Pricing carbon: the European Union emissions trading scheme
Gespeichert in:
| Hauptverfasser: | , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Cambridge [u.a.]
Cambridge Univ. Press
2010
|
| Ausgabe: | 1. publ. |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Cover image Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | Hier auch später erschienene, unveränderte Nachdrucke |
| Beschreibung: | XXI, 368 S. graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 9780521196475 |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text |
Titel: Pricing carbon
Autor: Ellerman, A. Denny
Jahr: 2010
Contents
List of figures page vii
List of tables xi
List of boxes xiii
List of appendices xiv
Frequently used abbreviations xv
Preface xvii
1 Introduction 1
2 Origins and development of the EU ETS 9
3 Allowance allocation 32
4 Effects of free allocation 85
5 Market development 122
6 Emissions abatement 158
7 Industrial competitiveness 193
8 Costs 235
9 Linkage and global implications 260
10 Conclusions 287
Annex: The interaction between the EU ETS and European
electricity markets 293
Appendices 329
Bibliography 346
Index .360
Figures
2.1 How a European legislative proposal becomes law:
the co-decision process page 12
3.1 The relationship of member states' NAP2 totals to
NAP1 totals and first-period emissions 57
4.1 Installations' net positions and implied trading
flows, 2005-7 91
4.2 The gross and net positions of member states,
2005-7 93
4.3 Short and long positions by economic sector,
2005-7 94
4.4 Short and long positions in the electricity sector,
2005-7 95
4.5 Short and long positions of refinery installations,
2005-7 102
4.6 The relation between allocations and actual
emissions in period 1 106
4.7 Developments in crude input at the shortest and
longest installations, 1999-2007 110
4.8 UK refinery C02 emissions, 2005-7, relative to
1999-2003 average 111
4.9 Planned investments in electricity generating capacity
by type for the EU15, 2002-7 117
4.10 Evolution of European generating costs, 2004-8 119
5.1 The EU ETS timeline: emissions reporting, allowance
delivery and allowance surrender 124
5.2 Implied probability of an end-of-period surplus 126
5.3 Allowance allocation to firms in period 1 128
5.4 Effect of company aggregation on allocation
concentration in period 1 129
5.5 The development of EUA options trading 137
viii List of figures
5.6 EUA trading: transaction volumes by platform 138
5.7 Trading in EUA futures: contract volumes during
period 1 and period 2 139
5.8 Evolution of EUA prices, 2005-8 140
5.9 European temperature index, 2005-7 146
5.10 Within-period and inter-period EUA spreads, 2005-8 147
5.11 Historical volatility of EUA contracts, 2005-7 149
5.12 Cross-border flows, 2005-7 153
6.1 EU economy-wide and ETS sector C02 emissions,
1990-2007 163
6.2 EU ETS sector emissions, EU25, 1990-2007 165
6.3 Counterfactual emissions and abatement in the EU15
and the new member states, 1990-2007 169
6.4 ETS sector emissions and abatement, Germany, 2000-7 170
6.5 Sector trends in emissions, intensity and abatement,
Germany, 2000-7 172
6.6 Fuel-switching relationships 177
6.7 Abatement, CO2 prices and conditioning factors
in the EU power sector, 2005 and 2006 179
6.8 Geographic distribution of abatement from
fuel-switching in the EU power sector, 2005 182
6.9 Coal-fired and CCGT generation, United Kingdom,
2002-7 183
7.1 Schematic of dry process cement production 196
7.2 Annual average cement market prices, selected EU15
countries, 1995-2007 198
7.3 Cement and clinker trade flows and cement
consumption, EU 27, 1996-2006 200
7.4 Schematic of iron and steel production 204
7.5 Emissions per tonne of steel, EU1.5, 1990-2006 207
7.6 Prices of raw materials in the steel sector, 2002-8 209
7.7 Net imports and consumption of crude steel, EU25,
1995-2006 211
7.8 Schematic organization of a complex refinery 214
7.9 Net imports as a percentage of domestic production
in the European Union, 2000-7 217
7.10 Evolution of EU refinery margins, 2000-8 218
7.11 Trends in net excess demand for gasoline and diesel,
EU25,2000-7 221
List of figures ix
7.12 Schematic of aluminium production 225
7.13 Main sources of primary aluminium imports into
the EU27, 1999-2007 228
7.14 Evolution of net imports, production and consumption
of primary aluminium and evolution of C02 prices,
EU27, 1999-2007 229
8.1 Relation between emissions, abatement, cost and
transfers 237
8.2 Illustration of EU ETS costs and transfers, 2005
and 2006 242
8.3 Distribution of verified emissions across Irish
companies in the EU ETS, 2005-7 247
8.4 Average early-implementation costs per firm, by
firm size 249
8.5 Average early-implementation costs per tonne of C02
emissions, by firm size 250
8.6 Average three-year MRV costs per firm, by firm size 251
8.7 Average three-year MRV costs per tonne of CO?
emissions, by firm size 252
8.8 Breakdown of total MRV costs, by firm size 253
8.9 Average transaction costs per firm, by firm size 255
8.10 Average transaction costs per tonne of C02 emissions,
by firm size 256
9.1 Expansion of EU ETS coverage 270
9.2 Three stages of CER market development 275
9.3 Cumulative volume for primary and secondary CERs 277
9.4 Price of EUAs December 2008 versus secondary CERs
December 2008 278
9.5 Estimated CER supply by project type until 2012
(total = 2.0 Gt C02e) 280
9.6 Estimated CER supply by country until 2012
(total = 2.0 Gt C02e) 281
9.7 Breakdown of large- and small-scale projects by type 282
9.8 Potential ERU supply by country until 2012 284
A.l EU25 power generation mix, 2004 and 2030 295
A.2 The rising share of natural gas in EU25 power
generation, 1990-2005 296
A.3 End-use electricity prices in selected EU countries,
2003-7 297
x List of figures
A.4 Annual EU electricity consumption, 1990-2006 298
A.5 French load-curve for Wednesday, 5 December 2007 301
A.6 Carbon emissions with factor substitution 304
A.7 Carbon emissions without factor substitution 307
A. 8 Carbon, electricity and gas prices in Europe, 2005-7 311
A.9 Causality relationships between the carbon,
electricity and gas markets 316
A.10 Decreased pass-through due to monopoly power 320
A. 11 Stylized European load-curve for 2005 324
Tables
3.1 NAP1 review results page 40
3.2 Proposed and allowed EU25 member state totals,
first-period NAPs 43
3.3 Expected and actual EUA surpluses, seven member
states, 2005-7 46
3.4 Final first-period cap and emissions 48
3.5 Second-period NAP totals 55
3.6 NAP2 cap relationships by region 58
3.7 Second-period member state totals and JI/CDM limits 59
3.8 Member state auction reserves for the first and
second periods 62
3.9 New entrant reserves, first- and second-period NAPs 70
3.10 Post-2012 distribution of auction rights 82
4.1 Installation EUA surpluses and deficits, 2005?7 90
4.2 Size distribution of installations by EUA deficits and
surpluses, 2005-7 91
4.3 Net EUA export and import flows by country
and year, 2005-7 96
4.4 Illustration of the financial effects of allocation:
two refineries 103
4.5 Regression results: the effect of allocation on Spanish
coal plant operations 114
5.1 HHIs for the twenty firms with the largest allowance
allocations in period 1 130
5.2 Carbon credit exchanges operating during period 1 134
5.3 Carbon and energy price volatility, 2005-8 151
5.4 Average percentage of non-domestic EUAs surrendered
by short and long installations, period 1 155
6.1 Annual rates of change in GDP, C02 emissions and
intensity, 1995-2007 164
{ii List of tables
6.2 Annual growth in GDP and industrial and electrical
output, 2004-7 166
6.3 Quarterly and annual abatement in the EU ETS
through fuel-switching, 2005 and 2006 181
6.4 Regression results: effect of EUA price on UK power
sector dispatch 184
6.5 Estimates of abatement from fuel-switching in the
UK power sector, 2005-7 186
7.1 Regression results: influence of consumption and
carbon prices on EU net cement imports 201
7.2 Regression results: influence of consumption and
carbon prices on EU net iron and steel imports 212
7.3 Sources of oil refinery C02 emissions 215
7.4 Ex ante estimates of the impact of direct and indirect
costs of C02 on refinery margins 220
7.5 Chow test for structural break in January 2005 in
the trends of deseasonalized gasoline and diesel
net excess demand 221
7.6 Refining cost structure under the EU ETS 222
7.7 Direct emissions from primary aluminium production 226
7.8 Regression results: influence of consumption and
carbon prices on EU net primary aluminium imports 230
8.1 Ex ante estimates of the EUA clearing price for period 1 239
8.2 Estimate of total EU ETS transaction costs 257
9.1 Opt-in summary for period 1 262
9.2 Opt-in summary for period 2 263
9.3 Opt-out summary for period 1 264
9.4 Average annual carbon asset prices 277
A.l Types of rent in power markets due to carbon-pricing 323
A.2 Rents in the European power sector due to
carbon-pricing, period 1 326
Boxes
1.1 Key features of the EU ETS in the pilot period page 5
6.1 Calculation of the EU ETS counterfactual 162
A.l Electricity wholesale prices and industry costs:
what is the relationship? 299
A.2 On Granger causality tests 313
A.3 Understanding load-curves 325
Appendices
Appendix A: Sequence of events in the development of
the EU ETS and Linking Directives page 329
Appendix B: Data tables 335
Item a - Allowance allocations, verified emissions
and net positions, by member states 336
Item b - Allowance allocations, verified emissions
and net positions, by sector 338
Item c - Carbon and energy prices, 2005-8 340
Item d - EUA trading: transaction volumes by
platform, 2005-8 342
Item e - Origin and destinations of surrendered
allowances over the first phase 344 |
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| publisher | Cambridge Univ. Press |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Ellerman, A. Denny Verfasser aut Pricing carbon the European Union emissions trading scheme principal authors: A. Denny Ellerman ; Frank J. Convery ; Christian De Perthuis 1. publ. Cambridge [u.a.] Cambridge Univ. Press 2010 XXI, 368 S. graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Hier auch später erschienene, unveränderte Nachdrucke Europäische Union (DE-588)5098525-5 gnd rswk-swf Geschichte 2005-2007 gnd rswk-swf Emissions trading European Union countries Carbon offsetting European Union countries Umweltzertifikathandel (DE-588)4572791-0 gnd rswk-swf Kohlendioxidemission (DE-588)4164507-8 gnd rswk-swf Kohlenmarkt (DE-588)4164520-0 gnd rswk-swf Europäische Union. Mitgliedsstaaten Europäische Union (DE-588)5098525-5 b Kohlendioxidemission (DE-588)4164507-8 s Umweltzertifikathandel (DE-588)4572791-0 s Geschichte 2005-2007 z DE-604 Kohlenmarkt (DE-588)4164520-0 s DE-188 Convery, Frank J. Verfasser (DE-588)170485641 aut Perthuis, Christian de 1954- Verfasser (DE-588)17080173X aut http://assets.cambridge.org/97805211/96475/cover/9780521196475.jpg Cover image HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=018928602&sequence=000004&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Ellerman, A. Denny Convery, Frank J. Perthuis, Christian de 1954- Pricing carbon the European Union emissions trading scheme Europäische Union (DE-588)5098525-5 gnd Emissions trading European Union countries Carbon offsetting European Union countries Umweltzertifikathandel (DE-588)4572791-0 gnd Kohlendioxidemission (DE-588)4164507-8 gnd Kohlenmarkt (DE-588)4164520-0 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)5098525-5 (DE-588)4572791-0 (DE-588)4164507-8 (DE-588)4164520-0 |
| title | Pricing carbon the European Union emissions trading scheme |
| title_auth | Pricing carbon the European Union emissions trading scheme |
| title_exact_search | Pricing carbon the European Union emissions trading scheme |
| title_full | Pricing carbon the European Union emissions trading scheme principal authors: A. Denny Ellerman ; Frank J. Convery ; Christian De Perthuis |
| title_fullStr | Pricing carbon the European Union emissions trading scheme principal authors: A. Denny Ellerman ; Frank J. Convery ; Christian De Perthuis |
| title_full_unstemmed | Pricing carbon the European Union emissions trading scheme principal authors: A. Denny Ellerman ; Frank J. Convery ; Christian De Perthuis |
| title_short | Pricing carbon |
| title_sort | pricing carbon the european union emissions trading scheme |
| title_sub | the European Union emissions trading scheme |
| topic | Europäische Union (DE-588)5098525-5 gnd Emissions trading European Union countries Carbon offsetting European Union countries Umweltzertifikathandel (DE-588)4572791-0 gnd Kohlendioxidemission (DE-588)4164507-8 gnd Kohlenmarkt (DE-588)4164520-0 gnd |
| topic_facet | Europäische Union Emissions trading European Union countries Carbon offsetting European Union countries Umweltzertifikathandel Kohlendioxidemission Kohlenmarkt Europäische Union. Mitgliedsstaaten |
| url | http://assets.cambridge.org/97805211/96475/cover/9780521196475.jpg http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=018928602&sequence=000004&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT ellermanadenny pricingcarbontheeuropeanunionemissionstradingscheme AT converyfrankj pricingcarbontheeuropeanunionemissionstradingscheme AT perthuischristiande pricingcarbontheeuropeanunionemissionstradingscheme |