel us to rethink how the Ref-
volada
ormation process affected Zemaitija. We must admit that
кшаїікч
work in this area awaits us in the future. This is because of
Bailia
the new theoretical interpretations of the period that are un-
j at
pigent
Thus we have not attempted to pay
Ženiaittjoje
, . . . , . , -
closer attention to the reflections of broader social strata
от
Jí
VI a.:
the various confessions and the scale of motivation, which
esminiui
raidos
Шійаі
determined how people chose their religious affiliation. At
the same time we have avoided detailed examination of the
question of how people in large and small towns reacted to
religious issues. People of this class paid particular roles in
disputes over theological issues in the sixteenth century, but
the main dynamics of the process did not depend so much on
them at that time. In addition greater attention should be
paid to the development of urban social strata than has been
the case hitherto. This is not the only area we have skimmed
over in order to be able to present the reader with the pre¬
liminary results of our research. We have restricted our¬
selves consciously to examining elements of the develop¬
ment of the Catholic and Protestant Churches in our attempt
to understand the role of various social groups in these
movements.
What are the basic results of our research? First and
foremost we should state that in the mid-sixteenth century,
the period when Reformation processes began in the Grand
Duchy of Lithuania, the Catholic Church in
Žemaitija
was VaL)r>
very weak organisationally, even weaker than it was in the
ШаШ^
Diocese of Vilnius, where the parish network was better
de- Buznïcia
veloped. In the Diocese of Vilnius in the early sixteenth
cen-
u
ŁOniMCIJ4
Že
inaii
¡joje
tury
a parish might cover between
250
and
300
square kilo¬
metres502, while in
Žemaitija
in
1552
the average area cov-
—¡1¡As
ered
by a single parish was closer to
600
km2. There were
ътлч
several reasons for this state of affairs. From the general
parish development process we can see that at the very be-
ginning at least parish networks developed thanks to the ef¬
forts of the grand dukes of Lithuania. The bishops of
Že¬
maitija
were unable to expand the parish network because
their own ability to found churches was weak, while private
foundations became more frequent only in the 1490s. The
Catholic Church was not ready to meet this increased scope
of church foundations and could not furnish all the new
foundations
with parish priests. The shortage of parish
priests would be felt untii the early seventeenth century.
As private foundations of Catholic churches became more
frequent at the end of the fifteenth century, this reflected a
growth in the economic potential of the influential local gen-
J.
Ochmański, Biskupstwo Wileńskie...,
s.
79.
try, especially those who held the position of tijunas (ciwun)
and provided opposition to the uncontrolled activities of the
starosta
of
Žemaitija,
the grand-ducal lieutenant. The grand
¿и^е
was forcecj to pav attention to the reaction of the tijunai.
In effect, by the 1520s, the period of tijunai opposition, we
see the claims of a wider gentry group to hold a more
m
^formacija
exceptional position in local society. As this became entan-
Žemailijoje
ι ι · ι
■·/-■
ι
■
ι
■
gled
in the economic rise of the gentry estates, which is re-
XVI a:
fleeted in more frequent foundations of churches, we can see
esniiniai
raidos
^οΜ
the marks of distinctions being made among the earlier gen¬
try elite. It is important that, as the Kontautas and
Kęsgaila
families faded from the historical arena, their place was
taken by the inter-related Semeta,
Bilevičius,
Orvydas, Ke_-
startas and
Mitkevičius
families, whose members thenceforth
held important administrative posts in
Žemaitija.
The Se¬
meta and
Zaviša
clans, which took over the Kontautas and
Kęsgaila
estates, were prominent among the new regional
elite in the early-to-mid sixteenth century. Family connec¬
tions, especially through the
Mitkevičius
line, further aided
the formation of a corporate body of leading
Žemaitijan
gen¬
try.
As the Reformation process got under way and private
church foundations increased, the latter paid an important
role in the spread of the Reformation, as the Catholic Church
was incapable of providing sufficient numbers of parish
priests. The grand dukes did not support the spread of the
Reformation in the Grand Duchy. Private estates formed the
basis of support for the Reformation in
Žemaitija.
The activ¬
ity of Duke Albert
Hohenzollern
of Prussia and his contacts ^
with the
Žemaitijan
gentry elite, whose offspring studied in
Каіи1ікч
the Lutheran University of
Königsberg,
played an important
Baí:iyĚia
role in
ine
beginning and development of the Lithuanian
«
Że
mait
¡joje
Reformation. The scale of the reformation was large in
Že-
0 XVI
a.:
maitija. In the period between
1559
and
1613 32
Protestant ^^„^
communities functioned there. It is important that in
Že-
bn»&»
maitija, as opposed to the rest of the Grand Duchy of Lithua¬
nia, there was less division between the Lutherans and the a>v
Calvinists, who were active in the Grand Duchy from the
mid-lSSOs. This malleable cooperation between the two
Protestant sects is evident from the Vilnius and
Sandomierz
Synods of
1570.
On the basis of the declarations of the
Synod of Vilnius members of both communities were able to
use each others church buildings and pastors of either sect
could minister to members of both. This makes it difficult to
determine which group was active in which place. In addi¬
tion, as the participation of the
Šiluva
pastor, Adornas
Pet-
ravičius
in the
Mordy
synod of
1563
shows, study in
Königsberg
did not hinder inter-confessional cooperation and
this makes us cast a cautious eye on the choice of Protestant
line chosen by individual ministers. In this case, as we
de-
termine
the direction taken by individual communities we
should pay attention to the confession acknowledged by in¬
dividual ministers. Closer investigation of the theological
vacysvaivada persuasion of the supporters of reformed comraumties can
каіаіікч
also help us determine the allegiance of a given community.
Bazuci* jt
js feasible that those who did not stand out in one group
fRefomwuju may have had greater sympathies with the opposite move-
Žemaiiíjcije
τ ι
· ·
¡~
г
ι ι
ment.
In any case, this remains a matter for further research.
XVI
a.;
We can divide the Reformation process in sixteenth-
esmiuiai
raidos
hrui)ía¡
century Zemaitija into three major stages. The first began in
the 1530s, more specifically in
1535
when Jonas Torty-
lavičius Batakietis
began propagating Protestant ideas in
v
Silalé.
This period should be regarded as one of adaptation.
The second period began in the 1550s and ended at the end
.
of the 1580s and early 1590s. The formal beginning of this
period is the plea of the
starosta
of Zemaitija, Jeronimas
Chodkevicius, in
1559
to Duke Albert, to send a preacher to
Saukenai. Despite the initiative shown by the
starosta,
the
main patrons of the Reformation in Zemaitija in this period
were the
Šemeta, Vnučka,
Zaviša
and
Bilevičius
families.
This is the most active period of Reformation propagation.
The beginning of the final stage was the early 1590s, when
S. Vnučkiene
and her sister
D. Šemetiené
became active
proponents of the Protestant movement. The initiative taken
by
Vnučkiene
on January
4 1592
stands out in particular,
when a particularist school was founded to train Lutheran
ministers. In addition it seems to have been at this time that
the major supporters of the reformation began to support the
- ... . _, ,
V
асу
s
Vai vada
Vilnius Calvinist
movement more. As far as we can deter¬
mine from scant historical evidence, the attention paid to the
КтШ*
Vilnius Community was typical of the second stage of the
Ba*nyčia
τ
*
ι
·
-π
r
-
^
Rcformacíja
Lithuanian Reformation.
Żerna
¡[¡joje
As far as we can tell from the development of Catholic
1 XVI
a.:
and Lutheran parish networks, the general process can be
csm¡niaÍ
raidos
called a growth in the intensity of Christianisation. Thus we
ь™ы
must regard the assertion made by
M. Valančius
concerning
a deterioration of christianisation very warily503. It is very
φ
,&
important to understand that the basic groundwork for suc¬
cessful christianisation was established in Zemaitija before
the Reformation began.
Returning to the conclusions drawn by S.
Tworek
to the
effect that unlike in the rest of the Grand Duchy, where the
reformation was supported by magnates and lords, in Ze¬
maitija the wealthy and middling gentry took part in the
movement most actively, we may note that this can only be
seen as a difference if we set off from different points.
While we can call supporters of the reformation in the Grand
duchy as a whole the state elite, those who supported the ref¬
ormation in
Žemaitijan
were the local elite. In so far hitherto
503
M. Valančius, Žemaičia
vyskupysiè..,, p.
85-86.
as we care able to examine the mutual connections between
those supporting the Reformation, we must view the influ¬
ence of client relations very cautiously as a dominant in the
vacysvmvada Reformation process in sixteenth-century Zemaitija.
Kataliki)
Bažny čia
ii
Refsiiraacija
Żemaitijoje
XVI
a.:
esmüiiai raidos
bruožai
|
any_adam_object | 1 |
author | Vaivada, Vacys |
author_facet | Vaivada, Vacys |
author_role | aut |
author_sort | Vaivada, Vacys |
author_variant | v v vv |
building | Verbundindex |
bvnumber | BV036044831 |
callnumber-first | B - Philosophy, Psychology, Religion |
callnumber-label | BR420 |
callnumber-raw | BR420.L5 |
callnumber-search | BR420.L5 |
callnumber-sort | BR 3420 L5 |
callnumber-subject | BR - Christianity |
ctrlnum | (OCoLC)60796410 (DE-599)BVBBV036044831 |
era | Geschichte 1500-1600 Geschichte 1500-1600 gnd |
era_facet | Geschichte 1500-1600 |
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geographic | Samogitia (Lithuania) / Church history / 16th century Samogitia (Lithuania) / History Samogitians / History Samogitia (Lithuania) Church history 16th century Samogitia (Lithuania) History Samogitians History Schamaiten (DE-588)4118314-9 gnd |
geographic_facet | Samogitia (Lithuania) / Church history / 16th century Samogitia (Lithuania) / History Samogitians / History Samogitia (Lithuania) Church history 16th century Samogitia (Lithuania) History Samogitians History Schamaiten |
id | DE-604.BV036044831 |
illustrated | Illustrated |
indexdate | 2024-07-09T22:10:09Z |
institution | BVB |
isbn | 9955585854 |
language | Lithuanian |
oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-018936622 |
oclc_num | 60796410 |
open_access_boolean | |
owner | DE-12 |
owner_facet | DE-12 |
physical | 247 S. Ill., Kt. 22 cm |
publishDate | 2004 |
publishDateSearch | 2004 |
publishDateSort | 2004 |
publisher | Klaipėdos Universiteto Leidykla |
record_format | marc |
spelling | Vaivada, Vacys Verfasser aut Katalikų bažnyčia ir reformacija Žemaitijoje XVI a. esminiai raidos bruožai Vacys Vaivada Klaipėda Klaipėdos Universiteto Leidykla 2004 247 S. Ill., Kt. 22 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Zsfassung in engl. Sprache Katholische Kirche (DE-588)2009545-4 gnd rswk-swf Geschichte 1500-1600 Geschichte 1500-1600 gnd rswk-swf Reformation / Lithuania / Samogitia Geschichte Kirchengeschichte Reformation Lithuania Samogitia Reformation (DE-588)4048946-2 gnd rswk-swf Samogitia (Lithuania) / Church history / 16th century Samogitia (Lithuania) / History Samogitians / History Samogitia (Lithuania) Church history 16th century Samogitia (Lithuania) History Samogitians History Schamaiten (DE-588)4118314-9 gnd rswk-swf Schamaiten (DE-588)4118314-9 g Katholische Kirche (DE-588)2009545-4 b Reformation (DE-588)4048946-2 s Geschichte 1500-1600 z DE-604 Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 2 application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=018936622&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 2 application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=018936622&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
spellingShingle | Vaivada, Vacys Katalikų bažnyčia ir reformacija Žemaitijoje XVI a. esminiai raidos bruožai Katholische Kirche (DE-588)2009545-4 gnd Reformation / Lithuania / Samogitia Geschichte Kirchengeschichte Reformation Lithuania Samogitia Reformation (DE-588)4048946-2 gnd |
subject_GND | (DE-588)2009545-4 (DE-588)4048946-2 (DE-588)4118314-9 |
title | Katalikų bažnyčia ir reformacija Žemaitijoje XVI a. esminiai raidos bruožai |
title_auth | Katalikų bažnyčia ir reformacija Žemaitijoje XVI a. esminiai raidos bruožai |
title_exact_search | Katalikų bažnyčia ir reformacija Žemaitijoje XVI a. esminiai raidos bruožai |
title_full | Katalikų bažnyčia ir reformacija Žemaitijoje XVI a. esminiai raidos bruožai Vacys Vaivada |
title_fullStr | Katalikų bažnyčia ir reformacija Žemaitijoje XVI a. esminiai raidos bruožai Vacys Vaivada |
title_full_unstemmed | Katalikų bažnyčia ir reformacija Žemaitijoje XVI a. esminiai raidos bruožai Vacys Vaivada |
title_short | Katalikų bažnyčia ir reformacija Žemaitijoje XVI a. |
title_sort | kataliku baznycia ir reformacija zemaitijoje xvi a esminiai raidos bruozai |
title_sub | esminiai raidos bruožai |
topic | Katholische Kirche (DE-588)2009545-4 gnd Reformation / Lithuania / Samogitia Geschichte Kirchengeschichte Reformation Lithuania Samogitia Reformation (DE-588)4048946-2 gnd |
topic_facet | Katholische Kirche Reformation / Lithuania / Samogitia Geschichte Kirchengeschichte Reformation Lithuania Samogitia Reformation Samogitia (Lithuania) / Church history / 16th century Samogitia (Lithuania) / History Samogitians / History Samogitia (Lithuania) Church history 16th century Samogitia (Lithuania) History Samogitians History Schamaiten |
url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=018936622&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=018936622&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
work_keys_str_mv | AT vaivadavacys katalikubaznyciairreformacijazemaitijojexviaesminiairaidosbruozai |