Firlejowie Leopardzi: studia nad patronatem i fundacjami artystycznymi w XVI - XVII wieku
Gespeichert in:
1. Verfasser: | |
---|---|
Format: | Buch |
Sprache: | Polish |
Veröffentlicht: |
Lublin
Wydawnictwo KUL
2009
|
Schlagworte: | |
Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract |
Beschreibung: | Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: The Leopard Firlejs : studies on the patronage and art funds of the 16th and 17th centuries |
Beschreibung: | 620 S., [10] Bl. Ill. 24 cm |
ISBN: | 9788373639201 |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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adam_text | Spis treści
Wstęp
........................................................
7
Rozdział I. Firlejowie w Polsce i w Europie
1.
U progu nowej epoki
............................................ 3
2.
W okresie reformacji
............................................ 46
3.
W czasach kontrreformacji i baroku
................................. 66
Rozdział
II.
Podstawy materialne patronatu
1.
Dobra Firlejów
................................................ 93
2.
Miasta Firlejów
................................................ 101
Rozdział III. Polityka kulturalna Firlejów
1.
Patronat nad literaturą
........................................... 113
2.
Patronat nad nauką
............................................. 133
3.
Opieka nad szkolnictwem
........................................ 139
4.
Zagadnienie genealogii rodu
...................................... 144
Rozdział
IV.
Sztuka jako przejaw propagandy rodu Firlejów
1.
Siedziby
..................................................... 155
2.
Główne siedziby
............................................... 159
3.
Siedziby Firlejów odziedziczone po Bonerach
.......................... 213
4.
Dwory w Lublinie i Krakowie
.....................................
2l8
5.
Pomniki rodu
-
sztuka sepulkralna
..................................
226
6.
Pochówki kalwińskich Firlejów
....................................
257
7.
Fundacje sakralne w dobrach prywatnych Firlejów
......................
259
8· Typ lubelski w architekturze
......................................
268
Rozdział
V.
Pro
publico
bono
1.
Fundacje biskupie
.............................................. 403
2.
Fundacje prymasa Henryka Firleja
(f1626)
............................ 404
3.
Fundacje biskupa Henryka Firleja
(f1635)
............................ 412
4.
Fundacje zakonne
.............................................. 414
5.
Fundacje w dobrach państwowych
.................................. 423
Zakończenie
................................................... 479
Wykaz skrótów
.................................................. 483
Bibliografia
.................................................... 485
Aneksy
....................................................... 541
Spis ilustracji
................................................... 547
Indeks osób
.................................................... 559
Indeks miejscowości i zabytków
..................................... 591
Tablice genealogiczne
............................................. 605
Summary
...................................................... 617
The Leopard Firlejs.
Studies on the Patronage and Art Funds
of the 16th and 17th Centuries
Summary
The Firlejs, whose coat of arms was Leopard, belonged to the most influential Polish
families of the 16th and the first half of the 17th centuries. The book presents the history of
the family starting from the legendary times. The Leopards claimed that their origins were
in Gaul. They came to Poland in the times of Mieszko, through Germany and Bohemia.
From then on they served faithfully to Polish rulers. The rise of the family took place at
the beginning of the
16*
century. As faithful royalists they held the most important offices
in the state.
The Firlejs were educated in European universities in Germany, in Italy, Switzerland
and France, studying together with the most outstanding thinkers, people of science, cul¬
ture and religion. It was also there that they formed their attitude towards culture and art,
which resulted in their acting as patrons and in their influence on Polish culture and art,
first in the Renaissance period, and then during the counter-reformation and the early
baroque period.
The Firlejs funds were possible owing to the fact that they had amassed great territo¬
ries situated in
Małopolska,
and especially in the Lublin district, and reached as far as the
lands of the Kiev
Ruthenia.
In the first half of the
Іб 1
century the Firlejs founded in their
lands most private towns of all the Polish families, giving them Renaissance features.
Around the middle of the 16th century they accepted Calvinism and became the great¬
est patrons of the Polish literature of the Renaissance period, and especially of Jan
Kochanowski
s
poetry. They supported the development of the European, Protestant reli¬
gious literature. They took care of scientific research and they made studies on natural
history themselves. The patronage over literature and sciences was directly connected
with the patronage over art that became the foundation of their family policies. A mani¬
festation of the position the Firlejs had in the
Calvinist
society were their mansions whose
forms influenced the development of the Polish residential architecture, initially modeled
after the Florence architecture brought to Poland by the architect
Santi
Gucci. Gucci
worked for the Firlejs for many years; he reconstructed the Boners tenement-house in
Krakow and the castle in Janowiec. The Florence influences could also bee seen in the
618
Summary
mansions in
Lewartów
and
Kock.
In their other mansions, in Czemierniki and
Dąbrowica
the models designed by the Italian theoreticians of architecture,
Palladio
and Scanozzi,
were used. For more than a century they built new residences in their lands, or, as it was
in the case of castles inherited from the Boner family
(Ogrodzieniec, Kamieniec),
they
constantly made modifications to them.
The residences played an important role in the family policies of the
Calvinist
Firlejs
in the period of the Reformation. During the Counter-Reformation a similar function was
fulfilled by church art that was connected with them. In the second half of the 16th century
particular members of the family returned to the Catholic faith and it is with this period, as
well as with the first half of the 17th century, that the greatest sacred funds are connected.
The family manifested the fact that they belonged to Catholicism first of all by the tomb¬
stones that they built; the way they were decorated was to show the inner struggle con¬
nected with abandoning the Protestant faith and conversion to Catholicism.
Mikołaj
and
Elżbieta
Firlejs tombstone, that was influenced by the art of
Santi
Gucci, is an example of
this. Even in the Renaissance period the Firlejs made sure that the tombstones for the
members of the family were built by the most outstanding sculptors working in Poland,
like
Giovani
Maria
Padovano
(Mikołaj
and
Piotr
Firlej s tombstone in Lublin),
Gerónimo
Canavesi
(Elżbieta
Firlejówna s
tombstone in Bejsce),
Santi
Gucci
(Andrzej
and Barbara
Firlejs tombstone in Janowiec, and in the period of the Counter-Reformation Abraham
van den Block (Primate
Henryk
Firlej s tombstone in
Łowicz).
According to the assump¬
tions of the epoch not only new forms, but also new ideological meaning was given to
them.
The Counter-Reformation
-
as it was mentioned above
-
was a special period in the
Firlejs sacred funds. It was connected with the family s conversion to Catholicism. Con¬
necting the funds, especially in architecture, with the so-called Lublin type that was being
introduced to the area of the Lublin province by the architects and builders of Italian ori¬
gin who were working in Lublin, was the expression of their new religious attitude. This
architecture joined the features of the Gothic buildings with the modern spatial arrange¬
ments, the stucco decoration of the vaults and gables based on Italian and Nederlandish
patterns, which gave it a new sort of expression. The Lublin type was also typical of the
conscious return to the medieval way of building, to the roots of Catholicism, that was
fashionable in the European architecture. This had a special significance in Polish art,
especially that funded by people converted to Catholicism. The funding of the church in
Czemierniki with a two-spired
façade,
typical of the Counter-Reformation, and thought to
be one of the first such
façades
in Poland, by Bishop
Henryk Firlej,
who was later to be¬
come the Primate of Poland, was a kind of manifesto of the victory of the Catholic faith.
The plan of this church in the form of the Latin Cross referred to the medieval model of
the structure. It was taken, like the church s proportions, from the Jesuit church in Lublin.
The building of the Czemierniki church initiated other sacred foundations in the area of
church architecture. In all the lands belonging to the Firley family new churches were
built, or the former Protestant churches were given back to Catholics. The churches built
Summary
619
in the Lublin province were erected exclusively in the Lublin type. Very soon this type
was popularized in other parts of the country too, including Lithuania and
Ruthenia
(Ukraine), especially by families related to the Firlejs.
Many representatives of the Firlej family gained important positions in the Polish
Church in the first half of the 17th century. Among them there were bishops, superiors of
monasteries and a primate
- Henryk
Firlej. As a family and as representatives of the
clergy they supported financially the buildings and the work of the Society of Jesus and
the Dominicans, the Bridgettines, the
Bernardine
monks and nuns, the Carmelite monks
and nuns, the Benedictine monks and nuns, the St John of God Brothers, the
Augustinian
monks and the God s Sepulcher monks of
Miechów
all over Poland. The prioress of the
Bridgettines Order in Lublin,
Dorota Firlejówna,
who extended the convent there and
supplied both it and the church with new decorations of the Lublin type, was the most
deserving founder.
Agnieszka Firlejowa
nee
Tęczyńska
conducted similar activities, but
on a greater scale; she had a monastery and a church built for the Carmelites in Czerna
near Krakow. Primate
Henryk
Firlej built monasteries for the St John of God Order in
Pułtusk, Płock
and
Łowicz.
His nephew, Bishop
Henryk
Firlej, founded a church and
a monastery for the Order of the
Reformati in
Kazimierz-on-Vistula.
The Firlejs artistic patronage was not limited to their hereditary lands, but it also
comprised the state s lands they used. This concerned first of all those starosties where
they held royal castles. In Lublin and Kazimierz-on-Vistula, in the starosties that belonged
to them for more than
100
years, they extended the castles they took care of, giving them
the forms typical of the Lublin type. In the starosties their patronage also included partici¬
pation in building churches. The Firlejs brought an outstanding architect Jan Balin to work
on the church in
Kazimierz.
They also took part in the reconstruction of the Benedictine
church in
Wąwolnica
after it had been ruined.
The Firlejs were always interested in various branches of art. In their courts they em¬
ployed distinguished artists; however, it was quite often that they also brought not very
clever epigones. All of them could count not only on financial but also on legal support
from the Firlejs; some of them, like
Piotr Durie,
were also given the right to use the Fir¬
lejs coat of arms. The Firlejs fully deserve the name of not only art protectors, but patrons
as well. They contributed to developing the so-called native style , that is the Lublin
type , and they were certainly aware of their contribution to it, trying to create a trend in
the national art, like they did in the case of their patronage over literature written in the
Polish language.
Even at the end of the 19th century the Firlejs enjoyed wide recognition, which was
also noted in literature.
Józef
Weyssenhoff wrote about them: In the
Іб 1
century they
were true kings of
Małopolska,
as not only did they hold all the most important offices,
those of the castellans of Krakow, primates, hetmans, marshals, royal treasurers, but they
were educated in Rome, in France, in England, in the Netherlands as well; they traveled
all over Europe, Africa, Asia; they had a sort of monopoly for diplomatic missions and
treaties with foreign powers; they struggled for their homeland; they built cities, schools
620
Summary
and countless churches; they made huge donations to the army and to the State Treasury
[...]
King
Zygmunt
August confirmed that there are few families that may be compared
to them, but they are second to none in the splendor of virtues and works .
The greatness of the Firlej family fell on the Renaissance period and on Mannerism,
multidimensional and multifold epochs. European humanist education gave them the right
to popularize the broadly understood culture that had a cosmopolitan and universal char¬
acter. They were a part of the society of a country that in the opinion of contemporary
people was a guarantor not only of the political and religious, but also of cultural order in
Europe. The Firlejs, like other contemporaries, realizing the historical differences and
traditions, designed their foundations first of all to the future generations. Their stand¬
point, even at the beginning of the 17th century, reflected the attitude of the people of the
Renaissance subjected to various inner transformations; in their case they had first of all
a religious background. They entered the history of Polish history of art as some of the
most outstanding patrons of Polish culture of the
16*
and 17th centuries.
Translated by
Tadeusz Kartowicz
|
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author | Rolska, Irena 1958- |
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era | Geschichte 1500-1650 gnd |
era_facet | Geschichte 1500-1650 |
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language | Polish |
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record_format | marc |
spelling | Rolska, Irena 1958- Verfasser (DE-588)1281990884 aut Firlejowie Leopardzi studia nad patronatem i fundacjami artystycznymi w XVI - XVII wieku Irena Rolska The Leopard Firlejs : studies on the patronage and art funds of the 16th and 17th centuries Lublin Wydawnictwo KUL 2009 620 S., [10] Bl. Ill. 24 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: The Leopard Firlejs : studies on the patronage and art funds of the 16th and 17th centuries Firlej family / History Firlej family / Art patronage Firlej family Art patronage Firlej family History Firlej Familie ca. 16.,17.Jh. (DE-588)122924738 gnd rswk-swf Geschichte 1500-1650 gnd rswk-swf Geschichte Kunst (DE-588)4114333-4 gnd rswk-swf Firlej Familie ca. 16.,17.Jh. (DE-588)122924738 p Kunst (DE-588)4114333-4 s Geschichte 1500-1650 z DE-604 Digitalisierung BSBMuenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=018886836&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=018886836&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
spellingShingle | Rolska, Irena 1958- Firlejowie Leopardzi studia nad patronatem i fundacjami artystycznymi w XVI - XVII wieku Firlej family / History Firlej family / Art patronage Firlej family Art patronage Firlej family History Firlej Familie ca. 16.,17.Jh. (DE-588)122924738 gnd Geschichte Kunst (DE-588)4114333-4 gnd |
subject_GND | (DE-588)122924738 (DE-588)4114333-4 |
title | Firlejowie Leopardzi studia nad patronatem i fundacjami artystycznymi w XVI - XVII wieku |
title_alt | The Leopard Firlejs : studies on the patronage and art funds of the 16th and 17th centuries |
title_auth | Firlejowie Leopardzi studia nad patronatem i fundacjami artystycznymi w XVI - XVII wieku |
title_exact_search | Firlejowie Leopardzi studia nad patronatem i fundacjami artystycznymi w XVI - XVII wieku |
title_full | Firlejowie Leopardzi studia nad patronatem i fundacjami artystycznymi w XVI - XVII wieku Irena Rolska |
title_fullStr | Firlejowie Leopardzi studia nad patronatem i fundacjami artystycznymi w XVI - XVII wieku Irena Rolska |
title_full_unstemmed | Firlejowie Leopardzi studia nad patronatem i fundacjami artystycznymi w XVI - XVII wieku Irena Rolska |
title_short | Firlejowie Leopardzi |
title_sort | firlejowie leopardzi studia nad patronatem i fundacjami artystycznymi w xvi xvii wieku |
title_sub | studia nad patronatem i fundacjami artystycznymi w XVI - XVII wieku |
topic | Firlej family / History Firlej family / Art patronage Firlej family Art patronage Firlej family History Firlej Familie ca. 16.,17.Jh. (DE-588)122924738 gnd Geschichte Kunst (DE-588)4114333-4 gnd |
topic_facet | Firlej family / History Firlej family / Art patronage Firlej family Art patronage Firlej family History Firlej Familie ca. 16.,17.Jh. Geschichte Kunst |
url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=018886836&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=018886836&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
work_keys_str_mv | AT rolskairena firlejowieleopardzistudianadpatronatemifundacjamiartystycznymiwxvixviiwieku AT rolskairena theleopardfirlejsstudiesonthepatronageandartfundsofthe16thand17thcenturies |