Catalysis: from principles to applications
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| Format: | Buch |
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| Sprache: | English |
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Weinheim
Wiley-VCH
2012
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| Beschreibung: | Hier auch später erschienene, unveränd. Nachdrucke |
| Beschreibung: | XXII, 642 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 9783527323494 |
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IMAGE 1
CONTENTS
LIST O F CONTRIBUTORS XVII PREFACE XXI
PART I BASIC CONCEPTS 1
1 CATALYSIS IN PERSPECTIVE: HISTORIC REVIEW 3
RUTGER VAN SANTEN
1.1 HISTORY O F CATALYSIS SCIENCE 3
1.1.1 GENERAL INTRODUCTION 3
1.1.2 HETEROGENEOUS CATALYSIS: THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN A CATALYST'S
PERFORMANCE AND ITS COMPOSITION AND STRUCTURE 4 1.1.3 HOMOGENEOUS AND
ENZYME CATALYSIS 8
1.1.4 IMPORTANT SCIENTIFIC DISCOVERIES 9
1.2 THE DEVELOPMENT O F CATALYTIC PROCESSES: HISTORY A N D FUTURE 11 1.3
FUNDAMENTAL CATALYSIS IN PRACTICE 13
1.4 CATALYST SELECTION 13
1.5 REACTOR CHOICE 16
1.6 PROCESS CHOICE 17
REFERENCES 19 FURTHER READING 19
2 KINETICS O F HETEROGENEOUS CATALYTIC REACTIONS 20
RUTGER VAN SANTEN
2.1 PHYSICAL CHEMICAL PRINCIPLES 20
2.1.1 THE CATALYTIC CYCLE 20
2.2 THE LOCK A N D KEY MODEL, THE ROLE O F ADSORPTION ENTROPY 27
2.3 EQUIVALENCE O F ELECTROCATALYSIS AND CHEMOCATALYSIS 30 2.4
MICROKINETICS; THE RATE-DETERMINING STEP 32
2.5 ELEMENTARY RATE CONSTANT EXPRESSIONS FOR SURFACE REACTIONS 34
2.6 THE PRESSURE GAP 36
2.6.1 SURFACE RECONSTRUCTION 37
2.6.2 ALTERED SURFACE REACTIVITY 3 8
2.7 THE MATERIALS GAP 39
HTTP://D-NB.INFO/998577855
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VI CONTENTS
2.7.1 STRUCTURE SENSITIVITY 39
2.7.2 CATALYST ACTIVATION OR DEACTIVATION 40
2.7.3 INHOMOGENEOUS SITE DISTRIBUTION 40
2.8 COUPLING O F CATALYTIC REACTION A N D INORGANIC SOLID CHEMISTRY 42
2.9 IN SITU GENERATION O F ORGANO-CATALYST 42
2.10 THE COMPENSATION EFFECT 44
REFERENCES 46
3 KINETICS IN HOMOGENEOUS CATALYSIS 48
DETLEF HELLER
3.1 PRINCIPLES O F A CATALYST AND KINETIC DESCRIPTION 48
3.2 CATALYST ACTIVITY 54
3.3 CATALYST ACTIVATION AND DEACTIVATION 58
3.3.1 INDUCTION PERIODS AS CATALYST ACTIVATION 59
3.3.2 CATALYST DEACTIVATION DUE TO FORMATION O F NON-REACTIVE COMPLEXES
61 3.3.3 CATALYST DEACTIVATION DUE TO FORMATION O F MULTINUCLEAR
COMPLEXES 61 3.3.4 CATALYST DEACTIVATION DUE TO IRREVERSIBLE REACTIONS
63
REFERENCES 64
4 CATALYTIC REACTION ENGINEERING PRINCIPLES 67
ALBERT RENKEN AND LIOUBOV KIWI-MINSKER 4.1 PREFACE 67
4.2 FORMAL KINETICS O F CATALYTIC REACTIONS 68
4.2.1 GENERAL DEFINITIONS 69
4.2.2 HETEROGENEOUS CATALYTIC REACTIONS 70 4.2.3 THE LANGMUIR ADSORPTION
ISOTHERMS 72
4.2.4 REACTION MECHANISMS 73
4.2.4.1 LANGMUIR-HINSHELWOOD MODEL 74 4.2.4.2 THE QUASI-SURFACE
EQUILIBRIUM APPROXIMATION 75 4.2.4.3 THE MASI APPROXIMATION 75
4.2.4.4 BIMOLECULAR CATALYTIC REACTIONS 76 4.3 MASS A N D HEAT TRANSFER
EFFECTS 77
4.3.1 INTRODUCTION 77
4.3.2 EXTERNAL MASS AND HEAT TRANSFER 78
4.3.2.1 ISOTHERMAL PELLET 78
4.3.2.2 NON-ISOTHERMAL PELLET 84
4.3.3 INTERNAL MASS A N D HEAT TRANSFER 85
4.3.3.1 ISOTHERMAL PELLET 87
4.3.3.2 NON-ISOTHERMAL PELLET 94
4.3.4 COMBINATION O F EXTERNAL A N D INTERNAL TRANSFER RESISTANCES 96
4.3.4.1 INTERNAL A N D EXTERNAL MASS TRANSPORT IN ISOTHERMAL PELLETS 96
4.3.4.2 IMPLICATION O F MASS TRANSFER O N THE TEMPERATURE DEPENDENCE 98
4.3.4.3 EXTERNAL A N D INTERNAL TEMPERATURE GRADIENT 100
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CONTENTS | VII
CRITERIA FOR THE ESTIMATION O F TRANSPORT EFFECTS 101
HOMOGENOUS CATALYSIS IN BIPHASIC FLUID/FLUID SYSTEMS 103 REFERENCES 108
PART II THE CHEMISTRY O F CATALYTIC REACTIVITY 111
HETEROGENEOUS CATALYSIS 113 RUTGER VAN SANTEN GENERAL INTRODUCTION 113
TRANSITION METAL CATALYSIS 114
AMMONIA SYNTHESIS 114 THE MECHANISM O F THE REACTION 114 STRUCTURE
SENSITIVITY, COMPOSITION DEPENDENCE 114 METHANE REFORMING 120 THE
MECHANISM O F THE REACTION 120
STRUCTURE SENSITIVITY A N D COMPOSITION DEPENDENCE 120 HYDROGENATION,
DEHYDROGENATION, AND C - C BOND CLEAVAGE 126 MECHANISM O F HYDROGENATION
AND DEHYDROGENATION 126 KINETICS O F OLEFIN HYDROGENATION 126 THE
MECHANISM O F ETHANE HYDROGENOLYSIS 127
SOLID ACIDS AND BASES 132 INTRODUCTION 132 PROTON ACTIVATION BY ZEOLITES
135
GENERAL MECHANISTIC CONSIDERATIONS 139 DIRECT ALKANE ACTIVATION 139
HYDRIDE TRANSFER 141 ISOMERIZATION CATALYSIS 141
REDUCIBLE OXIDES 143 COMPARISON O F THE RELATIVE STABILITIES O F SOME
OXIDES 143 STRUCTURE SENSITIVITY 145
MECHANISM O F IMPORTANT OXIDATION REACTIONS 148 THE SELECTIVE OXIDATION
O F PROPYLENE 148 PROPANE OXIDATION 150
REFERENCES 150
HOMOGENEOUS CATALYSIS 152 MATTHIAS SELLER, SERAJINO GLADIOLI, AND DETLEF
HELLER GENERAL FEATURES 152
ACID AND BASE CATALYSIS 155 NUCLEOPHILIC AND ELECTROPHILIC CATALYSIS 157
TRANSITION METAL-CENTERED HOMOGENEOUS CATALYSIS 159 REFERENCES 169
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VIII CONTENTS
7 BIOCATALYSIS 171
UWE BORNSCHEUER
7.1 INTRODUCTION 171
7.1.1 CHOICE O F REACTION STRATEGY: KINETIC RESOLUTION OR ASYMMETRIC
SYNTHESIS 174 7.1.2 CHOICE O F REACTION SYSTEMS 175
7.2 EXAMPLES 176
7.2.1 OXIDOREDUCTASES (EC 1) 176
7.2.1.1 DEHYDROGENASES (EC 1.1.1-, EC 1.2.1.-, EC 1.4.1.-) 176 7.2.1.2
OXYGENASES 178
7.2.2 HYDROLASES (EC 3.1) 182
7.2.2.1 LIPASES (EC 3.1.1.3) A N D ESTERASES (EC 3.1.1.1) 182 7.2.2.2
PEPTIDASES, ACYLASES, AND AMIDASES 185 7.2.2.3 NITRILASES (EC 3.5.5.1)
AND NITRILE HYDRATASES (EC 4.2.1.84) 186 7.2.2.4 HYDANTOINASES (EC
3.5.2.-) 187 7.2.3 LYASES (EC 4) 188
7.2.3.1 HYDROXYNITRILE LYASES (EC 4.1.2.-) 188 7.2.3.2 ALDOLASES (EC
4.1.2.-; 4.1.3.-) 190 7.2.4 TRANSAMINASES 193
7.3 SUMMARY/CONCLUSIONS 194
REFERENCES 194
8 ELECTROCATALYSIS 201
TIMO JACOB
8.1 INTRODUCTION 201
8.2 THEORY 203
8.2.1 ELECTROCHEMICAL POTENTIALS 203
8.2.2 ELECTRIC DOUBLE LAYER 204
8.3 APPLICATION TO THE OXYGEN REDUCTION REACTION (ORR) O N P T ( L L L )
207
8.4 SUMMARY 212
REFERENCES 213
9 HETEROGENEOUS PHOTOCATALYSIS 216
GUIDO MUL
9.1 INTRODUCTION 216
9.1.1 WHAT IS PHOTOCATALYSIS? 216
9.1.2 WHAT IS THE PRINCIPLE O F PHOTOCATALYSIS? 217
9.2 APPLICATIONS O F PHOTOCATALYSIS 219
9.3 CASE STUDIES 220
9.3.1 WATER PURIFICATION: THE QUEST FOR THE STRUCTURE-ACTIVITY
RELATIONSHIP O F T I 0 2 220
9.3.2 ENERGY CONVERSION: ADVANCED MATERIALS TO GO THERMODYNAMICALLY
UPHILL! 222 9.3.2.1 DESIGN O F CRYSTALLINE CATALYSTS 222 9.3.2.2 T H E
QUEST FOR VISIBLE LIGHT-SENSITIVE SYSTEMS 223
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CONTENTS | IX
9.3.2.3 SUPPORTED CHROMOPHORES 223
9.3.3 PHOTOCATALYSIS IN PRACTICE: SOME REACTOR CONSIDERATIONS 225
9.3.3.1 MICROREACTORS 227
9.4 CONCLUDING REMARKS 228
REFERENCES 228
PART III INDUSTRIAL CATALYTIC CONVERSIONS 231
10 CARBONYLATION REACTIONS 233
MATTHIAS BETTER
10.1 GENERAL ASPECTS 233
10.2 HYDROFORMYLATION 234
10.3 OTHER CARBONYLATIONS O F OLEFINS A N D ALKYNES 238
10.4 CARBONYLATIONS O F ALCOHOLS A N D ARYL HALIDES 244 REFERENCES 246
11 BIOCATALYTIC PROCESSES 250
UWE BORNSCHEUER
11.1 INTRODUCTION 250
11.1.1 HOW TO CHOOSE THE BEST ROUTE? 250
11.2 EXAMPLES 253
11.2.1 GENERAL APPLICATIONS 253
11.3 CASE STUDY: SYNTHESIS O F LIPITOR BUILDING BLOCKS 257 11.4
CONCLUSIONS 259
REFERENCES 259
12 POLYMERIZATION 261
VINCENZO BUSICO
12.1 INTRODUCTION 261
12.2 POLYOLEFINS IN BRIEF 262
12.3 OLEFIN POLYMERIZATION CATALYSTS 264
12.3.1 THE CATALYTIC SPECIES: STRUCTURE AND REACTIVITY 264 12.3.2
POLYMERIZATION KINETICS: ACTIVE, 'DORMANT' AND 'TRIGGERED' (?) SITES 269
12.4 OLEFIN POLYMERIZATION PROCESS TECHNOLOGY 273 12.4.1 HETEROGENEOUS
CATALYSIS 273
12.4.2 HOMOGENEOUS CATALYSIS 278
12.5 THE LATEST BREAKTHROUGHS 280
REFERENCES 285
13 AMMONIA SYNTHESIS 289
JENS ROSTRUP-NIELSEN
13.1 AMMONIA PLANT 289
13.2 SYNTHESIS 291
13.2.1 TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT 291
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X | CONTENTS
13.2.2 THE CATALYSIS 292
13.2.3 PROCESS OPTIMIZATION 295
13.3 STEAM REFORMING 295
13.3.1 TECHNOLOGY 295
13.3.2 THE CATALYSIS 296
13.3.3 SECONDARY PHENOMENA 297
13.4 CONCLUSIONS 299
ABBREVIATIONS 299 REFERENCES 299
14 FISCHER-TROPSCH SYNTHESIS IN A MODERN PERSPECTIVE 301
HANS SCHULZ
14.1 INTRODUCTION 301
14.2 STOICHIOMETRY AND THERMODYNAMIC ASPECTS 304 14.2.1 STOICHIOMETRY
304
14.2.1.1 THERMODYNAMIC ASPECTS 305 14.2.1.2 RATE EQUATIONS AND OPERATION
RANGES 306 14.2.1.3 OPERATING RANGES (PICHLER) 306 14.3 PROCESSES AND
PRODUCT COMPOSITION 308
14.3.1 COMMERCIAL FT-SYNTHESIS 308 14.3.1.1 LOW-TEMPERATURE SYNTHESIS
309 14.3.1.2 SLURRY REACTORS 310
14.3.1.3 HIGH-TEMPERATURE FISCHER-TROPSCH SYNTHESIS 310 14.3.1.4
SYNTHESIS GAS 311
14.4 CATALYSTS, GENERAL 311
14.4.1 COBALT 312
14.4.2 IRON 312
14.5 REACTION FUNDAMENTALS 313
14.5.1 IDEAL POLYMERIZATION MODEL 313
14.5.1.1 CHAIN GROWTH 314
14.5.1.2 ALTERNATIVE REACTIONS ON GROWTH SITE 315 14.5.1.3 BRANCHING 315
14.5.1.4 ALCOHOLS IN FT-SYNTHESIS 316 14.5.1.5 DESORPTION
(OLEFINS/PARAFFINS) 316 14.5.1.6 CATALYST FORMATION IN SITU 319 14.6
CONCLUDING REMARKS 323
REFERENCES 323
15 ZEOLITE CATALYSIS 325
RUTGER VAN S A N T M
15.1 INTRODUCTION 325
15.2 THE HYDROCRACKING REACTION; ACID CATALYSIS 325 15.2.1 THE
DEPENDENCE O F CRACKING SELECTIVITY AND ACTIVITY ON HYDROCARBON CHAIN
LENGTH 326
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CONTENTS XI
15.2.2 SYMMETRIC VERSUS ASYMMETRIC CRACKING PATTERNS. STEREOSELECTIVITY,
PORE SIZE, AND TOPOLOGY DEPENDENCE 328 15.3 LEWIS ACID-LEWIS BASE
CATALYSIS; HYDROCARBON ACTIVATION 332 15.4 SELECTIVE OXIDATION; REDOX
CATALYSIS 333 15.4.1 THE REACTIVITY O F EXTRA-FRAMEWORK SINGLE-SITE
VERSUS TWO-CENTER FE
OXYCATIONS 334
15.5 FRAMEWORK-SUBSTITUTED REDOX IONS 335
15.5.1 TI-CATALYZED EPOXIDATION 335 15.5.2 THOMAS CHEMISTRY; REDOX
CATIONS IN THE AIPO4 FRAMEWORK 339 REFERENCES 339
16 CATALYTIC SELECTIVE OXIDATION -FUNDAMENTALS, CONSOLIDATED
TECHNOLOGIES, AND DIRECTIONS FOR INNOVATION 341 FABRIZIO CAVANI
16.1 CATALYTIC SELECTIVE OXIDATION: MAIN FEATURES 341 16.2 CATALYTIC
SELECTIVE OXIDATION: WHAT MAKES THE DEVELOPMENT O F A N INDUSTRIAL
PROCESS MORE CHALLENGING (AND TROUBLESOME) T H A N OTHER REACTIONS 353
16.3 CATALYTIC SELECTIVE OXIDATION: THE FOREFRONT IN THE CONTINUOUS
DEVELOPMENT O F MORE-SUSTAINABLE INDUSTRIAL TECHNOLOGIES 355 16.4 THE
MAIN ISSUE IN CATALYTIC OXIDATION: THE CONTROL O F SELECTIVITY 356 16.5
DREAM REACTIONS IN CATALYTIC SELECTIVE OXIDATION: A FEW EXAMPLES
(SOME SUSTAINABLE, SOME NOT SUSTAINABLE) 359 16.6 A NEW GOLDEN AGE FOR
CATALYTIC SELECTIVE OXIDATION? 361 16.7 CONCLUSIONS: SEVERAL
OPPORTUNITIES FOR MORE SUSTAINABLE OXIDATION PROCESSES 363
REFERENCES 363
17 HIGH-TEMPERATURE CATALYSIS: ROLE O F HETEROGENEOUS, HOMOGENEOUS, AND
RADICAL CHEMISTRY 365 OLAF DEUTSCHMANN 17.1 INTRODUCTION 365
17.2 FUNDAMENTALS 366
17.2.1 HETEROGENEOUS REACTION MECHANISMS 367 17.2.2 HOMOGENEOUS
REACTIONS 369
17.2.3 COUPLING O F CHEMISTRY WITH MASS A N D HEAT TRANSPORT 369 17.2.4
MONOLITHIC CATALYSTS 370
17.2.5 EXPERIMENTAL EVALUATION O F MODELS DESCRIBING RADICAL
INTERACTIONS 371 17.2.6 MATHEMATICAL OPTIMIZATION O F REACTOR CONDITIONS
AND CATALYST LOADING 372
17.3 APPLICATIONS 372
17.3.1 TURBULENT FLOW THROUGH CHANNELS WITH RADICAL INTERACTIONS 372
17.3.2 SYNTHESIS GAS FROM NATURAL GAS BY HIGH-TEMPERATURE CATALYSIS 373
IMAGE 8
XII | CONTENTS
17.3.3 OLEFIN PRODUCTION BY HIGH-TEMPERATURE OXIDATIVE DEHYDROGENATION
O F ALKANES 373
17.3.3.1 FORMULATION O F A N OPTIMAL CONTROL PROBLEM 375 17.4 HYDROGEN
PRODUCTION FROM LOGISTIC FUELS BY HIGH-TEMPERATURE CATALYSIS 378 17.5
HIGH-TEMPERATURE CATALYSIS I N SOLID OXIDE FUEL CELLS 380
REFERENCES 385
18 HYDRODESULFURIZATION 390
ROEL PRINS
18.1 INTRODUCTION 390
18.2 HYDRODESULFURIZATION 391
18.3 THE C-X BOND-BREAKING MECHANISM 393
18.4 STRUCTURE O F THE SULFIDIC CATALYST 393
18.4.1 STRUCTURE O F MO 393
18.4.2 STRUCTURE O F THE PROMOTER 394
18.4.3 DFT CALCULATIONS 395
18.5 HYDRODENITROGENATION 397
18.6 DETERMINATION O F SURFACE SITES 398
REFERENCES 398
PART IV CATALYST SYNTHESIS AND MATERIALS 399
19 MOLECULARLY DEFINED SYSTEMS IN HETEROGENEOUS CATALYSIS 401 FERNANDO
RASCON AND CHRISTOPHE COPERET 19.1 INTRODUCTION 401
19.2 SINGLE SITES: O N THE BORDER BETWEEN HOMOGENEOUS AND HETEROGENEOUS
CATALYSIS 402 19.2.1 TAKING HOMOGENEOUS CATALYSIS TO THE HETEROGENEOUS
PHASE VIA A MOLECULAR APPROACH: THE CASE O F SINGLE-SITE ALKENE
METATHESIS
CATALYSTS 404
19.2.2 BRIDGING THE GAP WITH CLASSICAL HETEROGENEOUS SYSTEMS BY A
MOLECULAR APPROACH: THE CASE O F RE 207/AL203 VS M E R E 0 3 / A L 2 0 3
408 19.2.3 TOWARD NEW REACTIVITY: THE CASE O F SUPPORTED
TRANSITION-METAL
HYDRIDES 410
19.2.4 BEYOND A MOLECULAR VIEWPOINT: A CLOSER LOOK AT THE ROLE O F T H E
SURFACES 413 19.3 CONCLUSION AND PERSPECTIVES 415
REFERENCES 415
20 PREPARATION O F SUPPORTED CATALYSTS 420
KRIJN P. DE JONG
20.1 INTRODUCTION 420
20.2 SUPPORT SURFACE CHEMISTRY 422
IMAGE 9
CONTENTS XIII
20.3 ION ADSORPTION 423
20.4 IMPREGNATION AND DRYING 425
20.5 DEPOSITION PRECIPITATION 427
20.6 THERMAL TREATMENT 428
REFERENCES 429
21 POROUS MATERIALS AS CATALYSTS AND CATALYST SUPPORTS 431
PETRA DEJONGH
21.1 GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS 431
21.2 SOL-GEL A N D FUMED SILICA 433
21.3 ALUMINA AND OTHER OXIDES 436
21.4 CARBON MATERIALS 438
21.5 ZEOLITES 440
21.6 ORDERED MESOPOROUS MATERIALS 442
21.7 METAL-ORGANIC FRAMEWORKS 442
21.8 SHAPING 443
REFERENCES 444
22 DEVELOPMENT O F CATALYTIC MATERIALS 445
MANFRED BAERNS
22.1 INTRODUCTION 445
22.2 FUNDAMENTAL ASPECTS 446
22.3 MICRO-KINETICS AND SOLID-STATE PROPERTIES AS A KNOWLEDGE SOURCE I N
CATALYST DEVELOPMENT 448 22.3.1 REACTION MECHANISM AND KINETICS O F THE
CATALYTIC OCM REACTION 448
22.3.2 SURFACE OXYGEN SPECIES I N METHANE CONVERSION 449 22.3.3 KINETIC
ANALYSIS 450
22.3.4 PHYSICO-CHEMICAL PROPERTIES O F CATALYTIC SOLID MATERIALS FOR THE
OCM REACTION 451 22.3.5 STRUCTURAL DEFECTS 451
22.3.6 SURFACE ACIDITY A N D BASICITY 452 22.3.7 REDOX PROPERTIES,
ELECTRONIC CONDUCTIVITY, A N D ION CONDUCTIVITY 452 22.3.8 SUPPORTED
CATALYSTS 453
22.3.9 CONCLUSIONS 453
22.4 COMBINATORIAL APPROACHES AND HIGH-THROUGHPUT TECHNOLOGIES IN T H E
DEVELOPMENT O F SOLID CATALYSTS 453 22.4.1 COMBINATORIAL DESIGN O F
CATALYTIC MATERIALS FOR OPTIMAL CATALYTIC PERFORMANCE 453
22.4.2 HIGH-THROUGHPUT TECHNOLOGIES FOR PREPARATION A N D TESTING O F
LARGE NUMBERS O F CATALYTIC MATERIALS 456 22.4.2.1 PREPARATION O F
CATALYTIC MATERIALS 457 22.4.2.2 TESTING A N D SCREENING O F CATALYTIC
MATERIALS 457
22.4.3 DATA ANALYSIS 458
REFERENCES 459
IMAGE 10
XIV CONTENTS
PART V CHARACTERIZATION METHODS 463
23 IN-SITU TECHNIQUES FOR HOMOGENEOUS CATALYSIS 465
DETLEF SELENT AND DETLEF HELLER 23.1 INTRODUCTION 465
23.2 IN-SITU TECHNIQUES FOR HOMOGENEOUS CATALYSIS 466 23.3 GAS
CONSUMPTION A N D GAS FORMATION 467
23.4 NMR SPECTROSCOPY 470
23.5 IR-SPECTROSCOPY 481
23.6 UV/VIS SPECTROSCOPY 486
23.7 SUMMARY 490
REFERENCES 490
24 IN-SITU CHARACTERIZATION O F HETEROGENEOUS CATALYSTS 493 BERT
WECKHUYSEN 24.1 INTRODUCTION 493
24.2 SOME HISTORY, RECENT DEVELOPMENTS, AND APPLICATIONS 495 24.3 IN
SITU CHARACTERIZATION O F A REACTOR LOADED WITH A CATALYTIC SOLID 497
24.3.1 A REACTOR LOADED WITH A CATALYTIC SOLID PROBED BY ONE
CHARACTERIZATION METHOD 497 24.3.2 A REACTOR LOADED WITH A CATALYTIC
SOLID PROBED BY MULTIPLE CHARACTERIZATION METHODS 499 24.4 IN SITU
CHARACTERIZATION AT A SINGLE CATALYST PARTICLE LEVEL 501 24.4.1 IN SITU
MICRO-SPECTROSCOPY O F A CATALYTIC SOLID 501 24.4.2 SINGLE-MOLECULE
IN-SITU SPECTROSCOPY O F A CATALYTIC SOLID 504 24.4.3 IN-SITU
NANO-SPECTROSCOPY O F A CATALYTIC SOLID 509
24.5 CONCLUDING REMARKS 511
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 511 REFERENCES 511
25 ADSORPTION METHODS FOR CHARACTERIZATION O F POROUS MATERIALS 514
EVGENY PIDKO AND EMIEL HENSEN 25.1 INTRODUCTION 514
25.2 PHYSICAL ADSORPTION 514
25.3 CLASSIFICATION O F POROUS MATERIALS 517
25.4 ADSORPTION ISOTHERMS 517
25.5 THE APPLICATION O F ADSORPTION METHODS 518
25.6 THEORETICAL DESCRIPTION O F ADSORPTION 519
25.6.1 LANGMUIR ISOTHERM 519
25.6.2 BET THEORY 521
25.6.3 STANDARD ISOTHERMS AND THE T-METHOD 522
25.7 CHARACTERIZATION O F MICROPOROUS MATERIALS 524 25.7.1
DUBININ-RADUSHKEVICH A N D DUBININ-ASTAKHOV METHODS 524 25.7.2
HORVATH-KAWAZOE (HK) EQUATION 525
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.7
.1
.1.1
.1.2 .2 .2.1 . 2 . 2
.3
.3.1 .4 .4.1 .4.2 .4.3
CONTENTS | XV
CHARACTERIZATION O F MESOPOROUS MATERIALS 527
THE KELVIN EQUATION 528 BJH METHOD 529 NONLOCAL DENSITY FUNCTIONAL
THEORY (NL-DFT) 530 MERCURY POROSIMETRY 533 XENON POROSIMETRY 533
REFERENCES 534
A CRITICAL REVIEW O F SOME "CLASSICAL" GUIDELINES FOR CATALYST TESTING
536 FRITS DAUTZENBERG INTRODUCTION 536
ENCOURAGING EFFECTIVENESS 536 ENSURING EFFICIENCY 537 APPLY EFFECTIVE
EXPERIMENTAL STRATEGIES 538 COLLECT MEANINGFUL DATA 540 SELECT THE MOST
APPROPRIATE LABORATORY REACTOR 543 ESTABLISH IDEAL FLOW PATTERN 545
ENSURE ISOTHERMAL CONDITIONS 546 DIAGNOSE AND MINIMIZE EFFECTS O F
TRANSPORT 549 ASSESS CATALYST STABILITY EARLY 551 CONCLUDING REMARKS 552
APPENDIX A: THREE-PHASE TRICKLE-BED REACTORS 552 LIST O F SYMBOLS AND
ABBREVIATIONS 558 REFERENCES 559
PART VI CATALYTIC REACTOR ENGINEERING 561
CATALYTIC REACTOR ENGINEERING 563 ALBERT RENKEN AND MADHVANAND N. KASHID
INTRODUCTION 563
TYPES O F CATALYTIC REACTORS 564 SINGLE-PHASE REACTORS 564 STIRRED-TANK
REACTOR 564
TUBULAR REACTORS 567 FLUID-SOLID REACTORS 568 FIXED-BED REACTORS 568
FLUIDIZED-BED REACTORS 569
FLUID-FLUID REACTORS 571 LIQUID-LIQUID-GAS SYSTEM 573 THREE-PHASE
GAS-LIQUID-SOLID SYSTEMS 573 FIXED-BED REACTORS 574
SLURRY-SUSPENSION REACTORS 574 STRUCTURED CATALYSTS FOR MULTIPHASE
REACTIONS 575 IDEAL REACTOR MODELING/HEAT MANAGEMENT 575
IMAGE 12
XVI CONTENTS
27.3.1 MASS AND ENERGY BALANCES 576
27.3.2 BATCHWISE-OPERATED STIRRED-TANK REACTORS 578 27.3.3 CONTINUOUSLY
OPERATED IDEAL STIRRED TANK REACTORS 580 27.3.4 IDEAL PLUG FLOW REACTOR
581
27.4 RESIDENCE TIME DISTRIBUTION 587
27.4.1 EXPERIMENTAL DETERMINATION O F THE RESIDENCE TIME DISTRIBUTION
589 27.4.1.1 STEP FUNCTION 589
27.4.1.2 THE PULSE FUNCTION 590
27.4.2 RTD FOR IDEAL REACTORS 591
27.4.2.1 IDEAL PLUG FLOW REACTOR 591 27.4.2.2 IDEAL
CONTINUOUSLY-OPERATED STIRRED TANK REACTOR 591 27.4.2.3 CASCADE O F
IDEALLY STIRRED TANKS 592 27.4.2.4 LAMINAR FLOW REACTOR 593 27.4.3 RTD
MODELS FOR REAL REACTORS 595
27.4.3.1 DISPERSION MODEL 595 27.4.3.2 CELL MODEL 596
27.4.4 ESTIMATION O F THE RESIDENCE TIME DISTRIBUTION IN TUBULAR
REACTORS 597 27.4.5 INFLUENCE O F RTD O N PERFORMANCE O F REAL REACTORS
599 27.5 MICROREACTION ENGINEERING 602
27.5.1 GENERAL CRITERIA FOR REACTOR SELECTION 602 27.5.2 TYPES O F
MICROSTRUCTURED REACTORS 604 27.5.2.1 SINGLE-PHASE MSR 604 27.5.2.2
FLUID-SOLID MSR 607
27.5.3 FLUID-FLUID MSR 610
27.5.3.1 GAS-LIQUID SYSTEMS 611 27.5.3.2 LIQUID-LIQUID SYSTEMS 613
27.5.3.3 THREE-PHASE REACTORS 616 27.5.4 HEAT MANAGEMENT IN
MICROSTRUCTURED REACTORS 622
REFERENCES 625
INDEX 629 |
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| indexdate | 2024-07-20T10:29:04Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9783527323494 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-018932167 |
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| physical | XXII, 642 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| publishDate | 2012 |
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| spelling | Catalysis from principles to applications ed. by Matthias Beller ... Weinheim Wiley-VCH 2012 XXII, 642 S. Ill., graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Hier auch später erschienene, unveränd. Nachdrucke Katalyse (DE-588)4029921-1 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)4143413-4 Aufsatzsammlung gnd-content Katalyse (DE-588)4029921-1 s DE-604 Beller, Matthias 1962- Sonstige (DE-588)112081908 oth text/html http://deposit.dnb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?id=3385128&prov=M&dok_var=1&dok_ext=htm Inhaltstext DNB Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=018932167&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Catalysis from principles to applications Katalyse (DE-588)4029921-1 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4029921-1 (DE-588)4143413-4 |
| title | Catalysis from principles to applications |
| title_auth | Catalysis from principles to applications |
| title_exact_search | Catalysis from principles to applications |
| title_full | Catalysis from principles to applications ed. by Matthias Beller ... |
| title_fullStr | Catalysis from principles to applications ed. by Matthias Beller ... |
| title_full_unstemmed | Catalysis from principles to applications ed. by Matthias Beller ... |
| title_short | Catalysis |
| title_sort | catalysis from principles to applications |
| title_sub | from principles to applications |
| topic | Katalyse (DE-588)4029921-1 gnd |
| topic_facet | Katalyse Aufsatzsammlung |
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