Černjachivsʹka kulʹtura Zachidnoho Podillja:
Черняхівська культура Західного Поділля
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Ukrainian |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Ternopilʹ
Aston
2008
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract |
| Beschreibung: | 271 Seiten Illustrationen |
| ISBN: | 9789663082301 |
Internformat
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1812717278533255168 |
|---|---|
| adam_text |
Sfliicm
3MICT
BCTyn . 5
po3flin 1. icTOPiorPAom i ípkepejia.7
1.1. IcTopia ÆocjiinîKeHb perioHy.7
1.2.IcTopiorpa(j3ia npoôjieM bhbhchhh HepHaxißCbKo'i KyjibTypH
3axiflHoro noßijijia.10
1.3. XapaKTepncTHKa /pKepeji.16
P03fllJI 2. nOCEJlEHHfl TA KMTJ10EyflYBAHHB.19
2.1. npHpoflHO-reorpa«J)iHHa xapaicrepHCTHKa 3axiflHoro no^ijuia.19
2.2. Tonorpacjna noceaeHb. 23
2.3. ripocTopoBa CTpyKTypa cejinm.27
2.4. DKHTJia.28
2.5. 3aKOHOMÍpHocTÍ po3MÍm,eHHa onajnoBajibHHX npHCTpoi'ß.35
2.6. rocno,aapcbKi öyzÜBjii.39
2.7. OnajiiOBajibHi npHcipoï 3a MeacaMH acHTeji. 43
P03AI/1 3. MOrMJIbHMKM TA nOXOBAJlbHMÍÍ OEPflfl.48
3.1. Æacepejia. Tonorpa J ia Ta njiaHyBaHHa Hexpononiß.48
3.2. iHryMaiíiiÍHi noxoBaHHa.50
3.3. KpeMaiiiï.60
3.4. IIoxoBajibHHÖ iHBeHTap.62
P03fllJl 4. XPOHOJlOrm HEPHfIXIBCbKMX nAM’BTOK
3AXIflHOrO nOfllJlJlB.67
4.1. ÆaTyBaima MorHJibHHKÎB.67
4.2. ÆaryBaHHa nocejieHb.69
P03fllJl 5. rOCnOOAPCTBO. 76
5.1. 3eMJiepo6cTBO.76
5.2. TßapHHHHiiTBO.82
5.3. HopHa MeTajiypria.83
5.4. KoBanbCTBO Ta hoto npo^yimia.86
MepHFixiBCbKa KynbTypa 3axiflHoro floAixina 3
3jvticm
5.5. KDBejiipHe peMecno.100
5.6. 06po6ica aepeBa Ta kIctkh.101
5.7. TKaiiTBO.106
5.8. Cneiiiajii3ai|ia peMeceji.108
5.9. TopriBJia.108
5.10. Kepamica.113
BMCHOBKM. 124
CnMCOK BMKOPMCTAHMX fl)KEPEJl. 130
CnMCOK CKOPOHEHb.147
AJKDABITHMM CIIMCOK flAM’RTOK HEPHfIXIBCbKOi
KyjlbTyPM 3AXIflHOrO nOfllJlJlfl.148
KATAJlOr PMMCbKMX MOHET 3AXIflHOrO riOfllJUlfl.151
SUMMARY.155
TABJ1MUI . 161
PMCYHKM .174
4
Boedan Cm
Summary
9 • '
SUMMARY
CONCLUSIONS
The territory of Western Podillya is not evenly explored. Sites of the
south region of this district have been explored far better than sites of the north
region, due to long-term systematic labour of expeditions of the historical fac-
ulty of the Kamyanets-Podilsky pedagogical university under the guidance of
I. S. Vynokur, researches of expeditions of the Institute of archaeology of NAS
Ukraine, under the guidance of V.D. Baran, L.V. Vakulenko, D.N. Cossack,
O.M. Pryhodnyuk and others. Settlements and burial grounds have been dug
out here on wide areas, they have been described and analysed in detail and
found materials have been brought into a scientific circulation. Ethnic belong-
ing of these sites practically for everybody do not raise doubs. Moreover, found
materials of Gun’s time, filled chronologic link between the Chemyakhiv cul-
ture and the Prague-korchag’s materials at the close of the V—VI cc. The
Chemyakhiv settlements such as Bakota, Teremtsi, Sokil and some others have
become reader sites. Their uniformity with sites of the upper Dnester and the
upper Western Bug has been proved. They are incorporated into one group of
“Cherepyn-Teremci” type and even those researchers, who think that basis of
the Chemyakhiv population was constituted by the old Germans, do not doubt
in their Slavonic belonging.
At the same time in the central and northern districts of this territory
over a long period of time mainly burial grounds: Rakovets-Chesnivsky,
Chemeliv-Rusky, Chystyliv, Romanove Selo and some others were investi-
gated. Activization of settlements researching took place at the beginning of
1990s: Malashivtsi, Kobyllia, Ocheretne. The materials of these sites, with the
exception of Rakivets-Chesnivsky have been almost unpublished. Because of
that they were examined at odd moments, without the proper analysis, as pe-
riphery of other territories to which researchers of the country beetwen the
Dniester and the Dnieper, riverheads of the Dnester and the upper Western Bug
and some places gave attention other. And ideas of the scientists which were
expressed, their hypotheses, suppositions, conclusions need verification, clari-
fications and additions, additional argumentation.
The earliest site is the settlement of Velyka Slobidka-I (natural bound-
ary Solonci) of the Kamyanets-Podilsky region, which begins its functioning
yet at the beginning of our era. But the Chemyakhiv elements appear only in
the final stage of existence of the settlement — at the beginning and, possibly, in
the first half of the III century A.D. To the earliest sites the settlement of the
MepHflxiBCbKa KynbTypa 3axiflHoro floflinna
155
Summary
beginning of the III century in Malashivtsi of the Zboriv district, where the
velbar element prevails can be dated. The settlement of Ivankovetske which is
alongside, could coexist with it in the certain stage.
A bulk of the sites dates from of the III—IV cc, however some of them
exceed the limits of the IV century, but not farther than the 5th-phase of func-
tioning of the culture (E.L. Gorohovsky): Chemeliv-Rusky, Chystyliv, Ro-
manove Selo, Ocheretne. The settlements from the south districts of die region
— Bakota, Teremtsi, Sokil continue to function in Gun’s times even.
At one time V. D. Baran specified differences between the Chemyakhiv
sites, located in the north districts of Western Podillya, to the east of the Seret,
and those, that today are known in literature, as the “Cherepyn-Teremci type”.
However the material which was available in 1970 did not allow to designate
clear limits between these sites, their ethnic belonging and so on. However,
analysis of the material accumulated now enables to do it. Importance of such
research is conditioned by the fact that Western Podillya is periphery of the
Chemyakhiv culture, but despite strong Provincial-Roman influence, popula-
tion however saved original features in material culture.
Drawing a map of sites, study of conditions of their location, materials
of numismatists and ancient import enabled to find out, that settlements and
burial places are concentrated mainly in two large groups. First - in the Temo-
pil landscape district (on the banks of the Seret and of the Gnizna basin), sec-
ond - in Prydnistrovsky district, mostly in the country between the Zbruch and
the Smotrych, and also not far away from confluence of, the Seret and the
Nichlava into Dniester. The sites of both groups have both general and distin-
guishing features. To the general ones belong:
1. Location of the settlements. Obligatory conditions for location of the
settlements are presence of black earth and an easy access to water, and besides
slopes with south, south-east, east, south-west or western exposition. First two
conditions are more important, than the last one. There were cases, when for
the sake of black earth and access to water, the local population had to neglect
the sun slopes. The number of sites depended on soils. Especially brightly it
became apparent when two, fully investigated microregions with different
types of soil — the Kachava basin (left influx of the Gnizna) with ashblack
earths were compared with the north-eastern part of Monasterysk district
(Prydnistrovske Opillya, the Koropets basin) with grey forest ash soils. In first
case one settlement occupies 10 square kilometres of territory, in the second
one — 16,6. Whereas the Opillya settlements have smaller dimensions, than the
Western Podillya ones.
156
SoedaH Cmpou,eHb
Summary
2. For the funeral ceremony of all the region birytualizm is typical, the
same types of construction of grave pits, the identical kit of burial place im-
plements, are fixed, and besides presence of the Sarmatian features. Peculiar
moment is also difference in the depths of burial places of different times —
later burial places are deeper than earlier ones. There is a chronologic differ-
ence in correlation of types of earthenware crockery. Increase of amount of
pots and decrease of amount of bowls is traced in late burial places. Especially
brightly it is visible in the Chemeliv-Rusky burial ground.
3. Common economic way of life of the population of the second quar-
ter of the Ist millennium A.D. was based on high enough level of development
of agriculture, cattle-breeding, handicrafts, trade. The closeness of the Roman
provinces, which were not only the commodity market but also a source of bor-
rowing of front-rank technologies for handicrafts favoured it.
On Western Podillya in the Chemyakhiv epoch ploughs existed with
iron plough knives. Sickles, known on Western Podillya, by method, of handle
fastening are divided into the hook and the half ones. However, the hook and
haft sickles are similar between themselves in a number of parameters, which
testify that size and character of blade bend practically identical. Sizes of cut-
ting angles and outlines of curve of cutting angles are identical. So sickles of
both types were perfect enough. Their simultaneous existence can be explained
by their different destination — for gathering of different cereals, that in its turn,
is a sign of the developed agriculture.
An idea about cereals we get from the finds of corns on the sites of
Western Podillya. The corns of soft wheat, barley, sowing oat and pea were
found in Bakota, and the corns of rye and buckwheat were found in Terebov-
lya.
For grinding of com into flour millstones were used. Practically on
every settlement which was dug out, the millstones or their fragments were
found. Corn-crusher in the region were not found. It can be explained by both
tradition of separate territory (possibly here rotary millstones existed broadly)
and amount of growing com (greater amount of com required more productive
devices for its processing).
The materials of the cattle breeding give grounds to talk about absence
of local differences on the territory of Western Podillya as compared with all
forest-steppe Pravoberezhya.
Easy accessible beds of marsh ore and large areas of forests positively
influenced development of ferrous metallurgy and blacksmith’s work on West-
ern Podillya. The Ends of surface furnaces with slightly deepened lower part
(Ivankivtsi, Luka-Vrublivetska, Braga) and slags (Bakota, Goligrady,
MepHflxiBCbKa KynbTypa 3axiflHoro floflinna
157
Summary
Kobyllya, Malyj Hodachkiv) eloquently point out existence of this industry.
The Chemyakhiv sites of the region gave an interesting material about black-
smith’s work. On the territory which occupies comparatively small part of the
area of the Chemyakhiv culture spreading, 50 blacksmith's articles from 57
known have been found on the whole. Not only a wide variety but also tech-
nology of metalworking — cementing, hardening, hardening with temper, pro-
ducing of “package metal” and its differentiation for articles of different type
testifies about hight level of crafitsmainship of the Chemyakhiv blacksmiths of
Western Podillya. The find of the workshop in Kobyllya confirms the opinion
settled among researchers that a blacksmith simultaneously was a jeweller.
There are no self-evident facts about transformation of metalworking,
pottery, partially bone carver’s and, possibly, stonemason’s handicrafts on
Western Podillya into independent manufacturing. Probably, they had seasonal
character. Although the Kobyllya materials point out the certain level of handi-
crafts organization. Most likely handicrafts transformation into independent
manufacturing took place at initial stage.
Such level of economy development accordingly creates conditions de-
velopment of trade too. Certainly, the evidence of trade development is an an-
cient import and Roman coins, foremost. To the most widespread categories of
the Roman import belong an amphora container, and also earthenware crockery
and glass tableware of the Roman origin, bonze tableware and such metal arti-
cles as a: musical instrument, statuettes of gods, buckle of legionnaire and
other things.
Practically on all more broadly investigated burial grounds the imported
beads made of glass and semi-jewel stone can be found.
The most numerous the finds of the Roman coins are — both single cop-
ies and intact hidden treasures. For today on Western Podillya and to the north-
east and south-west of it about 100 locations with found numismatic materials
and eight hidden treasures are known. Silver coins of the second half of the III
century are the bulk, and just a few copper and - gold coins have been found
(five copies are known).
A great number of found high-quality Roman coins, hidden treasures,
import isevidence of close trade contacts of the “barbarian” world with the
Roman empire. First of all such connections could be based on a proper eco-
nomical level of agriculture, cattle breeding, handicrafts. Concentration of the
hidden treasures near the influx of the longest tributaries into the Dniester is
not casual, but can point out possible places of location of trading posts, and
also places of forks of trade routes.
158
SozdaH CmpoueHb
Summary
Different features are fixed in the house-building, modelled ceramics,
burial rite and some traits of material culture.
1. The Prydnistrovya region is characterized presence of both surface
and deepened dwellings. The surface dwellings had framework-post construc-
tion, deepened ones had both framework-post and framework construction.
Traditions of building of deepened dwellings with stone stove (they prevail
here) find their continuation in the complexes of the Guns times, and later — in
the Prague-Korchag complexex.
The surface dwellings (with one, two and three-chambers) which differ
from the Prydnistrovya dwellings in dimensions have been fixed in the Temo-
pil region exceptionally. In the Temopil group of sites dwelling constructions
with area from 50 to 100 square metres, and in the Prydnistrovya group of sites
dwelling constructions to 30 square metres prevail. Traditions of erection of the
so-called large houses can be found in the Velbar culture.
2. A difference is traced in planning of interior. An invariable element
of the internal planning of dwelling is placing of the stove. On the Chemyakhiv
sites of the Prydnistrovya region heating devices in the surface dwellings are
concentrated mainly in their north-western part and rarely — in the eastern part.
At that time as in deepened dwellings they are mainly placed in the eastern part
by the dwelling. In the dwellings of the Huns’ time (a semi-dug-out becomes a
dominant type) tendency to place stoves and hearths in the east sector grows,
and in the Early-Slavonic dwellings at the close of the V — VI cc makes almost
100 percents.
In the Temopil microregion stone stoves in the second quarter of the I
millennium A. D. are absent, wattle and daub stoves and hearths become local-
ized mainly in the center of the dwelling. Such placing of heating devices is
typical for large dwellings of the Velbar culture of Volyn [Cossack, 1999,
p. 74].
3. On the settlements located in the northern part of the region, -
Kobylla, Ocheretne, Malashivtsi — some pottery has been found, which by
composition of forming mass, methods of surface treatment, ornamentation and
forms are typical for the Velbar culture.
A part of forms of the modelled ceramics from the south of Western
Podillya inherits the forms of pottery, and a part continues its existence in the
Early-Slavonic culture of the end of the V—VI cc.
4. In the burial rite of the Chemyakhiv tribes of Western Podillya cer-
tain differences are also fixed between the selected groups of sites. In the
northern districts of the region cremation does not exceed 29 %, and on some
burial grounds is absent absolutely. At the same time on the Prydnistrovya bur-
HepHflxiBCbKa KynbTypa 3axiflHoro floflinna
159
Summary
ial grounds cremation makes up 50 % and more. Besides, in the northern dis-
trict cremation in the closed urn is widespread, and in the south - in the open
urn. In the south pots are a common type of urn, and in the north this function
belonged to pots, and bowls. In one case as an urn pot was used.
Thus, in the second quarter of the I millennium A.D. Western Podillya
was inhabited by two ethnic groups: autochthons — slavs and aliens — Germans.
Territory of the first group covered Prydnistrovya and territory of the second
one covered by the Temopil landscape region. However their economic model
was general and it was characterized by a high level of development of econ-
omy and trade. It is possible to assume, that the south (Slavonic) region, owing
to peculiarity of its location, could fulfil intermediary functions in the trade re-
lations with the Roman provinces.
160
Bozdan Cm |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Strocenʹ, Bohdan Stepanovyč 1959- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)1121134564 |
| author_facet | Strocenʹ, Bohdan Stepanovyč 1959- |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Strocenʹ, Bohdan Stepanovyč 1959- |
| author_variant | b s s bs bss |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV036030699 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)643940042 (DE-599)BVBBV036030699 |
| era | Geschichte gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte |
| format | Book |
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| id | DE-604.BV036030699 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-10-12T14:05:09Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9789663082301 |
| language | Ukrainian |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-018922772 |
| oclc_num | 643940042 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 |
| physical | 271 Seiten Illustrationen |
| publishDate | 2008 |
| publishDateSearch | 2008 |
| publishDateSort | 2008 |
| publisher | Aston |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | 880-01 Strocenʹ, Bohdan Stepanovyč 1959- Verfasser (DE-588)1121134564 aut 880-02 Černjachivsʹka kulʹtura Zachidnoho Podillja Bohdan Strocenʹ 880-03 Ternopilʹ Aston 2008 271 Seiten Illustrationen txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Text ukrainisch Kyrillische Schrift Geschichte gnd rswk-swf Grab (DE-588)4021716-4 gnd rswk-swf Funde (DE-588)4071507-3 gnd rswk-swf Siedlungsarchäologie (DE-588)4181216-5 gnd rswk-swf Tschernjachowkultur (DE-588)4186375-6 gnd rswk-swf Handwerk (DE-588)4023299-2 gnd rswk-swf Tschernjachowkultur (DE-588)4186375-6 s Siedlungsarchäologie (DE-588)4181216-5 s Funde (DE-588)4071507-3 s Grab (DE-588)4021716-4 s Handwerk (DE-588)4023299-2 s Geschichte z DE-604 Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=018922772&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=018922772&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract 100-01/(N Строцень, Богдан Степанович ut 245-02/(N Черняхівська культура Західного Поділля Богдан Строцень 264-03/(N Тернопіль Астон 2008 |
| spellingShingle | Strocenʹ, Bohdan Stepanovyč 1959- Černjachivsʹka kulʹtura Zachidnoho Podillja Grab (DE-588)4021716-4 gnd Funde (DE-588)4071507-3 gnd Siedlungsarchäologie (DE-588)4181216-5 gnd Tschernjachowkultur (DE-588)4186375-6 gnd Handwerk (DE-588)4023299-2 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4021716-4 (DE-588)4071507-3 (DE-588)4181216-5 (DE-588)4186375-6 (DE-588)4023299-2 |
| title | Černjachivsʹka kulʹtura Zachidnoho Podillja |
| title_auth | Černjachivsʹka kulʹtura Zachidnoho Podillja |
| title_exact_search | Černjachivsʹka kulʹtura Zachidnoho Podillja |
| title_full | Černjachivsʹka kulʹtura Zachidnoho Podillja Bohdan Strocenʹ |
| title_fullStr | Černjachivsʹka kulʹtura Zachidnoho Podillja Bohdan Strocenʹ |
| title_full_unstemmed | Černjachivsʹka kulʹtura Zachidnoho Podillja Bohdan Strocenʹ |
| title_short | Černjachivsʹka kulʹtura Zachidnoho Podillja |
| title_sort | cernjachivsʹka kulʹtura zachidnoho podillja |
| topic | Grab (DE-588)4021716-4 gnd Funde (DE-588)4071507-3 gnd Siedlungsarchäologie (DE-588)4181216-5 gnd Tschernjachowkultur (DE-588)4186375-6 gnd Handwerk (DE-588)4023299-2 gnd |
| topic_facet | Grab Funde Siedlungsarchäologie Tschernjachowkultur Handwerk |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=018922772&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=018922772&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT strocenʹbohdanstepanovyc cernjachivsʹkakulʹturazachidnohopodillja |