Legitimacy in EU cartel control:
Gespeichert in:
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| Format: | Abschlussarbeit Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
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Oxford [u.a.]
Hart
2010
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| Schriftenreihe: | Modern studies in European law
20 |
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| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | LXIV, 375 S. |
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Titel: Legitimacy in EU cartel control
Autor: Simonsson, Ingeborg
Jahr: 2010
Summary Contents
Preface v
Acknowledgements vii
Note to Reader ix
Contents xiii
Table of Cases xxiii
Other Commission Decisions lxi
Advocate-General Opinions lxi
US Case Law lxii
Table of Legislation lxiii
International Agreements lxiv
1 The Method 1
2 The Role of Legitimacy in Decentralisation 9
3 Testing Legitimacy of the Policy Pursued 45
4 Legitimacy of Substantive Cartel Law 111
5 Legitimacy and Evidentiary Standards 181
6 Legitimacy and the Relation between National Competition Procedure
and EC Law 217
7 Legitimacy in Fines and Sanctions 271
8 Sourcing Legitimacy 327
Bibliography 351
Index 369
Contents
Preface v
Acknowledgements vii
Note to reader ix
Table of Cases xxiii
Other Commission Decisions lxi
Advocate-General Opinions lxi
US Case Law lxii
Table of Legislation lxiii
International Agreements lxiv
1 The Method 1
I. Why legitimacy is needed in EC competition law 1
II. Basic methodology 2
A. The discussion of legitimacy in contemporary European law
and its application to this work 2
B. Comparative legal studies: US antitrust law 7
2 The Role of Legitimacy in Decentralisation 9
I. Exploring legitimacy 9
A. Modernisation sought to remedy a legitimacy deficit 9
B. Uniformity as a cornerstone of Regulation 1 10
1. The travaux preparatoires 10
2. What is uniformity? 13
3. Defining the relation between EC law and national law 16
C. Effectiveness as the other cornerstone of Regulation 1 17
D. Efficiency 19
E. Action against hard-core infringements as a top priority 20
1. A choice of law provision 21
2. Engaging national authorities in EC competition law
supervision 23
3. Strengthened investigative powers of the Commission 24
F. Preliminary conclusion: output orientated legislation 24
II. A focus on hard-core restraints as a study object 25
III. Judicial co-operation and legitimacy 26
IV. Prerequisites for ensuring average compliance 27
xiv Contents
A. Importance of institutional structure and human resources 28
B. The principle of institutional autonomy and Regulation 1 30
V. Efficiency: ECN and the Commission's central supervision and
enforcement mechanisms 31
A. ECN co-operation 31
B. The Commission's powers in relation to national competition
authorities and courts 33
1. Enforcement priorities following decentralisation 35
VI. Leniency and settlement procedures lead back to centralised
enforcement 35
VII. Institutional aspects 36
A. The Commission's role in EC competition law 36
1. To be the primary force in EC competition law control 37
2. To co-ordinate decentralised enforcement 37
3. To supervise the guarantees in Member States for
well-functioning competition law enforcement 38
4. Article 234 cases referred to the Court of Justice and amicus
curiae observations 38
5. Peer pressure and benchmarking 39
6. International co-operation 39
7. Law and policy development 40
VIII. Aroadmap 42
3 Testing Legitimacy of the Policy Pursued 45
I. Whether the fight against cartels is legitimate in a deeper sense 46
A. Cartels: an introduction 47
B. Empirical legitimacy: international discussions, experiences and
policies 48
C. Economic perspectives and some facts and figures on cartels and
cartel law enforcement 51
1. Allocative inefficiencies resulting from cartels 51
2. X-efficiency and social costs resulting from cartels 52
3. Cartel frequency and geographic impact 54
4. Empirical studies on cartel duration 57
5. Probability of detection 58
6. On cartel profits and overcharges 59
7. Empirical studies of overcharges 63
8. Cartel formation and cartel stability 65
D. Moral aspects of cartel behaviour 68
II. Contrasting perspectives 70
Contents xv
A. Cartels versus tacit collusion 70
B. Cartels versus merger control and abuse of dominance 72
C. Cartels versus vertical restraints 73
III. Collapsing the cartel concept 76
A. Horizontal behaviour with the object of restricting competition 76
1. Price-fixing 78
2. Quotas and other output limitation 80
3. Market sharing including bid-rigging 81
4. Buyer cartels 83
5. Boycotts and other joint exclusionary conduct 85
6. Facilitating practices including information exchange 87
7. Mixed horizontal and vertical cartels 89
8. Single brand dealer cartels 94
B. Cartels as naked restraints without redeeming virtues 96
1. Article 81(3) EC and cartels 96
2. The decision-making on exemptions for cartels 99
3. Cases before the Community courts where cartels were
notified and tried under Article 81 (3) EC 100
C. Conclusion: cartel control as a structural remedy 102
1. Trade associations 103
2. Permitted forums for concertation?shipping cartels 104
3. Cartels stemming from sector regulation and other forms
of government intervention 106
4. Summing up on cartel control as structural rather than
behavioural 107
D. Defining cartels 108
IV. Summary and conclusions 109
4 Legitimacy of Substantive Cartel Law 111
I. Per se or not per se 112
A. What is a per se prohibition? 112
B. The development towards a per se prohibition in EC law 114
1. De minimis for hard-core restraints? 114
2. Whether market definitions are necessary in cartel cases 116
3. Assessment in the legal and economic context for hard-core
restraints? 117
4. Use of economic analysis in hard-core restraint cases 119
5. Analysis: per se prohibition or effects-based approach? 120
II. Agreements and concerted practices, decisions by associations of
undertakings 124
n Contents
A. Agreements 124
1. Decision-making meetings; opt-out necessary 125
B. Decisions by associations of undertakings 127
C. Concerted practices 131
1. Opt-out not possible for concerted practices, including
information exchange 135
D. Complex infringements 135
1. Opt-out necessary for complex infringements 139
E. One or several cartels? 139
F. Small, marginal players 140
1. Parties forced to join 140
G. Unilateral versus joint market conduct 141
H. 'No authority to bind the principal' argument 143
I. Collaborators 144
J. Legal requirements for withdrawing from a cartel 145
K. Conclusion: a deterrence-based substantive policy 147
III. Jurisdiction 147
IV. Effect on trade 149
A. Jurisprudence on effect on trade 150
1. Some basic aspects 150
2. Cross-border infringements 150
3. Domestic practices 150
4. Local practices 153
5. Export cartels 153
6. The conflict between classic integration and welfare
economics in the present case law 156
B. Presenting a deterrence theory on effect on trade 160
V. When do Articles 81 and 82 EC apply to cartels? 164
A. Parallel application 164
1. National competition law and Community competition law 164
B. Undertakings 164
1. Outside Articles 81 and 82 EC: collective agreements,
authorities, social security systems and certain purchasers 166
2. Severability between economic activities and other activities 167
C. Agriculture 168
D. State action defence 169
E. Conclusion: delimiting Article 81 EC is not deterrence based 170
VI. Responsibility for related companies: lifting the corporate veil 171
A. Responsibility for subsidiaries and other related companies 171
Contents xvii
B. Change of ownership: acquirer's and seller's responsibility 177
C. Liability when two or more companies in the same group
participate ] 78
D. Conclusion: attribution of liability is deterrence based 179
VII. Conclusions 179
5 Legitimacy and Evidentiary Standards 181
I. The relation in principle between Community law and national
law on evidence 181
A. Uniformity, effectiveness, fundamental rights and procedural
autonomy?a balancing act 181
B. Ascertaining the facts and determining the relevance of facts
of a case?a division of functions 184
C. Burden of proof and presumption of innocence 185
1. Opt-out principle and presumption of pursuant market
behaviour?the nature of the rules created by the Court
of Justice 186
D. Standard of proof 189
E. Standard of legal review 192
F. Preliminary conclusions 193
II. The emergence of a Community law on evidence in cartel cases 194
A. Principles?a discussion 194
B. The standard of proof and general methodology for evaluating
evidence in cartel cases 196
1. Evidence taken together 196
2. Direct versus indirect evidence 197
3. Parallel behaviour 199
4. Standard of proof for demonstrating a role as an instigator
or a ringleader of a cartel 202
5. Standard of proof for demonstrating participation in a
complex infringement 202
6. Standard of proof for demonstrating duration 203
7. Standard of proof for cartel overcharges 204
8. Circumstantial evidence, indicia 205
9. Refusal to reply 206
C. Cartel cases where the Commission lost in substance 207
D. Evaluation of certain pieces of evidence 210
1. Whether the practice was in the company's interest 210
2. Whether some caution is called for in relation to evidence
submitted under a leniency application 211
xviii Contents
3. Probative value of corporate statements made by
representative who did not participate himself 212
4. Anonymous informers 212
III. Comparisons with Community law principles on evidence in cases
on hard-core vertical restraints, State aid and merger control 213
IV. Summary, discussion and conclusions 214
6 Legitimacy and the Relation between National Competition Procedure
and EC Law 217
I. Empirical legitimacy of EC antitrust procedure 219
A. The references to national law in Regulation 1 220
II. Normative legitimacy?uniformity, effectiveness and national
procedural autonomy 221
III. Fundamental rights and national procedure 223
A. Rights of the defence 225
1. Non-applicability of the rights of defence in private
litigation 228
IV. The emergence of a common set of rules applicable in competition
procedure 228
A. Investigatory powers?Member State discretion 229
1. Necessary inspections and investigations 229
2. Right to legal representation 230
3. Duty to state reasons in decisions authorising investigations 231
4. The undertaking's duty to co-operate 233
5. Extent of the investigatory powers 233
B. Legal professional privilege 236
C. Assistance by national authorities 238
1. Information obtained from Member State authorities 239
D. Incriminating questions 239
1. What is an incriminating question? 239
2. Legal consequences tf incriminating questions are asked 241
3. Information supplied voluntarily 244
4. Use of evidence collected in non-EU jurisdictions 244
E. Use of unlawfully obtained evidence 245
1. Obligation to exclude evidence in national proceedings?
the Steffensen principle 245
2. Rights of the defence can be precluded if an undertaking
fails to use available legal remedies 247
3. Confidentiality as to the origin of evidence 248
Contents xix
4. Obligation to return unlawfully obtained documents and
information? 249
5. Incriminating questions?statements by natural persons 249
6. Indirect use of unlawfully obtained evidence 250
F. Witness statements 251
1. Right to cross-examine a witness 252
G. Unlawful procedural steps taken before 1 May 2004 252
H. Statement of objections, applicability of Community case law in
national procedure 253
I. Access to file 254
1. Access to file and the adversarial principle 254
2. Consequences of failure to provide access to documents 255
J. Right to be heard 256
1. Preclusion of the procedural right to dispute the allegations 257
K. Languages?specific problems arising from multinational cartel
cases 257
L. Duty to investigate exculpatory facts 261
M. Sound administration 261
N. Duty to act within reasonable time 262
O. Limitation periods 263
P. Duty to state reasons 265
Q. Legitimate expectations and legal certainty 267
V. Summary, discussion and conclusions 268
7 Legitimacy in Fines and Sanctions 271
I. Enforcement and legitimacy 271
II. The relation between national law and Community law on fines
and other sanctions 273
A. National law governs fines and sanctions imposed in Member
States 273
B. Effectiveness requirements 273
C. The purpose of fines 275
D. Significance of the economic impact of the infringement 276
1. A line of cases playing down the importance of actual effects 277
2. New developments: a'but for* approach 278
3. Economic analysis and fines 278
E. Member States' discretionary power equals that of tie
Commission 281
III. Efficiency: theories and empirical observations on fining policy 283
xx Contents
A. Deterrence 283
1. The basic theory and available empirical support 283
2. The harm-based approach 284
3. The gain-based approach 285
4. Problems with the deterrence model 286
5. Criminology and cartel behaviour 288
B. Retribution 293
1. The basic theory 293
2. The problems with retributive theory 294
3. The Commission's 1998 fining guidelines 296
4. Conclusions on retributive theory in competition law 298
C. Collaborative compliance techniques and trade associations 299
D. Behavioural law and economics 301
E. Conclusion: efficient competition law fines 302
F. What type of bird is the Commission's 2006 fining policy? 304
IV. Efficiency through detection?leniency 305
A. Relation between national law and Community law 306
B. Efficiency considerations 306
V. Intention/negligence 309
A. National law or Community law issue? 309
B. Case law of the Community courts 309
VI. General principles of Community law applicable when Member
States impose fines 310
A. ForeseeabOity and legal certainty 310
B. Legitimate expectations 312
C. Individual assessment and non-discrimination 313
D. Statement of reasons 314
E. Principle of proportionality and equal treatment 315
F. Legality 316
G. Ne bis in idem 318
H. Conclusions on general principles applicable when Member
States penalise infringements 319
VII. Other principles of relevance when fines are imposed in
Member States 320
A. How serious is a domestic cartel? 320
B. Ringleaders and instigators 320
C. Trade associations 320
D. Reference year for calculation of fines 322
VIII. Is there a need for harmonised sanctions? 322
IX. Summary, discussion and conclusions 323
Contents xxi
8 Sourcing Legitimacy 327
I. Where to find the legitimate genesis of the law in EC cartel control 327
A. The integration objective 327
B. Reliance on precedents 328
C. Economic theory and empirical observations 329
D. Legal theory 330
E. Internal rationality of the law 330
F. Comparative law 330
G. Common legal traditions in Member States 331
H. International standards including the ECHR 331
II. Democracy, participation, transparency 331
III. Ensuring average compliance as an outflow of ensuring the law's
rationality? 332
A. What exactly is renationalisation? 332
B. Evaluating the relation between uniformity, effectiveness and
efficiency in EC competition law 335
C. The role of harmonised procedure 336
D. The current system is implicitly based on a case-by-case approach 337
E. An enforcement deficit identified 337
F. Conclusion: not even increased rationality of the law will cure
the enforcement deficit 338
G. A definition of efficient EC cartel control 339
H. Has the Commission pursued a legitimate enforcement strategy
against cartels? 339
I. Supervision and enforcement through best-performing national
authorities 340
J. The role of Member States in an efficient decentralised system 343
IV. Integration or competition as a policy base 343
A. Decentralisation meant a shift in emphasis from integration
policy to welfare economics 343
B. A modernised view of the role of integration in competition law 345
V. Discussion 347
VI. Final conclusion 349
Bibliography 351
Articles 351
Books 361
Other Publications 364
Official Documents 365
Other Commission Policy Documents 367
Index 369 |
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| series | Modern studies in European law |
| series2 | Modern studies in European law |
| spelling | Simonsson, Ingeborg Verfasser (DE-588)141019212 aut Legitimacy in EU cartel control Ingeborg Simonsson Oxford [u.a.] Hart 2010 LXIV, 375 S. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Modern studies in European law 20 Teilw. zugl.: Stockholm, Univ., Diss. Europäische Union (DE-588)5098525-5 gnd rswk-swf Antitrust law / European Union countries Competition, Unfair / European Union countries Cartels / European Union countries Antitrust law European Union countries Cartels European Union countries Competition, Unfair European Union countries Compliance Effectiveness and validity of law European Union countries International and municipal law European Union countries Kartellrecht (DE-588)4029788-3 gnd rswk-swf Europäische Union. Mitgliedsstaaten (DE-588)4113937-9 Hochschulschrift gnd-content Europäische Union (DE-588)5098525-5 b Kartellrecht (DE-588)4029788-3 s DE-604 Modern studies in European law 20 (DE-604)BV019342531 20 HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=018931771&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Simonsson, Ingeborg Legitimacy in EU cartel control Modern studies in European law Europäische Union (DE-588)5098525-5 gnd Antitrust law / European Union countries Competition, Unfair / European Union countries Cartels / European Union countries Antitrust law European Union countries Cartels European Union countries Competition, Unfair European Union countries Compliance Effectiveness and validity of law European Union countries International and municipal law European Union countries Kartellrecht (DE-588)4029788-3 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)5098525-5 (DE-588)4029788-3 (DE-588)4113937-9 |
| title | Legitimacy in EU cartel control |
| title_auth | Legitimacy in EU cartel control |
| title_exact_search | Legitimacy in EU cartel control |
| title_full | Legitimacy in EU cartel control Ingeborg Simonsson |
| title_fullStr | Legitimacy in EU cartel control Ingeborg Simonsson |
| title_full_unstemmed | Legitimacy in EU cartel control Ingeborg Simonsson |
| title_short | Legitimacy in EU cartel control |
| title_sort | legitimacy in eu cartel control |
| topic | Europäische Union (DE-588)5098525-5 gnd Antitrust law / European Union countries Competition, Unfair / European Union countries Cartels / European Union countries Antitrust law European Union countries Cartels European Union countries Competition, Unfair European Union countries Compliance Effectiveness and validity of law European Union countries International and municipal law European Union countries Kartellrecht (DE-588)4029788-3 gnd |
| topic_facet | Europäische Union Antitrust law / European Union countries Competition, Unfair / European Union countries Cartels / European Union countries Antitrust law European Union countries Cartels European Union countries Competition, Unfair European Union countries Compliance Effectiveness and validity of law European Union countries International and municipal law European Union countries Kartellrecht Europäische Union. Mitgliedsstaaten Hochschulschrift |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=018931771&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV019342531 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT simonssoningeborg legitimacyineucartelcontrol |